الملخص
Primary Health Care (PHC) constitutes the basis of the Chilean public health system. For more than 30 years, Primary Health Care (PHC) has been internationally recognized as one of the key components of an effective health system, since it is considered a development strategy to achieve better levels of health, which is why WHO strongly encourages countries to strengthen the primary level of care. However, despite the relevance of PHC and the evidence in its favor, there are important barriers to the implementation of the family medicine model in the health system in Chile. Therefore, it is important to know in detail the benefits of a strong PHC and the difficulties that plague the public care system for its development.
La Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) constituye la base del sistema público de salud chileno. Desde hace más de 30 años la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) es reconocida internacionalmente como uno de los componentes claves de un sistema de salud efectivo, puesto que se considera una estrategia de desarrollo para alcanzar mejores niveles de salud, razón por la cual la OMS promueve enfáticamente que los países fortalezcan el nivel primario de atención. Sin embargo, a pesar de la relevancia de la APS y la evidencia a favor, existen barreras importantes para la implementación del modelo de medicina familiar en el sistema de salud en Chile. Por lo tanto, es importante conocer a detalle los beneficios de una APS fuerte y las dificultades que aquejan el sistema público de atención para el desarrollo de ésta.
الموضوعات
Humans , Primary Health Care/trends , Community Health Centers , Comprehensive Health Care , Physicians/statistics & numerical data , Health Systems , Chile , Family Health , Health Resources/supply & distributionالملخص
In order for pharmacists to be collaboratively involved with patients in pharmacotherapy, there is a need to improve patients’ understanding of pharmacists’ involvement in extended pharmacotherapy, i.e., their interpersonal work. This study explores the factors that affect patients’ perceptions of pharmacists’ interpersonal work. A survey on patients’ perceptions of pharmacists’ interpersonal work was conducted among 450 patients aged 20 years or older who visited a pharmacy. Logistic regression analysis was performed with low and high patient perceptions of pharmacists’ interpersonal work as the objective variables. Valid responses were obtained from 350 participants. More than half of the respondents did not understand the nature of the interpersonal work of pharmacists. Patients who were unaware of pharmacists checking for side effects were more prevalent than those who were unaware of other interpersonal work. Explanations from the family pharmacist (OR＝2.25, P＝0.033) and trust in the pharmacist (OR＝1.11, P＝0.001) had a positive influence on patients’ perceptions of the pharmacist’s interpersonal tasks. As pharmacy pharmacists are increasingly becoming more involved with patients’ drug treatment and to ensure safe drug treatment practices for patients, it is considered important for pharmacists to actively explain their involvement in drug treatment to patients. This will be conducive to building trusting relationships, and for pharmacists to fulfil their function as family pharmacists.
الملخص
RESUMO O corpo é o nosso primeiro arquivo de memória, e é por meio do corpo que acessamos e processamos nossas experiências traumáticas. As intervenções com o psicodrama interno no modelo de Khouri demonstram eficácia significativa no tratamento de traumas. Seu manejo cuidadoso, ancorado na atenção às sensopercepções corporais, facilita abordar memórias traumáticas de maneira progressiva e segura, minimizando o risco de retraumatização. Esse artigo apresenta um novo aporte metodológico no modelo e fundamenta o trabalho integrativo com outras técnicas de terapias somáticas. Ao permitir uma imersão gradual nas experiências traumáticas, esta metodologia proporciona um espaço terapêutico onde as emoções podem ser exploradas e processadas com segurança.
ABSTRACT The body is our first memory archive, and it is through the body that we access and process our traumatic experiences. Internal psychodrama interventions in Khouri's model demonstrate significant effectiveness in treating trauma. Its careful management, anchored in attention to bodily sensorial perceptions, makes it easier to approach traumatic memories in a progressive and safe way, minimizing the risk of re-traumatization. This article presents a new methodological contribution to the model and supports integrative work with other somatic therapy techniques. This methodology, by allowing a gradual immersion in traumatic experiences, provides a therapeutic space where emotions can be explored and processed safely.
