Aspectos de la vida y obra del Dr. Bernardo Alberto Houssay / Aspects of the life and work of Dr. Bernardo Alberto Houssay

Con motivo del Día Mundial de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, se realizó en la Casa Museo Bernardo Houssay un conversatorio en el que expertos biógrafos resaltaron algunos aspectos de la trayectoria profesional del Premio Nobel de Medicina de 1947, destacando su actividad como investigador en fisiología y sus cualidades humanas. Estos importantes estudiosos del tema compartieron sus conocimientos en un selecto auditorio. (AU)

On the occasion of World Science and Technology Day, a discussion was held at the Bernardo Houssay House Museum in which expert biographers highlighted some aspects of the professional career of the 1947 Nobel Prize in Medicine, highlighting his activity as a researcher in physiology and his human qualities. These important scholars of the subject shared their knowledge in a select audience. (AU)

A disciplina psicologia do esporte nos cursos de psicologia e educação física / Sports psychology in psychology and physical education courses / La materia psicología del deporte en los cursos de psicología y educación física

Este discute a representatividade da disciplina Psicologia do Esporte nos cursos de Psicologia e Educação Física em instituições de ensino superior reconhecidas pelo MEC e situadas na região Sul do país. Foi realizado um estudo documental, com base nos currículos das Instituições. Os resultados revelaram que no Sul do Brasil 21,02% dos cursos de Psicologia, 41,96% dos cursos de bacharelado em Educação Física e apenas 14,83% dos cursos de licenciatura em Educação Física apresentam a disciplina Psicologia do Esporte em sua grade curricular. Observou-se que a disciplina é ofertada mais frequentemente em regime obrigatório nos cursos de bacharelado em Educação Física. Nos cursos de Psicologia, quando ofertada, costuma ser optativa. Os resultados evidenciam uma maior oferta da disciplina para os estudantes de Educação Física, em relação aos de Psicologia, o que pode estar relacionado ao próprio contexto de surgimento da disciplina e sua popularização no meio acadêmico. Para que esse panorama possa mudar e se possa oferecer uma formação adequada no curso de Psicologia para fomentar essa opção de carreira, há necessidade de se repensar o currículo e o próprio perfil do egresso, de forma a dar mais oportunidade aos estudantes para que conheçam as bases teóricas e os campos de aplicação da Psicologia do Esporte. Tal lacuna pode acarretar a fragilização da disseminação desse conhecimento aos estudantes de graduação e a consequente ocupação do mercado de trabalho.(AU)

This study discusses the representativeness of Sports Psychology in Psychology and Physical Education courses at higher education institutions from Southern Brazil. A documentary study was conducted based on the institutions' curricula. Results show that 21.02% of the Psychology major, 41.96% of the bachelor's in Physical Education, and only 14.83% of the license in Physical Education offer Sports Psychology in their curricula. Sports Psychology is most often offered as a compulsory subject in the bachelor's program in Physical Education, whereas Psychology courses offer it mainly as an elective. Physical Education students have greater contact with the discipline when compared with Psychology students, which may be explained by its context of development and popularization in the academic environment. To change this scenario and offer adequate education in the Psychology programs to foster this career option, institutions must rethink their curriculum and the graduate profile itself. This would give students better opportunity to get to know its theoretical bases and fields of application. Such a gap can hinder the dissemination of this knowledge to undergraduate students and the consequent labor market occupation.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio es discutir la representatividad de la materia Psicología del Deporte en los cursos de Psicología y Educación Física en instituciones de educación superior de la región Sur de Brasil, reconocidas por el Ministerio de Educación (MEC). Se realizó un estudio documental, basado en los planes de estudio de las instituciones. Los resultados revelaron que, en el Sur de Brasil, el 21,02% de los cursos de Psicología, el 41,96% de los cursos de licenciatura en Educación Física y sólo el 14,83% de los cursos de profesorado en Educación tienen la materia Psicología del Deporte en sus planes de estudio. Se observó que la materia Psicología del Deporte se ofrece con mayor frecuencia como asignatura obligatoria en los cursos de licenciatura en Educación Física. Cuando se ofrece en los cursos de Psicología, es una materia optativa. Los resultados muestran una mayor oferta para los estudiantes de Educación Física en comparación con Psicología, lo que puede estar relacionado con el contexto del surgimiento de la Psicología del Deporte como materia y su popularización en el ámbito académico. Para que este escenario cambie y sea posible ofrecer una formación adecuada en el curso de Psicología con el fin de fomentar esta opción de carrera, es necesario repensar el plan de estudios y el perfil del egresado, así los estudiantes tendrán más oportunidades de conocer sus bases teóricas y sus campos de actuación. Tal brecha puede debilitar la difusión de este conocimiento a los estudiantes de grado y la consecuente ocupación en el mercado laboral.(AU)

Apropriação dos espaços urbanos na infância e na velhice em Brasília (DF) / Occupation of urban spaces in childhood and old age in Brasilia, Brazil / Apropiación de espacios urbanos en la infancia y en la vejez en Brasília, Brasil

Os estudos sobre as relações mútuas entre as pessoas e o ambiente buscam subsidiar melhorias no contexto urbano a partir de métodos e técnicas pautados na compreensão do uso de espaços públicos e privados. A crescente demanda pela promoção de ambientes amigáveis para idosos e crianças nos cenários urbanos direcionou esta pesquisa e elencou dois componentes: o panorama relativo à população local e o arcabouço teórico da psicologia ambiental. Para tanto, buscou-se identificar as principais atividades realizadas por crianças e idosos em seus respectivos locais de moradia. Foram avaliados os principais usos e atividades desses dois grupos, em duas vizinhanças, diferenciando-os de acordo com suas especificidades em termos de demandas individuais e ambientais. As observações sistemáticas a partir da técnica de mapeamento comportamental centrado no lugar (MCCL) ocorreram na cidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal (DF) e permitiram compreender o processo de apropriação dos espaços na infância e na velhice e suas repercussões em termos da congruência pessoa-ambiente. Cada um destes setores organizados a partir de elementos específicos direciona as ações dos participantes para determinados tipos de comportamentos, observados de maneira a compor um roteiro em que a brincadeira (lazer ativo) surge como central na infância e a caminhada (circulação) como mais potente para a população idosa. Os resultados demonstram que o diálogo entre a psicologia ambiental e a ciência do desenvolvimento humano tem sido bastante profícuo e tem contribuído para a compreensão de aspectos da relação pessoa-ambiente em diferentes momentos do ciclo de vida.(AU)