RESUMEN El cuerpo es nuestro primer archivo de memoria, y es a través del cuerpo que accedemos y procesamos nuestras experiencias traumáticas. Las intervenciones de psicodrama interno en el modelo de Khouri demuestran una eficacia significativa en el tratamiento del trauma. Su gestión cuidadosa, anclada en la atención a las percepciones sensoriales corporales, facilita el abordaje de los recuerdos traumáticos de forma progresiva y segura, minimizando el riesgo de retraumatización. Este artículo presenta un nuevo aporte metodológico al modelo y apoya el trabajo integrativo con otras técnicas de terapia somática. Esta metodología, al permitir una inmersión gradual en experiencias traumáticas, proporciona un espacio terapéutico donde se pueden explorar y procesar las emociones de forma segura.
الملخص
ObjectiveTo investigate the risk of dietary lead exposure in residents aged 15 years and above in Shanghai. MethodsBased on the dietary consumption survey of residents aged 15 years and above in spring 2012 and the monitoring data of food lead contamination in Shanghai from 2020 to 2021， the dietary exposure level was assessed using the point assessment method and compared with the provisional weekly tolerable intake （PTWI） to assess the exposure risk. ResultsThe overall detection rate of lead in 9 commonly consumed food categories by residents in Shanghai was 56.82%， with a total excess rate of 0.23%. The average weekly dietary lead exposure （by body weight） of residents was 2.979 4 μg·kg⁻¹. The top three dietary lead contributing factors were vegetables （30.69%）， cereals （28.88%）， and aquatic products （11.12%）. The average weekly dietary lead exposure （by body weight） of residents in urban， suburban， and rural areas were 3.282 5， 2.979 5 and 2.478 0 μg·kg⁻¹， respectively. The food with the highest contribution rate of dietary lead exposure in these regions was vegetables， with contribution rates of 33.65%， 29.69%， and 25.22%， respectively. The average weekly dietary lead exposure （by body weight） of male and female residents was 3.077 7 and 2.881 5 μg·kg⁻¹， respectively， with vegetables being the main source of dietary lead， contributing 30.03% and 31.39%， respectively. The average weekly dietary lead exposure （by body weight） of residents aged 15‒， 45‒， and ≥60 years old was 3.084 2，3.009 9 and 2.874 4 μg·kg⁻¹， respectively. The food with the highest contribution rate of dietary lead exposure in these groups was vegetables， contributing 27.12%， 32.10%， and 32.26%， respectively. ConclusionThe dietary lead exposure of Shanghai residents aged 15 years and above is at an acceptable level， and the vegetables， cereals， and aquatic products with high contribution rates need to be supervised more closely.
الملخص
Objectives: At the pharmacy, information obtained from patients by pharmacists is often inadequate. To motivate patients to provide information, we explored factors influencing their willingness to provide information and evaluated changes in their intention through informing of pharmacists’ contribution to pharmacotherapy. Methods: Four videos regarding pharmacists’ contribution to pharmacotherapy were created. A total of 600 participants who regularly visit pharmacies were targeted. One hundred and fifty participants watched one of the four videos and answered questions about their willingness to provide information to pharmacists before and after watching the videos. Key findings: The positive factors influencing the willingness to provide information were trust in the pharmacist and knowing pharmacists’ contribution to pharmacotherapy. After watching any of the videos, the willingness to provide information increased (P<0.001). In addition, when the participants were divided into two groups based on whether or not they had already known about the video content, the willingness of the participants in both aware and unaware groups to provide information improved (P<0.001). The factors that improved willingness in participants with low willingness were an explanation from their family pharmacist and trust in the pharmacist. On the contrary, having diabetes was a restraining factor. Conclusion: The study revealed that publicizing pharmacists’ contribution to pharmacotherapy increases the patients’ willingness to provide information to the pharmacist, regardless of their original level of awareness of the contribution. Furthermore, patient-pharmacist relationships based on trust in the pharmacist were influential.
الملخص
Objective To explore the differences in energy contribution between 1500 m speed skat-ing and cycling maximal exercise.Methods Eleven professional skaters took the tests of 1500 m speed skating and cycling maximal exercise,respectively.A portable gas analyzer and a blood lactate analyz-er were used to measure and assess the gas metabolism during and 6 minutes after the tests,along with the blood lactate level before and after them.The energy contribution and contribution rates were calculated by using the phosphoric acid-lactic acid-oxygen method.Results There were significant dif-ferences between the two tests in the average accumulated oxygen uptake(5.52±0.99 L vs 5.94±0.75 L,P=0.043,ES=0.481)and the rapid recovery of oxygen uptake after exercise(2.07±0.67 L vs 1.52±0.86 L,P=0.029,ES=0.746).However,no significant differences were found in the rela-tive anaerobic lactic contribution between the two different exercises.Moreover,the relative anaerobic alactic contribution of speed skating was significantly greater than cycling(21.36%±4.12%vs 15.39%±5.89%,P=0.010,ES=1.211),while the relative aerobic contribution was significantly lower than the latter(52.31%±5.45%vs 57.13%±5.12%,P=0.016,ES=0.913).Conclusions The energy contri-bution of 1500 m speed skating is different from the cycling maximal exercise,indicating that the rel-ative aerobic contribution differs among different exercises.Therefore,future training plans should be tailored to the specific energy contribution characteristics of each sport and speed skaters should strengthen their explosive training when taking cycling as the main training method in non-ice periods.
الملخص
Background: To facilitate healthy aging in India, it is important not only to acknowledge older people’s contribution but also to understand their perception regarding their impact in the society along with society’s attitude toward them. Objectives: This study aims to assess their self‑perceived contribution in the society and the factors related with their contribution. Methods: It was an observational, descriptive, cross‑sectional study, conducted at Amdanga block of North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, during July 2021–June 2022. A total 0f 384 geriatrics were interviewed by the house‑to‑house survey with the help of a predesigned, pretested and semi‑structured schedule. Potential predictors of contribution were investigated using the multivariate logistic regression model. Results: 78.9% of participants had contribution in the society. 85.9% were taking care of family members when they were sick. 93.2% were sharing their opinion with the family members. 86.5% were participating in various social works. 79.1% were suffering from at least one physical health problem. With increase in the number of health problems, chances of good contribution decreases. In case of self‑perceived contribution in the society family type, employment, physical health and social participation are influencing the most. Conclusion: Elderly people are taking care of not only family members, but even relatives and neighbors also. They are sharing their knowledge and experience with family members and in the society. They are also contributing financially. Employment and proper health‑care infrastructure for geriatric may be helpful to maximize their contribution.
الملخص
@#In this paper, the uncertainties of correction factors of fluconazole impurities determined by HPLC standard curve method were evaluated, and the main common factors affecting the accuracy of standard curve method were found, so as to improve the accuracy of the method.In this study, the corresponding fitting lines of fluconazole and its impurities A, B, C, D, F and I were established respectively, and the ratio of the slope of fitting lines of each impurity and its corresponding principal component was calculated as the correction factor of the impurity.Then on the basis of GUM method, the uncertainty of each impurity correction factor determined by standard curve method was evaluated according to the established uncertainty evaluation scheme of correction factor determination process.The correction factor and uncertainty of fluconazole impurities A, B, C, D, F and I were 1.068 ± 0.046, 0.102 ± 0.005, 0.0582 ± 0.0031, 1.382 ± 0.121, 0.802 ± 0.067 and 1.383 ± 0.119, respectively, and the coverage factor k was 2.Finally, the contribution rate of each uncertainty component was calculated.In the relative combined standard uncertainties urel(f) of fluconazole impurities A, B, C, D, F and I correction factors, the sum of contribution rate of slope uncertainty urel(K) of the linear equation of principal component and its impurity is more than 85%; in the slope uncertainties urel(K) of linear equation, the contribution rates of uncertainties of solution concentration in 8 of 12 data groups are more than 80%, and the contribution rates of uncertainties introduced by reference substance content in solution concentration are about 80%.It can be seen that the preparation of linear solution concentration is the most influential factor in the determination of impurity correction factor by standard curve method, followed by the linear fitting process.In the preparation process of linear solution concentration, the purity of reference substance is the most influential factor, followed by weighing and pipetting times.The conclusion can help the experimenters to better formulate experimental plans and ensure the accuracy of the results when doing similar work.
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By arranging Mr. LU Shan-zhong's papers and works, his academic contributions to acupuncture and moxibustion were summarized. It mainly includes standardizing the clinical diagnosis and treatment of acupuncture and moxibustion, and finding the fusion point of the western and traditional medicine; building the acupuncture and moxibustion education system, innovating acupuncture and moxibustion talent training programs; exploring the academic connotation of acupuncture and moxibustion, and promoting acupuncture and moxibustion therapy.