Studies on the mutual relations between people and the environment seek to support improvements in the urban context from methods and techniques based on understanding the use of public and private spaces. The growing demand for the promotion of friendly urban environments for older people and children guided this research, with two notable components: the panorama related to the local population and the theoretical framework of Environmental Psychology. Therefore, we sought to identify the main activities carried out by children and older people in their respective dwellings. The main uses and activities of these two groups were evaluated in two neighborhoods, differentiating them according to their specificities in terms of individual and environmental demands. Systematic observations using the place-centered behavioral mapping technique took place in the city of Brasília, Federal District, and allowed us to understand the process of appropriation of spaces in childhood and old age and its repercussions in terms of person-environment congruence. Each of these sectors, organized from specific elements, directs the participants' actions towards certain types of behavior, observed in order to compose a script in which playing (active leisure) emerges as central in childhood and walking (circulation) as more potent for the older people. The results demonstrated that the dialogue between environmental psychology and the science of human development has been very fruitful and has contributed to the understanding of aspects of the person-environment relationship at different times in the life cycle.(AU)

Los estudios sobre las relaciones mutuas entre las personas y el medio ambiente buscan aportar mejoras en el contexto urbano mediante métodos y técnicas basados en la comprensión del uso de los espacios públicos y privados. La creciente demanda de la promoción de ambientes amigables para las personas mayores y los niños en entornos urbanos guio esta investigación y enumeró dos componentes: el panorama relacionado con la población local y el marco teórico de la Psicología Ambiental. En este contexto, buscamos identificar las principales actividades que realizan los niños y las personas mayores en sus respectivas viviendas. Se evaluaron los principales usos y actividades de estos dos grupos en dos barrios, diferenciándolos según sus especificidades en cuanto a las demandas individuales y ambientales. Las observaciones sistemáticas utilizando la técnica de mapeo conductual centrado en el lugar (MCCL) ocurrieron en la ciudad de Brasília, Distrito Federal (Brasil) y nos permitieron comprender el proceso de apropiación de espacios en la infancia y la vejez y sus repercusiones en la congruencia persona-ambiente. Cada uno de estos sectores, organizados a partir de elementos específicos, orienta las acciones de los participantes hacia determinados comportamientos, observados para componer un guion en el que el juego (ocio activo) emerge como central en la infancia y el caminar (circulación) como el más potente para las personas mayores. Los resultados demuestran que el diálogo entre la Psicología Ambiental y la ciencia del desarrollo humano ha sido muy fructífero y ha contribuido a la comprensión de aspectos de la relación persona-entorno en diferentes momentos del ciclo de vida.(AU)

Fisiología de la tiroides e hipotiroidismo en el embarazo. Revisión de tema / Thyroid physiology and hypothyroidism in pregnancy. A review

Durante el embarazo se generan múltiples cambios fisiológicos a nivel hormonal para llevar a cabo de manera satisfactoria la gestación. Uno de los ejes hormonales con cambios más importantes que repercuten de manera directa en el desarrollo fetal y bienestar materno es el tiroideo, el cual presenta modificaciones para lograr suplir las necesidades de hormona tiroidea tanto materna como fetal, principalmente en las primeras etapas del embarazo. Entre estas, se describen cambios en la cantidad de proteínas transportadoras de hormonas, aumento en el estímulo y producción de hormonas tiroideas, incremento del aclaramiento renal de yodo y alteración en la actividad de las desyodinasas. Estos mecanismos ofrecen suficiente hormona tiroidea al feto, el cual es dependiente del aporte materno. Un desajuste en cualquiera de estos mecanismos, puede conducir al desarrollo de hipotiroidismo con múltiples complicaciones, como la pérdida del embarazo e hipertensión gestacional, entre otras. Una tamización oportuna y un tratamiento temprano pueden evitar estos desenlaces adversos. De ahí la necesidad fundamental de conocer y comprender el comportamiento del eje tiroideo en la gestación

During pregnancy, multiple physiological changes are generated at the hormonal level to successfully carry out pregnancy. One of the hormonal axes with the most important changes that have a direct impact on fetal development and maternal well-being is the thyroid axis, which presents multiple modifications to reach the needs of thyroid hormone for both the mother and the fetus, primarily in the early stages of pregnancy. Changes in the amount of hormone transport proteins, increased stimulation and production of thyroid hormones, increased renal clearance of iodine, and alteration in deiodinase activity are included within these modifications. These mechanisms offer enough thyroid hormone to the fetus, which is dependent on the maternal supply. An imbalance in any of these can lead to the development of hypothyroidism with multiple complications, such as pregnancy loss and gestational hypertension, among others. Timely screening and early treatment can avoid these adverse outcomes, hence the importance of knowing and understanding the regulation of the thyroid axis in pregnancy

Percepción sobre uso de fisiología en el proceso enfermero / Perception of using physiology in the nursing process / Percepção sobre o uso de fisiologia no processo enfermeiro

Introducción: el ejercicio de la enfermería requiere conocimiento integral del funcionamiento del cuerpo humano, por lo cual es imprescindible el aprendizaje de fisiología humana dentro del proceso formativo de grado. El proceso enfermero, herramienta para la práctica profesional sistemática, dinámica y oportuna basado en el método científico, constituye el eje organizador del currículo de la Licenciatura en Enfermería en la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (Corrientes, Argentina). Objetivo:Identificar la percepción que estudiantes y docentes de asignaturas troncales de Enfermería tenían sobre la aplicación o no de conocimientos fisiológicos desarrollados en los trabajos prácticos de la asignatura Fisiología en las distintas etapas del proceso enfermero. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal, cuestionario anónimo distribuido al azar a estudiantes y docentes, consistente en una tabla de doble entrada que describe los contenidos de cada trabajo práctico, por un lado, y las fases del proceso enfermero, por el otro. Resultados: respondieron 24 docentes (39 %) y 38 estudiantes (61 %). Las fases en que más reconocieron aplicar conocimientos de fisiología en el proceso enfermero fueron, en ambos grupos, valoración y diagnóstico; en cada trabajo práctico fue percibido diferente por docentes y estudiantes, siendo mayor el reconocimiento del uso de fisiología en el proceso enfermero por parte de docentes. Conclusiones: vertebrar la actividad práctica de fisiología alrededor del proceso enfermero parece constituir una estrategia didáctica válida, dado que docentes y estudiantes perciben, en mayor o menor medida, que aplican conocimientos trabajados en la asignatura en las distintas etapas del proceso enfermero, particularmente en la valoración y el diagnóstico. La percepción fue mayor en herramienta para la práctica profesional sistemática, dinámica y oportuna basado en el método científico, constituye el eje organizador del currículo de la Licenciatura en Enfermería en la Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (Corrientes, Argentina). Objetivo: I d e n t i f i c a r l a percepción que estudiantes y docentes de asignaturas troncales de Enfermería tenían sobre la aplicación o no de conocimientos fisiológicos desarrollados en los trabajos prácticos de la asignatura Fisiología en lasdistintas etapas del proceso enfermero. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal, cuestionario anónimo distribuido al azar a estudiantes y docentes, consistente en una tabla de doble entrada que describe los contenidos de cada trabajo práctico, por un lado, y las fases del proceso enfermero, por el otro. Resultados: respondieron 24 docentes (39 %) y 38 estudiantes (61 %). Las fases en que más reconocieron aplicar conocimientos de fisiología en el proceso enfermero fueron, en ambos grupos, valoración y diagnóstico; en cada trabajo práctico fue percibido diferente por docentes y estudiantes, siendo mayor el reconocimiento del uso de fisiología en el proceso enfermero por parte de docentes. Conclusiones: vertebrar la actividad práctica de fisiología alrededor del proceso enfermero parece constituir una estrategia didáctica válida, dado que docentes y estudiantes perciben, en mayor o menor medida, que aplican conocimientos trabajados en la asignatura en las distintas etapas del proceso enfermero, particularmente en la valoración y el diagnóstico. La percepción fue mayor en docentes, lo cual evidencia mejor manejo del proceso enfermero, por tener mayor nivel de conocimientos y práctica profesional.