الموضوعات
Acupuncture/education , Acupuncture Points , Acupuncture Therapy , China , Medicine, Traditional , Moxibustion , Schoolsالملخص
Resumo Políticas de promoção da saúde em diversos países propõem a prática de atividade física em suas diretrizes. Avaliar os resultados dessas intervenções, ao mesmo tempo em que se constitui em importante apoio às decisões, pode ser desafiador. Para este estudo, utilizou-se uma avaliação baseada na teoria, a análise da contribuição. Foi explicitada a cadeia de resultados da intervenção e a teoria da mudança (TM), para analisar os elementos relacionados à sustentabilidade dos resultados do Programa Academia da Cidade (PAC) do município de Recife-PE, entre 2002 e 2016. Para validação da TM, procedeu-se a entrevistas com dez informantes-chave e realização de quatro grupos focais de junho a agosto de 2016. O teste da TM deu-se pela integração dos dados qualitativos produzidos, assim como a revisão de documentos provenientes da literatura e documentos oficiais e técnicos. Empregou-se a análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados indicaram que a maior parte dos pressupostos foi confirmada na presença de outros fatores de influência (contextuais e explicações rivais). A testagem da TM revelou plausabilidade e validade da teoria do programa, permitindo concluir que a sustentabilidade de fatores estruturantes para o PAC contribuiu na manutenção dos resultados esperados, apesar da instabilidade ocorrida entre os anos de 2012 e 2016.
Abstract Health promotion policies in several countries propose the practice of physical activity in their guidelines. Assessing the results of these interventions, while providing important decision support, can be challenging. For this study, a theory-drive-evaluation was used, analysis of the contribution. The intervention results chain, the theory of change (ToC), was explained to analyze the elements related to the sustainability of the results of a program called Academia da Cidade (PAC), from 2002 to 2016. For ToC validation, interviews with ten key informants were carried out, and four focus groups were held from June to August 2016. The ToC test was carried out by integrating the qualitative data produced, as well as by performing a literature review and the review of official and technical documents. Thematic content analysis was used. The results indicated that most of the assumptions were confirmed in the presence of other influencing factors (contextual and rival explanations). ToC testing revealed the plausibility and validity of the program's theory, allowing us to conclude that the sustainability of PAC structuring factors contributed to the maintenance of the expected outcomes, despite the instability that occurred from 2012 to 2016.
الموضوعات
Health Evaluation , Health Programs and Plans , Health Promotion/organization & administration , Brazil , Exercise , Diet, Healthyالملخص
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the caesarean deliveries attended in our hospital, grouping them according to the Robson Classification System and to establish measures in order to reduce caesarean delivery rates. METHOD: Prospective study of all the deliveries attended at Hospital Doctor Peset in 2019 using the Robson classification. RESULTS: A total of 1113 births have been analyzed with a total cesarean section rate of 25.3%. The largest contribution to the total cesarean delivery rate with 34.4% was group 2A (nulliparous women with a single fetus in cephalic presentation, 37 weeks or more pregnant who started labor by induction). Secondly, group 5 (multiparous women with at least previous cesarean section, with single cephalic fetus, 37 weeks or more pregnant) which represents the 20.1% of the total. Inductions in nulliparas multiply the cesarean section rate by 3 compared to nulliparas that initiate labor spontaneously. CONCLUSIONS: Robsons classification is a tool that allows to easily classify and analyze the groups in which to implement measures to reduce the number of caesarean sections performed. Analyzing the induction indications and reviewing action protocols could suppose a substantial decrease in the caesarean section rate in our center.
OBJETIVO: Analizar las cesáreas realizadas en nuestro centro agrupándolas según la clasificación de Robson para establecer medidas que permitan reducir la tasa de cesáreas. MÉTODO: Auditoría prospectiva de los nacimientos asistidos en el Hospital Doctor Peset en el año 2019 mediante la clasificación de Robson. RESULTADOS: Se han analizado 1113 nacimientos con una tasa de cesárea del 25.3%. El grupo que más contribuyó al total de cesáreas realizadas, con un 34.4%, fue el 2A (nulíparas con feto único en presentación cefálica, de 37 semanas o más de embarazo, que iniciaron el parto mediante inducción). En segundo lugar, el grupo 5 (multíparas con al menos una cesárea previa, con un feto único en presentación cefálica, de 37 semanas o más de embarazo), con un 20.1%. Las inducciones en nulíparas multiplican por tres la tasa de cesárea respecto a las nulíparas que inician el trabajo de parto de manera espontánea. CONCLUSIONES: La clasificación de Robson es una herramienta que permite clasificar y analizar de manera sencilla los grupos en los que implantar medidas para reducir el número de cesáreas realizadas. Analizar las indicaciones de inducción y revisar los protocolos de actuación podría suponer una disminución sustancial en la tasa de cesáreas en nuestro centro.
الموضوعات
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Cesarean Section/statistics & numerical data , Birth Rate , Spain , Cesarean Section/classification , Prospective Studies , Routinely Collected Health Data , Medical Auditالملخص
Objective:To understand the risk of dietary lead exposure among adults in Xiacheng District of Hangzhou City. Methods:During 2013-2018， commercial foods were randomly collected in Xiacheng District of Hangzhou City for lead content testing. In combination with lead test result and dietary consumption data， the margin of exposure （MOE） method was used to assess the exposure risk of dietary lead. Results:A total of 827 samples from 14 kinds of commercial foods were collected， and the median of lead content was between 0.002 5 mg/kg and 0.100 0 mg/kg. The detection rate was 53.20%， and the over-standard rate was 1.09%. The median of daily dietary lead exposure among adults was 0.174 2 μg/kg BW， and the MOE value was 7.46. Vegetables and fruits were the dominant contributor to dietary intake of lead， accounting for 39.18% and 12.18%， respectively. Conclusion:The exposure of dietary lead among adults in Xiacheng District of Hangzhou City is at an acceptable level. The contribution of vegetables and fruits to dietary lead is higher than other foods， and needs more attention.
الملخص
Huang-Qin Decoction (HQD) is a classic prescription for diarrhea in Chinese medicine treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that HQD and its modified formulation PHY906 could ameliorate irinotecan (CPT-11) induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity and enhance its anticancer therapeutic efficacy. Nevertheless, which constituents in HQD are effective is still unclear so far. The study aims to screen out the key bioactive components combination from HQD that could enhance the anticancer effect of CPT-11. First, the potential bioactive constituents were obtained through system pharmacology strategy. Then the bioactivity of each constituent was investigated synthetically from the aspects of NCM460 cell migration, TNF-α release of THP-1-derived macrophage and MTT assay in HCT116 cell. The contribution of each constituent in HQD was evaluated using the bioactive index E
الملخص
In this study, self-discriminating hybrid nanocrystals was utilized to explore the biological fate of quercetin hybrid nanocrystals (QT-HNCs) with diameter around 280 nm (QT-HNCs-280) and 550 nm (QT-HNCs-550) following oral and intravenous administration and the contribution of integral nanocrystals to oral bioavailability enhancement of QT was estimated by comparing the absolute exposure of integral QT-HNCs and total QT in the liver. Results showed that QT-HNCs could reside
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The components of traditional Chinese medicine(TCMCs) are the basic unit of raw materials for Chinese medicines, and their physical and chemical properties directly affect the choice of dosage forms and the optimization of prescriptions. However, most of TCMCs are multi-component complex systems, and the characterization of their overall properties is still in the exploration stage. On the basis of biological activity, the representative components are determined, and then the individual characteristics are fitted with the weight coefficient of efficacy contribution rate, which may provide reference for characterizing the overall properties of TCMCs. In this study, with the pharmacological effects of isoproterenol(ISO)-induced myocardial ischemia in rats as the indicators, the pharmacodynamic contribution rates of three representative components of chishao terpene glucoside components(CSTGCs) were evaluated by the normalization weighting method. The contribution rates of paeoniflorin, paeoniflorin and benzoylpaeoniflorin were 54.87%, 32.46% and 12.67%, respectively. The oil-water partition coefficients of paeoniflorin, albiflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin in water and buffer solutions with different pH values were measured, and the oil-water partition coefficients of CSTGCs were characterized by the weight of their pharmacodynamics contribution rate. The results showed that the apparent oil-water partition coefficient(log P) of CSTGCs in the phosphate buffer system such as n-octanol-water(pH 2.0, 2.5, 5.0, 5.8, 6.8) were 0.18-0.22, indicating that CSTGCs have common absorption and low permeability, providing basis for the preparation of CSTGCs.