Introdução: a prática da enfermagem requer conhecimento abrangente do funcionamento do corpo humano, razão pela qual é essencial o aprendizado da fisiologia humana na graduação. O processo de enfermagem, ferramenta para a prática profissional sistemática, dinâmica e oportuna baseada no método científico, é o eixo organizador do currículo da Licenciatura em Enfermagem da Universidade Nacional do Nordeste (Corrientes, Argentina). Objetivo: Identificar a percepção que alunos e professores das disciplinas nucleares de Enfermagem têm sobre a aplicação ou não dos conhecimentos fisiológicos desenvolvidos nos trabalhos práticos da disciplina de Fisiologia nas diferentes etapas do processo de enfermagem. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, observacional e transversal, com questionário anônimo distribuído aleatoriamente aos alunos e professores, constituído por uma tabela de dupla entrada que descreve o conteúdo de cada trabalho prático, por um lado, e as fases do processo de enfermagem, de outro. Resultados: Responderam 24 professores (39%) e 38 alunos (61%). As fases em que mais reconheceram a aplicação dos conhecimentos da fisiologia no processo de enfermagem foram, nos dois grupos, avaliação e diagnóstico; em cada trabalho prático foi percebido de forma diferente por professores e alunos, havendo maior reconhecimento da utilização da fisiologia no processo de enfermagem pelos professores. Conclusões: estruturar a atividade prática da fisiologia em torno do processo de enfermagem parece constituir uma estratégia didática válida, uma vez que professores y alunos percebem, em maior ou menor grau, que aplicam os conhecimentos trabalhados na disciplina nas diferentes etapas do processo de enfermagem, particularmente no processo de enfermagem avaliação e diagnóstico. A percepção foi maior nos professores, o que evidencia melhor gerenciamento do processo de enfermagem, por possuírem maior nível de conhecimento e prática profissional.

Introduction: Nursing practice requires comprehensive knowledge of the human body's functioning, so learning human physiology is essential during the undergraduate educational process. The nursing process, a tool for systematic, dynamic, and timely professional practice, based on the scientific method, constitutes the organizing axis of the curriculum of the bachelor's degree in nursing at the Universidad Nacional del Nordeste (Corrientes, Argentina). Objective: To identify the perception that students and teachers of core nursing courses had about applying or not physiological knowledge gained during practical work in the Physiology class, in different stages of the nursing process. Method: A d e s c r i p t i ve , observational, cross-sectional study was conducted. An anonymous questionnaire was randomly administered to students and teachers, which consisted of a double-entry table describing the contents of each practical work, on the one hand, and the phases of the nursing process, on the other. Results: T h e questionnaire was answered by 24 teachers (39%) and 38 students (61%). The phases in which they most admitted applying physiology knowledge in the nursing process were assessment and diagnosis in both groups. In each practical work, the application of physiological knowledge was perceived differently by teachers and students, and teachers recognized more the use of physiology in the nursing process. Conclusions: Structuring practical physiology activities around the nursing process seems to be a valid didactic strategy, considering that teachers and students perceive, to a greater or lesser extent, that they apply the knowledge gained during the course in the different stages of the nursing process, particularly in the assessment and diagnosis stages. The perception was higher in teachers, which evidences a better management of the nursing process due to a higher level of knowledge and professional practice.

A utilização dos jogos no processo de ensino/aprendizagem da fisiologia humana: uma revisão das aplicações, vantagens e desvantagens / The use of games in the teaching/learning process of human physiology: a review of applications, advantages and disadvantages

O professor deve utilizar diferentes alternativas para que se tenha o estímulo e o desenvolvimento do aprendizado efetivo, abrangendo a singularidade de cada estudante. Nesse contexto, os métodos práticos podem configurar-se como importante alternativa de ensino da Fisiologia Humana por proporcionar práticas educacionais atrativas, em que o estudante tem a chance de aprender de forma mais ativa, dinâmica e motivadora. Diante disso, o presente estudo objetivou revisar a literatura e analisar a utilização dos jogos no processo de ensino/aprendizagem da Fisiologia Humana, em todos os níveis de ensino, e discutir suas principais aplicações, vantagens e desvantagens. Realizou-se a revisão de estudos publicados em revistas indexadas nas bases: Scielo, Lillacs e Google Acadêmico. Para busca destes estudos utilizou-se os termos: "métodos alternativos", "Fisiologia Humana", "Fisiologia Humana AND ensino", "jogos AND Fisiologia Humana", "métodos práticos AND Fisiologia Humana", e "jogos AND ensino AND Fisiologia Humana". A partir dos artigos analisados, foi possível encontrar três diferentes tipos de jogos (jogos representacionais, jogos didáticos e jogos teatrais). Os jogos representacionais e os jogos didáticos apresentaram vantagens em relação aos jogos teatrais, sendo indicadas suas aplicações para o ensino da Fisiologia Humana, pois podem auxiliar os estudantes na consolidação dos conteúdos, de modo motivante e divertido. Além disso, a utilização desses jogos pode atuar como uma estratégia facilitadora do processo de ensino/aprendizagem da Fisiologia Humana. (AU)