الموضوعات
Animals , Rats , Coronary Artery Disease , Glucosides , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Myocardial Ischemia , Terpenes , Waterالملخص
OBJECTIVES: Calcium (Ca) is an insufficiently consumed nutrient, whereas phosphorus (P) intake has exceeded the recommended intake level in Korea over the past decade. The purpose of this study was to analyze dietary Ca and P intakes and their contribution rate according to dish groups.METHODS: A 24-hour dietary recall survey of 640 healthy adults (aged 19–69 years) was undertaken twice in four Korean provinces. Dietary Ca and P intakes and their rates of contribution from 31 major dish groups were analyzed and compared by gender, age group, and region.RESULTS: The average Ca and P intakes of the subjects were 542.1 ± 222.2 mg/d and 1,068.3 ± 329.0 mg/d, respectively. The intakes of Ca and P as percentages of recommended nutrients intake (RNI%) were 71.7 ± 29.8% and 152.6 ± 47%, respectively, and the percentages under the estimated average requirement were 60.3% for Ca and 3.8% for P. The RNI% of Ca was not significantly different between males and females, but was significantly higher in subjects in the sixties age group than in other age groups and was significantly lower in the Korean capital than in other regions. The RNI% of P did not significantly differ by gender or age groups, but it was significantly higher in the capital than in Gyeong-sang. The five major dish groups contributing to Ca intake (contribution rate) were milks/dairy products 69.2 ± 109.2 mg/d (12.6%), soups 55.6 ± 69.6 mg/d (10.1%), stir-fried foods 53.1 ± 70.7 mg/d (9.7%), stews 43.4 ± 85.4 mg/d (7.9%), and kimchi 38.4 ± 31.8 mg/d (7.0%). The five major dish group contributing to P intake (contribution rate) were cooked rice 160.7 ± 107.1 mg/d (14.9%), stir-fried foods 88.5 ± 89.4 mg/d (8.2%), soups 76.7 ± 85.8 mg/d (7.1%), one-dish meals 63.3 ± 94.4 mg/d (5.9%), and stews 62.6 ± 89.3 mg/d (5.8%). The dish groups contributing to Ca and P intakes differed somewhat by gender, age group, and region.CONCLUSIONS: Programs to improve the nutritional status of Ca and P intakes should consider the differences in Ca and P contribution rates by dish groups as well as by gender, age group, and region.
الموضوعات
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Calcium , Calcium, Dietary , Korea , Meals , Nutritional Status , Phosphorusالملخص
Tropical wetlands are amongst the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth and have immense socio-ecological value. However, tropical wetlands are considered exploitable resources and continue to be drained and converted to other "productive" uses. It is therefore urgent to identify and understand the interactions between various drivers of change triggering degradation of such wetlands. In the present study, we systematically reviewed and analyzed the existing literature on wetlands in two tropical countries namely India and Brazil with special reference to inland wetlands, and proposed a conceptual model illustrating the intricate linkages of such wetlands with different drivers of change. We also developed the Nature Futures' Framework to depict the diverse values of inland wetlands contributing to human wellbeing in the two tropical countries. Findings revealed similar drivers of change triggering the degradation of Indian and Brazilian wetlands. These include changes in climate & land use, population growth, poor land governance due to weak policies, besides other anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, and overexploitation of wetland resources. Among these, land-use change such as agriculture intensification and infrastructure development were the major direct drivers; whereas, institutional and governance factors such as the absence of concrete policy measures were the major indirect drivers threatening the inland wetlands in India and Brazil. Results also revealed some contrasting drivers of change such as illegal human settlements, and land grabbing by the brick industry for Indian wetlands; while, gold mining and intensification of bovine systems for Brazilian wetlands. Our paper also provides an insight into the status of wetland conservation in India and Brazil. We recommend the promotion of community-based conservation practices while adopting sustainable livelihood strategies by the local people for the conservation and wise use of inland wetlands in India and Brazil. The arguments raised in the paper have the potential to assist the stakeholders and/or decision-makers towards implementing sustainable management strategies for inland wetlands in the two countries, and tropical wetlands in general.
Los humedales tropicales se encuentran entre los ecosistemas con mayor biodiversidad en la Tierra y tienen un inmenso valor socioecológico. Sin embargo, los humedales tropicales se consideran recursos exploTables y continúan siendo drenados y convertidos a otros usos "productivos". Por lo tanto, es urgente identificar y comprender las interacciones entre varios impulsores del cambio que desencadenan la degradación de dichos humedales. En el presente estudio, revisamos y analizamos sistemáticamente la literatura existente sobre humedales en dos países tropicales, a saber, India y Brasil, con especial referencia a los humedales continentales, y propusimos un modelo conceptual que ilustra el intrincado vínculo de dichos humedales con diferentes impulsores del cambio. También desarrollamos el Marco de Nature Futures para resaltar los diversos valores de los humedales continentales de India y Brasil que contribuyen al bienestar humano en los dos países tropicales. Los resultados revelaron impulsores similares de los cambios que desencadenan la degradación de los humedales de la India y Brasil, incluidos los cambios en el clima y el uso de la tierra, el crecimiento de la población, las políticas débiles y la mala gobernanza de la tierra, además de otras actividades antropogénicas como la deforestación y la sobreexplotación de recursos. Entre estos, el cambio en el uso de la tierra, como la intensificación de la agricultura y el desarrollo de infraestructura, fueron los principales impulsores directos, mientras que los factores institucionales y de gobernanza, como la ausencia de medidas políticas concretas, fueron el principal impulsor indirecto que amenazó los humedales continentales de India y Brasil. Los resultados también revelaron algunos factores de cambio contrastantes, como los asentamientos humanos ilegales y el acaparamiento de tierras por parte de la industria del ladrillo para los humedales indios; mientras que la extracción de oro y la intensificación de los sistemas bovinos para los humedales brasileños. Nuestro documento también proporciona una visión sobre el estado de la conservación de humedales en India y Brasil. Recomendamos la promoción de prácticas de conservación basadas en la comunidad al adoptar estrategias de medios de vida sostenibles por parte de la población local para la conservación y el uso racional de los humedales continentales en India y Brasil. Los argumentos planteados en el artículo tienen el potencial de ayudar a las partes interesadas y / o los tomadores de decisiones para implementar estrategias de gestión sostenible para los humedales continentales en los dos países, y para los humedales tropicales en general.
الملخص
Abstract: Tropical wetlands are amongst the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth and have immense socio-ecological value. However, tropical wetlands are considered exploitable resources and continue to be drained and converted to other "productive" uses. It is therefore urgent to identify and understand the interactions between various drivers of change triggering degradation of such wetlands. In the present study, we systematically reviewed and analyzed the existing literature on wetlands in two tropical countries namely India and Brazil with special reference to inland wetlands, and proposed a conceptual model illustrating the intricate linkages of such wetlands with different drivers of change. We also developed the Nature Futures' Framework to depict the diverse values of inland wetlands contributing to human wellbeing in the two tropical countries. Findings revealed similar drivers of change triggering the degradation of Indian and Brazilian wetlands. These include changes in climate & land use, population growth, poor land governance due to weak policies, besides other anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, and overexploitation of wetland resources. Among these, land-use change such as agriculture intensification and infrastructure development were the major direct drivers; whereas, institutional and governance factors such as the absence of concrete policy measures were the major indirect drivers threatening the inland wetlands in India and Brazil. Results also revealed some contrasting drivers of change such as illegal human settlements, and land grabbing by the brick industry for Indian wetlands; while, gold mining and intensification of bovine systems for Brazilian wetlands. Our paper also provides an insight into the status of wetland conservation in India and Brazil. We recommend the promotion of community-based conservation practices while adopting sustainable livelihood strategies by the local people for the conservation and wise use of inland wetlands in India and Brazil. The arguments raised in the paper have the potential to assist the stakeholders and/or decision-makers towards implementing sustainable management strategies for inland wetlands in the two countries, and tropical wetlands in general.