The teacher must use different alternatives in order to have the stimulus and the development of effective learning, covering the uniqueness of each student. In this context, practical methods can be configured as an important teaching alternative for Human Physiology because it provides attractive educational practices, in which the student has the chance to learn in a more active, dynamic and motivating way. Therefore, the present study aimed to review the literature and analyze the use of games in the teaching/learning process of Human Physiology, at all levels of education, and to discuss their main applications, advantages and disadvantages. Were analyzed studies published in journals indexed in the databases: Scielo, Lillacs and Google Scholar. To search for these studies, were used the terms "alternative methods", "Human Physiology", "Human Physiology AND teaching", "games AND Human Physiology", "practical methods AND Human Physiology", and "games AND teaching AND Human Physiology". From the analyzed articles, it was possible to find three different types of games (representational games, educational games and theatrical games). Representational games and didactic games presented advantages over theatrical games, indicating their applications for teaching Human Physiology, as they can assist students in consolidating content in a motivating and fun way. In addition, the use of these games can act as a strategy to facilitate the teaching/learning process of Human Physiology. (AU)

Categorização dos pontos estratégicos da fisiologia de voo para o transporte aeromédico / Categorización de puntos estratégicos de fisiología de vuelo para el transporte aeromédico / Categorization of strategic points of flight physiology for aeromedical transport

Objetivo: Categorizar os pontos estratégicos da fisiologia de voo que possam interferir no transporte aeromédico.Método: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão integrativa de literatura, realizada com base no modelo PRISMA - Preferred Reporting ltems for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. A busca dos artigos foi realizada nos meses de agosto e setembro de 2021 . Resultado: Foram utilizados 1 O trabalhos, elencadas seis categorias: (i) Altitude; (ii) Áreas comuns que precisam de atenção; (iii) Forças de Aceleração; (iv) Hipóxia, (v) Preparação para o voo do paciente; (vi) Umidade, Temperatura e Gravidade. Conclusão: O transporte em aeronaves de asa fixa necessita de um conhecimento de fisiologia de voo, potenciais alterações na altitude, recomendações específicas, equipe de saúde e tripulação capacitadas para reconhecer e intervir. Assim como, possuam práticas avançadas, compartilhem as informações, maximizem os processos de segurança e qualidade no ambiente hipobárico. (AU)

Objective: To categorize the strategic points of flight physiology that may interfere with aeromedical transport.Method: This is an integrative literature review study, based on the PRISMA model - Preferred Reporting ltems for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The search for articles was carried out in August and September 2021. Result: 1 O works were used, listed in six categories: (i) Altitude; (ii) Common areas that need attention; (iii) Acceleration Forces; (iv) Hypoxia, (v) Preparation for the patient's flight; (vi) Humidity, Temperature and Gravity. Conclusion: Transportation in fixed-wing aircraft requires knowledge of flight physiology, potential changes in altitude, specific recommendations, health care team and crew trained to recognize and intervene. As well as having advanced practices, share information, maximize safety and quality processes in the hypobaric environment.(AU)

Objetivo: Categorizar los puntos estratégicos de la fisiología dei vuelo que pueden interferir con el transporteaeromédico. Método: Este es un estudio de revisión de literatura integradora, basado en el modelo PRISMA - ftems de reporte preferidos para revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis. La búsqueda de artículos se realizá en los meses de agosto y septiembre de 2021. Resultado: se utilizaron 1 O obras, clasificadas en seis categorías: (i) Altitud; (ii) Áreas comunes que necesitan atención; (iii) Fuerzas de Aceleración; (iv) Hipoxia, (v) Preparación para el vuelo dei paciente; (vi) Humedad, temperatura y gravedad. Conclusión: EI transporte en aeronaves requiere conocimientos de fisiología de vuelo, posibles cambias de altitud, recomendaciones específicas, equipo de atención médica y tripulación capacitados para reconocer e intervenir. Además de contar con prácticas avanzadas, compartir información, maximizar los procesos de seguridad y calidad en el ambiente hipobárico(AU)

Evaluación del desarrollo de la asignatura virtual Fisiología II en la especialidad Neurofisiología Clínica / Assessment of developing Physiology II as a virtual subject in the specialty of Clinical Neurophysiology

Introducción: La enseñanza mediante la modalidad virtual se adoptó como medida preventiva ante la propagación de la COVID-19. Para la educación médica cubana ha implicado un reto en cuanto a la reorganización de los programas de estudio. Con este propósito, se rediseño e implementó la asignatura Fisiología II en modalidad virtual, para garantizar la continuidad en la formación de residentes en Neurofisiología Clínica. Objetivo: Evaluar el desarrollo de la asignatura Fisiología II en su modalidad virtual desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes de la especialidad Neurofisiología Clínica. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio, no experimental y transversal. Mediante un cuestionario de preguntas cerradas y una abierta (aspectos positivos y negativos), se evaluó el desarrollo de la asignatura en modalidad virtual en relación con las variables: programa de la asignatura, desempeño de los profesores, escenario de las plataformas y soporte tecnológico. Resultados: La asignatura Fisiología II en modalidad virtual tuvo una alta aceptación por parte de los estudiantes. Los aspectos identificados como positivos fueron los relacionados con la gestión personal del tiempo, y la aplicabilidad y estructura de la asignatura; mientras que los negativos se orientaron hacia problemas de conectividad de internet y el entorno de estudio. Conclusiones: Las exitosas experiencias obtenidas en el desarrollo de la asignatura virtual Fisiología II sientan las bases para el empleo de este tipo de diseño en la especialidad de Neurofisiología Clínica y la posibilidad de extenderlo a otras asignaturas del plan de estudio(AU)

Introduction: Teaching through virtual modality was adopted as a preventive measure against the COVID-19 spread. For Cuban medical education, it has implied a challenge regarding the reorganization of study programs. For this purpose, the subject Physiology II was redesigned and implemented in virtual modality, in order to guarantee continuity in the training of Clinical Neurophysiology residents. Objective: To assess the development of the subject Physiology II in its virtual modality from the perspective of the students of the Clinical Neurophysiology specialty. Methods: Exploratory, nonexperimental and cross-sectional study. Through a questionnaire made up of closed questions and one open question (positive and negative aspects), the development of the subject in virtual modality was assessed in relation to the variables subject syllabus, professors' performance, platform scenario, and technological support. Results: The subject Physiology II in virtual modality had a high acceptance by the students. The aspects identified as positive were those related to individual time management, as well as the subject's applicability and structure; while the negative ones were oriented towards internet connectivity problems and the study environment. Conclusions: The successful experiences obtained in the development of Physiology II as a virtual subject lay the foundations for using this type of design in the specialty of Clinical Neurophysiology and the possibility of extending it to other subjects of the study plan(AU)