Resumen: Los humedales tropicales se encuentran entre los ecosistemas con mayor biodiversidad en la Tierra y tienen un inmenso valor socioecológico. Sin embargo, los humedales tropicales se consideran recursos exploTables y continúan siendo drenados y convertidos a otros usos "productivos". Por lo tanto, es urgente identificar y comprender las interacciones entre varios impulsores del cambio que desencadenan la degradación de dichos humedales. En el presente estudio, revisamos y analizamos sistemáticamente la literatura existente sobre humedales en dos países tropicales, a saber, India y Brasil, con especial referencia a los humedales continentales, y propusimos un modelo conceptual que ilustra el intrincado vínculo de dichos humedales con diferentes impulsores del cambio. También desarrollamos el Marco de Nature Futures para resaltar los diversos valores de los humedales continentales de India y Brasil que contribuyen al bienestar humano en los dos países tropicales. Los resultados revelaron impulsores similares de los cambios que desencadenan la degradación de los humedales de la India y Brasil, incluidos los cambios en el clima y el uso de la tierra, el crecimiento de la población, las políticas débiles y la mala gobernanza de la tierra, además de otras actividades antropogénicas como la deforestación y la sobreexplotación de recursos. Entre estos, el cambio en el uso de la tierra, como la intensificación de la agricultura y el desarrollo de infraestructura, fueron los principales impulsores directos, mientras que los factores institucionales y de gobernanza, como la ausencia de medidas políticas concretas, fueron el principal impulsor indirecto que amenazó los humedales continentales de India y Brasil. Los resultados también revelaron algunos factores de cambio contrastantes, como los asentamientos humanos ilegales y el acaparamiento de tierras por parte de la industria del ladrillo para los humedales indios; mientras que la extracción de oro y la intensificación de los sistemas bovinos para los humedales brasileños. Nuestro documento también proporciona una visión sobre el estado de la conservación de humedales en India y Brasil. Recomendamos la promoción de prácticas de conservación basadas en la comunidad al adoptar estrategias de medios de vida sostenibles por parte de la población local para la conservación y el uso racional de los humedales continentales en India y Brasil. Los argumentos planteados en el artículo tienen el potencial de ayudar a las partes interesadas y / o los tomadores de decisiones para implementar estrategias de gestión sostenible para los humedales continentales en los dos países, y para los humedales tropicales en general.
الملخص
Resumen En este estudio se analizó el efecto del desarrollo positivo sobre la contribución en jóvenes, y se identificaron las diferencias entre los jóvenes que han realizado actividades de voluntariado y los que no las han realizado; además se analizó la activación de las neuronas espejo. Participaron 121 universitarios, 28.9% hombres y 71.1% mujeres, con una media de edad de 21.51 años. Se utilizó la escala de Desarrollo Positivo en Adolescentes y de Contribución, además de un instrumento conformado por dos conjuntos de estímulos visuales. Los resultados corroboraron el efecto de las 5 c's sobre la contribución y se encontraron diferencias significativas en la escala de carácter y en dos dimensiones de contribución, donde los jóvenes que realizan actividades de voluntariado puntuaron más alto que aquellos que no las realizan. Se comprobó que existe activación en la zona correspondiente a las neuronas espejo, lo cual se relaciona con procesos empáticos. Se concluye que existe una relación entre las actividades de voluntariado y el desarrollo positivo en jóvenes universitarios.
Abstract The study analyzed the effect of positive development on contribution in young people and identified the differences between those who have done volunteer work and those who have not. It also studied the activation of the mirror neurons system. Participants were 121 university students, 28.9% male and 71.1% female, with an average age of 21.51. The Positive Youth Development Scale and the Contribution Scale were used, in addition to an instrument made up of two sets of visual stimuli. The results confirmed the effect of the 5 Cs on the contribution dimension and significant differences were found in the character scale and in two dimensions of contribution, in which young people who do volunteer work got higher scores than those who do not. The study confirmed that there was activation in the zone corresponding to the mirror neurons system, which is related to empathetic processes, and concluded that there was a relation between volunteering activities and the positive development of university students.
Resumo Neste estudo, foi analisado o efeito do desenvolvimento positivo sobre a contribuição em jovens e foram identificadas as diferenças entre os jovens que realizaram atividades de voluntariado e os que não as realizaram; além disso, foi analisada a ativação dos neurônios espelho. Participaram 121 universitários, 28.9 % homens e 71.1% mulheres, com uma média de idade de 21.51 anos. Foi utilizada a Escala de Desenvolvimento Positivo em Adolescentes e de Contribuição, ainda de um instrumento conformado por dois conjuntos de estímulos visuais. Os resultados corroboraram o efeito das 5 c's sobre a contribuição e foram verificadas diferenças significativas na escala de caráter e em duas dimensões de contribuição, em que os jovens que realizam atividades de voluntariado pontuaram mais alto que aqueles que não as realizam. Foi comprovado que existe ativação na zona correspondente aos neurônios espelho, o que está relacionado com processos empáticos. Conclui-se que existe uma relação entre as atividades de voluntariado e o desenvolvimento positivo em jovens universitários.