Respostas cardiorrespiratórias do teste de sentar e levantar em indivíduos pré e pós-cirurgia cardíaca: corte transversal / Cardiopulmonary responses of the sit-to-stand test in individuals pre and post-heart surgery: cross section

| INTRODUÇÃO: As repercussões cardiorrespiratórias da cirurgia cardíaca podem ser avaliadas por teste submáximo. OBJETIVO: comparar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias do teste de sentar e levantar em um minuto (TSL1) nos indivíduos, entre o momento pré e pós de cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Estudo de caráter transversal e analítico, incluiu 45 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, estáveis hemodinamicamente, com fração de ejeção maior que 45%, que foram submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio no Instituto do Coração de um Hospital do interior do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre 2018 e 2019. As variáveis de desfechos foram coletadas no repouso e ao final do teste, um dia antes da cirurgia e no pós-operatório: pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica (PAS e PAD em mmHg), frequência cardíaca (FC bpm), frequência respiratória (FR rpm), saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2 %), fadiga de membros inferiores (Fmm 0-10) e dispneia (Di 0-10), número de repetições e interrupções do teste. Foi utilizado o programa R para o tratamento dos dados, para avaliar a normalidade foi aplicado o teste de Shapiro Wilk, a comparação dos grupos pelo teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: A maioria do sexo masculino (71%) e média de idade foi de 61± 9 anos. No pré-operatório, ocorreu aumento entre o repouso e o final do teste, PAS, FC, FR, Fmm e Di (p<0,05). No pós-operatório, houve aumento entre o repouso e o final do teste, para FC, FR, Fmm e Di (P<0,05), contudo, sem elevação da PAS. Ao comparar as variáveis entre os momentos pré e pós, observamos maiores valores da FC, FR e número de interrupções na condição pós (p<0,05), bem como menores valores para a PAS, SpO2 e número de repetições (p<0,05) para essa condição. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados desta pesquisa comprovam que o TSL1 realizado no pré-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, assim como entre o 4° ou 5° dia de pós-cirurgia cardíaca, é seguro e eficaz, representado pela ausência das repercussões cardiorrespiratórias que comprometessem ou agravassem o quadro clínico do paciente. O TSL1 foi capaz de induzir respostas cardiorrespiratórias fisiológicas no pré-operatório; contudo, na condição pós acarretou respostas cardiorrespiratórias mais elevadas no repouso e atenuada resposta em exercício em comparação ao pré-operatório.

INTRODUCTION: The cardiorespiratory repercussions of heart surgery can be assessed through submaximal testing. OBJECTIVE: Compare cardiorespiratory responses to the one-minute sit-and-stand test in individuals pre- and post-heart surgery. METHODS: An analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted involving 45 hemodynamically stable male and female patients with an ejection fraction greater than 45% submitted to coronary artery bypass surgery at a cardiology service of a hospital in the interior of the state of REDACTED between 2018 and 2019. The following variables were collected at rest and the end of the test one day before surgery and postoperatively: systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, mmHg), heart rate (HR, bpm), respiratory rate (RR, rpm), peripheral saturation oxygen (SpO2, %), lower limb fatigue (LLF, 0-10), dyspnea (0-10), number of test repetitions and number of interruptions. The R program was used to process the data. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used for the determination of normality. The groups were compared using the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: Most participants were male (71%), and the mean age was 61±9 years. In the preoperative period, statistically significant increases (p≤0.05) were found for SBP, HR, RR, LLF, and dyspnea between resting values and the end of the test. Significant increases (p≤0.05) were found in the postoperative period for HR, RR, LLF, and dyspnea between rest and the end of the test, with no increase in SBP. Comparing the preoperative and postoperative evaluations variables, higher HR, RR, the number of interruptions and lower SBP, SpO2, and the number of repetitions were found after surgery (p≤0.05). CONCLUSION: The one-minute sit-to-stand test induced physiological cardiorespiratory responses in the preoperative evaluation. However, higher cardiorespiratory responses at rest and an attenuated response to exercise were found in the postoperative evaluation compared to the preoperative evaluation.

Comparative study of cold compress and liniment treatment as an adjunct to massage therapy for Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps (EAMC) among young athletes in the Philippine setting

@#Exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC) is prevalent among athletes during training or competitions where they are subjected to strenuous activities for a prolonged period. To manage this painful condition, health practitioners have used numerous treatment modalities having massage done with adjunct application such as cold compress or liniment. Studies show that it is debatable which combination of treatment modalities is more effective on people affected by EAMC. Hence, this study aimed to present evidence-based data to show if there is a difference in the effectiviteness of the two modalities in treating EAMC. A total of thirty-two (32) athletic participants were enrolled in this study and a total of 40 treatment trials were included in the analysis of data. Each participant performed strenuous exercises meant to induce muscle cramps. The onset of muscle cramps was identified using a set criteria. After which, treatment was applied and the length of time that the cramp was resolved was recorded. Determining relief from muscle cramps was based on the characteristic of muscle hardness and the level of pain by using a numerical rating scale. Results showed that though majority of the participants verbalized preference for the ice treatment, analysis of data using one-way ANOVA revealed that there is no evidence to prove that there is a difference in the effectivity among the treatment modalities performed. In conclusion, though all modalities performed were able to relieve the EAMC, the use of adjunct treatment in addition to massage and stretching may have a placebo effect component, which improves the patient's perception of greater efficacy.

Cambios fisiológicos y morfológicos tempranos en el riñón remanente de donantes vivos / Early physiological and morphological changes in the remnant kidney of living donors

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de describir los cambios funcionales y morfológicos tempranos en el riñón remanente de donantes vivos, se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en el Hospital Cayetano Heredia, en el que se incluyeron 55 individuos. De las historias clínicas, se obtuvieron los datos clínicos y demográficos, así como la depuración de creatinina, la proteinuria, la presión arterial y las dimensiones renales a los 1, 2, 3, 6 y 12 meses después de la donación del riñón. La edad media fue de 40,88 (±9,84) años; el 80% eran mujeres y el índice de masa corporal medio fue de 25,68 (±3,5) kg/m2. Se utilizaron modelos lineales y cuadráticos para estudiar las variables fisiológicas y morfológicas. Durante el tiempo de seguimiento, la tasa de filtración glomerular, la proteinuria, la presión arterial diastólica y la longitud de los riñones mostraron cambios significativos (p < 0,05).

ABSTRACT In order to describe the early functional and morphological changes in the remnant kidney of living donors, a retrospective study was carried out at the Cayetano Heredia Hospital. Data from 55 individuals was included. Clinical and demographic data were obtained from the clinical records, as well as data for creatinine clearance, proteinuria, blood pressure and renal dimensions at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months after kidney donation. The mean age was 40.88 (±9.84) years; 80% were women and the mean body mass index was 25.68 (±3.5) kg/m2. Linear and quadratic models were used to study physiological and morphological variables. During the follow-up time, glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, diastolic blood pressure, and kidney length showed significant changes (p < 0.05).

Efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza prensil de intensidad ascendente sobre la presión arterial y la cinética de oxigenación muscular en personas mayores hipertensas tipo 1 / Effect of hand grip strength training of ascending intensity on blood pressure and muscle oxygenation kinetics in elderly people with hypertension type 1

Resumen Introducción: La hipertensión arterial presenta una alta prevalencia y es un factor de riesgo importante para el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, las cuales afectan mayormente a personas mayores (PM). Como estrategia terapéutica el entrenamiento isométrico de fuerza prensil (EIFP) ha demostrado resultados efectivos en la respuesta hipotensora. Sin embargo, el comportamiento fisiológico de la oxigenación muscular durante y posterior al entrenamiento sigue siendo inespecífica. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos de un protocolo de entrenamiento isométrico de fuerza prensil de intensidad ascendente comparado con un protocolo de entrenamiento isométrico de fuerza prensil al 30% de la contracción máxima voluntaria (CMV) sobre la presión arterial y la cinética de oxigenación muscular en personas mayores hipertensas tipo1. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuasi-experimental con grupo control en 50 personas mayores físicamente activas (hombres 20 y 30 mujeres) hipertensos tipo 1 farmacológicamente controlados, pertenecientes a la YMCA Santiago, edad promedio 69,6 (± 1,18) años. Muestreo intencional, no probabilístico y aleatorio, considerando criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se realizó un entrenamiento isométrico de intensidad ascendente (10%, 20%, 30% CMV) de fuerza prensil durante 4 semanas, en un grupo experimental (GE; n: 25), contrastado con un entrenamiento isométrico de fuerza prensil (30 % CMV) grupo control (GC; n: 25). Se valoraron las siguientes variables hemodinámicas y antropométricas: frecuencia cardiaca (FC), presión arterial (PA), oxigenación muscular (OM %), e índice de masa corporal (IMC), analizando los cambios previos y posterior al entrenamiento. Resultados: El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba de U de Mann-Whitney. En ambos grupos posterior a la intervención disminuyó de manera significativa la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) (GC: 123,6 ± 2,42 a 114,6 ± 2,36 p = 0,01* y GE: 128,1 ± 1,56 a 111,4 ± 2,31 p < 0,00* mmHg) y FC (70,84 ± 1,92 a 64,08 ± 1,87 p = 0,01* y 69,72 ± 2,01 a 64 ± 1,98 p = 0,04* lpm) respectivamente. El mayor cambio de oxigenación muscular (OM) se observa sólo en el GE (57,68 ± 1,34 a 64,56 ± 1,05 p = 0,00* OM%). Conclusión: El entrenamiento isométrico de fuerza prensil de intensidad ascendente es un método valioso y mejor tolerado en personas mayores para disminuir de manera aguda la PA y mejorar el porcentaje de oxigenación muscular posterior al ejercicio. En cuanto al uso de los sensores de espectroscopía del infrarrojo cercano (NIRS) Moxy, podrían desempeñar un papel importante en la mejora del conocimiento científico respecto del metabolismo oxidativo del músculo. No obstante se requieren evaluaciones futuras para determinar los límites basales de oxigenacion muscular.

Abstract Introduction: High blood pressure has a high prevalence and is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, which mostly affect the elderly (PM). As a therapeutic strategy, the isometric hand grip strength training has demonstrated effective results in the hypotensive response. However, the physiological behavior of muscle oxygenation during and after exercise remains unspecified. Objective: Analyze the effects of an isometric training protocol for hand grip strength of ascending intensity compared to an isometric training protocol for hand grip strength at 30% of the maximum voluntary contraction on blood pressure and muscle oxygenation kinetics in hypertensive elderly people type1. Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental study with a control group in 50 physically active elderly people (men 20 and 30 women) pharmacologically controlled type 1 hypertensive, belonging to the YMCA Santiago, average age 69.6 (± 1.18). Intentional, non-probabilistic and random sampling, considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. An ascending intensity training (10%, 20%, 30% of the maximum voluntary contraction CMV) of hand grip strength was performed for 4 weeks, on an experimental group (GE; n: 25), contrasted with an isometric training (30% CMV) control group (GC; n: 25). The following hemodynamic and anthropometric variables were assessed: heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), muscle oxygenation (OM%), weight, height and body mass index (BMI), analyzing the changes before and after training. Results: Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. In both groups after the intervention, systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased significantly (GC: 123.6 ± 2.42 to 114.6 ± 2.36 p = 0.01 and GE: 128.1 ± 1, 56 to 111.4 ± 2.31 p <0.000 mmHg) and FC (70.84 ± 1.92 to 64.08 ± 1.87 p = 0.01 and 69.72 ± 2.01 to 64 ± 1.98 p = 0.04 bpm) respectively. The greatest change in muscle oxygenation (OM) is observed only in the GE (57.68 ± 1.34 to 64.56 ± 1.05 p = 0.00 OM%). Conclusion: Isometric training protocol for hand grip strength of ascending intensity is a valuable and better tolerated method in older people to decrease BP and improve the percentage of post-exercise muscle oxygenation. Regarding the use of Moxy near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) sensors, they could play an important role in improving scientific knowledge regarding oxidative muscle metabolism. However, future evaluations are required to determine baseline muscle oxygenation limits.

A dança e as alterações fisiológicas no organismo humano: um estudo de revisão / Dance and physiological Changes in the human organism: A review study

A busca pela saúde e longevidade atrai cada vez mais olhares da comunidade científica. Há diversas formas de se conseguir alterações fisiológicas que previnam doenças ou colaborem para modificar estados patológicos já existentes no organismo humano. Atividades diferenciadas, como é o caso da dança, têm sido um recurso utilizado na busca da prevenção de doenças e de agravos, devido à proporção terapêutica e à ação sistêmica que aquela exerce, aliada ao seu baixo custo, em com paração com outros recursos de tratamento multidisciplinar. Este artigo trata-se de uma Pesquisa Bibliográfica na modalidade revisão integrativa da literatura, tendo como objetivo, conhecer e demonstrar o que vem sendo publicado na comunidade científica sobre o impacto do exercício da dança na fisiologia humana. Como método, utilizou-se as bases de dados: PUBMED, SCIELO, LILACS, com os seguintes descritores associados: "dança, lterações fisiológicas e terapia através da dança", "dança e terapia através da dança", "dança e alterações fisiológicas", "alterações fisiológicas e terapia através da dança", tendo como critérios de inclusão do material utilizado: artigos originais, disponíveis na íntegra, publicados nas línguas portuguesa, inglesa e espanhola, entre os anos de 2013 a 2018, e que estejam relacionados com as modificações fisiológicas através da dança. Como resultados da busca englobando estas combinações, foram encontrados 2.643 artigos, e destes, foram selecionados para estudo 47 artigos. Conclui-se pelos estudos revisados e organizados no quadro sinóptico, que na relação entre a fisiologia e a dança, há diversas alterações positivas no organismo humano obtidas através da dança, seja como coadjuvante em tratamento, ou seja como fator de prevenção...(AU)

The search for health and longevity attracts more and more views from the scientific community. There are several ways to achieve physiological changes that prevent diseases or collabo rate to modify pathologicalstates already existing in the human body. Differentiated activities as in the case of dance have been a resource used in the search for prevention oficial deseases and aggravation, due to t he therapeutic proportion and systemic action, as well as the low cost compaired to other multidiscip linary treatment resources. This article is about a bibliographical research in the integrative literature review modality, with the aiming to know and demonstrate what has been published in the scientific comm unity about the impact of dance exercise on human physiology. As a method, the following databases were used: PUBMED, SCIELO, LILACS, with the following associated descriptors: "dance, physiological chan ges and therapy through dance", "dance and therapy through dance" and "dance and physiological ch anges" , "Physiological changes and therapy through dance", with the following inclusion criteria: original articles, available in full mode, published in Portuguese, English and Spanish languages, between the years 2013 to 2018, and that have been related to the physiological changes through the dance. As search results encompassing these combinations were found 2.643 articles, and seleções for study 4 7 articles. It was conclude from the reviewed studies that were organized in the synoptic table, that the relationship between physiology and dance, there are several positive changes in the human organism obtained through dance, either as an adjunct in treatment, or as a prevention factor...(AU)

Historical review of the Department of Physiology on the 75th anniversary of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez / Reseña histórica del Departamento de Fisiología en el 75 aniversario del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez

Abstract The Physiology Department has played an important role in the development of physiology in Mexico since its beginnings. It was founded by Dr. Arturo Rosenblueth in 1947. Many of the original researchers participated in the formation of the Mexican Society of Physiological Sciences. Researchers belonging to this department have given origin to an important national research center (CINVESTAV) and to numerous groups and departments within the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología such as the Valves department in the basement of the main building of the institute, the department of molecular biology situated in the Anexo de Investigación, and a laboratory in the translational medicine unit. The physiology department has importantly contributed to the development of research in the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología.

Resumen El Departamento de Fisiología ha desempeñado un papel importante en el desarrollo de la fisiología en México desde sus inicios. Fue fundado por el Dr. Arturo Rosenblueth en 1947. Muchos de sus investigadores originales participaron en el nacimiento de la Sociedad Mexicana de Ciencias Fisiológicas. Fue el origen de un importante centro de investigación a nivel nacional (CINVESTAV) y ha dado lugar a numerosos grupos y departamentos dentro del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, como el Departamento de Válvulas en el basamento del edificio principal, el Departamento de Biología Molecular ubicado en el Anexo de Investigación y un laboratorio en la Unidad de Medicina Traslacional. El Departamento de Fisiología ha contribuido de manera importante al desarrollo de la investigación en el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología.

Salt stress on physiology, biometry and fruit quality of grafted Passiflora edulis / Estresse salino na fisiologia, biometria e qualidade dos frutos de Passiflora edulis enxertada

The production of grafted passion fruit is an alternative for plant adaptation to saline environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of salt stress on physiology, biometry and fruit quality of P. edulis grafted on Passiflora spp. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design, in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to three species of Passiflora (P. edulis, P. gibertii and P. cincinnata) with P. edulis scion and two levels of irrigation water salinity (0.5 - control and 4.5 dS m-1), with four repetitions. Water salinity compromises gas exchanges (CO2 assimilation raste and transpiration) and physiological variables (total chlorophyll and total water consumption) in grafted P. edulis. The interaction between the factors (water salinity x species) compromised only the growth in plant height and number of leaves. In relation to the species, auto-grafted P. edulis stood out from the other species, with higher internal CO2 concentration, number of leaves, stem dry mass, peel thickness, total soluble solids (TSS) of the pulp and TSS/TA ratio (titratable acidity). Auto-grafted P. edulis under saline conditions develops vital mechanisms (TSS and TSS/TA), which attenuates the effects of salt stress on the physico-chemical quality of the fruits.

A produção de maracujazeiro enxertado é uma alternativa para adaptação das plantas a ambientes salinos. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do estresse salino na fisiologia, biometria e qualidade de frutos de P. edulis enxertado em espécies de Passiflora spp. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, sendo três espécies de Passiflora (P. edulis, P. gibertii e P. cincinnata) tendo como copa P. edulis e dois níveis de salinidade de água de irrigação (0,5 ­ testemunha e 4,5 dS m-1), com quatro repetições. A salinidade da água compromete as trocas gasosas (taxa de assimilação de CO2 e transpiração) e variáveis fisiológicas (clorofila total e consumo hídrico total) em P. edulis enxertado. A interação entre os fatores (salinidade da água x espécie) compromete apenas o crescimento em altura de plantas e número de folhas. Em relação às espécies, o P. edulis auto enxertado se destaca em relação as demais espécies apresentando maior concentração interna de CO2, número de folhas, massa seca de caule, espessura da casca do fruto, sólidos solúveis totais (SST) da polpa e razão sólidos solúveis totais por acidez titulável (SST/AT). O P. edulis auto enxertado sob condições de salinidade, desenvolve mecanismos vitais (SST e SST/AT), que atenuam os efeitos do estresse salino na qualidade físico-química dos frutos.

Vision on the internationalization of physiology education: Trends and prospects / 生理学报

Rapid advancement of physiology education has occurred since the twentieth century due to the emergence of new pedagogies and collaborative effort of physiologists worldwide. Physiological organizations and institutions contribute to the teaching of physiology through international congresses, education symposia, teaching workshops, exchange programs, and journal publications. The Internet and information technologies play a crucial role in the promotion and improvement of computer-based physiology education across different countries. Interactive teaching practices and problem-based learning have also become globally applied strategies to enhance students' motivation and facilitate learning effectiveness. In this article, we review the global development and implementation of pedagogical approaches to the teaching of physiology, as well as the emerging trends and practices for physiology education in the future.

Effect of electroacupuncture on the expression of insulin signal pathway related proteins in hippocampus in mice with Alzheimer's disease / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on the expression of insulin phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/glycogen synthetase kinase-3α (PI3K/GSK3α) signal pathway related proteins in the hippocampus in mice with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and to explore the regulatory mechanism of EA on improving the pathological characteristics of AD.@*METHODS@#Twelve male APP/PS1 double transgenic mice were randomly divided a model group and a treatment group, 6 mice in each group; another 6 wild-type male mice were taken as the control group. The mice in the treatment group were treated with EA (continuous wave, 2 Hz of frequency) at "Baihui" (GV 20) and bilateral "Shenshu" (BL 23), once a day; 7-day treatment was taken as a course of treatment, and 2 courses of treatment were given. The immunohistochemistry method and Western blot method were used to detect the distribution and expression level of hippocampal PI3K/GSK3α signal pathway related proteins P85α, P110α, GSK3α and pSGSK3α, and the number of hippocampal senile plaques (SP) was observed.@*RESULTS@#The proteins of P85α, P110α, GSK3α and pSGSK3α were mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of hippocampal neurons, and the GSK3α was also distributed in the axons of neurons in the model group and the treatment group. The immunohistochemistry results showed that the distribution level of GSK3α in the hippocampus in the model group was significantly higher than that in the control group (<0.001), and the distribution level of pSGSK3α, P85α and P110α was significantly decreased (<0.01, <0.001); compared with the model group, the distribution level of GSK3α in the hippocampus in the treatment group was significantly decreased (<0.001), and the distribution level of pSGSK3α, P85α and P110α in hippocampus was significantly increased (<0.05, <0.001). The Western blot results showed compared with the control group, the expression of pSGSK3α, P85α and P110α as well as the ratio of pSGSK3α/GSK3α in the hippocampus in the model group were significantly decreased (<0.001), and the expression of GSK3α was increased (<0.05); compared with the model group, the expression of pSGSK3α, P85α, P110α and the ratio of pSGSK3α/GSK3α in the hippocampus in the treatment group were significantly increased (<0.01, <0.001), and the expression of GSK3α was decreased (<0.05). Compared with the control group, the number of hippocampal SP in the model group was significantly increased (<0.001); compared with the model group, the number of hippocampal SP in the treatment group was significantly decreased (<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#EA could effectively regulate the expression of PI3K/GSK3α signal pathway related proteins in the hippocampus in mice with AD, so as to reduce the formation and deposition of SP.

Effects of electroacupuncture on skeletal muscle and blood glucose in rats with diabetic amyotrophy / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on skeletal muscle and blood glucose in rats with diabetic amyotrophy.@*METHODS@#Among 40 SD rats, 10 rats were randomly selected into the control group and received no treatment. The remaining 30 rats were treated with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg) to establish diabetes mellitus (DM) model, and then the rats were treated with vascular ligation at right posterior limb to establish amyotrophy model. The rats with diabetic amyotrophy were randomly divided into a model group and an EA group, 10 rats in each group (10 rats were excluded due to unsuccessful model establishment and death). The rats in the EA group was treated with EA at right-side "Yishu (EX-B 3)" "Shenshu (BL 23)" "Zusanli (ST 36)" and "Sanyinjiao (SP 6)", disperse-dense wave, 2 Hz/ 15 Hz, 20 minutes each time, once a day for 3 weeks. Before and after EA treatment, the blood sample was collected from inner canthus and the "glucose oxidase-peroxidase" method was used to detect fasting blood glucose level; ELISA method was used to detect insulin content. At the end of the treatment, HE staining method was used to observe the morphology of ischemic skeletal muscle in the right hindlimb; the real-time PCR method was used to detect the mRNA expression of muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx), muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF1) and forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) in the ischemic skeletal muscle tissue of right hindlimb.@*RESULTS@#Before the treatment, the body mass in the model group and EA group was lower than that in the control group (<0.01); after the treatment, the body mass in the control group was increased, while the body mass in the model group and EA group was decreased (<0.01). Compared with the control group, the fasting blood glucose was significantly increased and insulin content was significantly decreased in the model group (<0.01); compared with the model group, the fasting blood glucose was significantly decreased and the insulin content was significantly increased in the EA group after treatment (<0.01). The muscle fibers of the model group were obviously broken, the number of the nuclei decreased, and the nuclei shrinked or even dissolved; the morphology of the muscle tissue of the EA group after intervention was improved compared with the model group. Compared with the control group, the cross-sectional area of ischemic skeletal muscle cells in the right hindlimb in the model group was decreased (<0.01); compared with the model group, the cross-sectional area of ischemic skeletal muscle cells in the right hindlimb was increased in EA group (<0.05). Compared with the control group, the levels of MAFbx, MuRF1 and FOXO3a mRNA in the right hindlimb ischemic skeletal muscle in the model group were increased significantly (<0.01, <0.05); compared with the model group, the levels of MAFbx, MuRF1 and FOXO3a mRNA in the EA group were decreased significantly (<0.05, <0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#EA may play a role in the treatment of diabetic amyotrophy by inducing FOXO3a to reduce the transcription of MAFbx and MuRF1.

Effects of electroacupuncture pretreatment on cardiac function and immune inflammatory response in mice with acute myocardial ischemia / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment on the cardiac ejection fraction (EF), the number of macrophages in spleen and heart, and the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in myocardium in mice with acute myocardial ischemia, and to explore the possible mechanism of EA pretreatment on promoting myocardial protection.@*METHODS@#A total of 30 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a control group, a model group and an EA pretreatment group, 10 rats in each group. The acute myocardial ischemia model was established by ligating the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery in the model group and EA pretreatment group, while threading but no ligating at left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery was applied in the control group. In the EA pretreatment group, mice were intervented with EA at bilateral "Neiguan" (PC 6), disperse-dense wave, frequency of 2 Hz/15 Hz, intensity of 2 mA; each EA treatment last for 20 min, once a day, and 3-day treatment was given before model establishment. The EF value was evaluated by ultrasonic cardiogram; the number of macrophages in spleen and heart was measured by flow cytometry; the expression level of NLRP3 and IL-1β in myocardium was measured by Western blot.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, the EF value was decreased in the model group (<0.001), the number of macrophages in the heart and spleen was increased (<0.001), and the expression level of NLRP3 and IL-1β in the myocardium was increased (<0.001, <0.01). Compared with the model group, the EF value was increased in the EA pretreatment group (<0.01), the number of macrophages in the heart and spleen was decreased (<0.01), and the expression level of NLRP3 and IL-1β in the myocardium was decreased (<0.01, <0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#EA pretreatment could reduce the number of macrophages in spleen and heart, down-regulate the expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β in myocardial tissue in mice with acute myocardial ischemia, which could relieve the local inflammatory response and achieve the myocardial protective effect.