Value of combined model based on clinical and radiomics features for predicting invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as ground glass nodule / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To evaluate the predictive value of a combined model based on clinical and radiomics features for the invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as ground glass nodule(GGN).Methods Clinical data of patients with GGN-type lung adenocarcinoma who underwent chest CT and were confirmed by surgical pathology at some hospital from January to December 2019 were analyzed retrospectively,and the extraction of imaging histological features was performed using Python-based open resource Pyradiomics.A clinical model was constructed based on independent risk factors obtained from univariate and multivariate analyses,a radiomics model was built using the screened radiomics features,and a combined model was established with the predictive values of the clinical models and radiomics scores(Radscore).The predictive performance of the three models in the training and test sets was assessed using ROC curves,the statistical significance of the differences in the ROC curves of the three models for predicting GGN-type lung adenocarcinoma was assessed using the Delong test,and the net benefits of the models were analyzed using clinical decision curves.Results Logistic multifactor analysis showed that age(P=0.020 2)and vascular characteristics(P=0.002 2)were the independent predictors of the degree of the invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma.The AUCs of the radiomics model,clinical model and combined model were 0.876,0.867 and 0.904 on the training set,and 0.828,0.828 and 0.864 on the test set,respectively.The difference between the ROC curves of the combined model and the clinical and radiomics models was not statistically significant(P>0.05)on the test set.Clinical decision curves showed a higher clinical benefit when using the combined model to predict the invasiveness under most conditions of threshold probability.Conclusion The combined model based on clinical and radiomics features enhances the predictive performance for the invasiveness of GGN-type lung adenocarcinoma.

Clinical observation of "experienced ten acupoints" for functional dyspepsia of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To verify the clinical effect of acupuncture at "experienced ten acupoints" for functional dyspepsia (FD) of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency.@*METHODS@#A total of 96 patients with FD of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 48 cases in each group. In the observation group, "experienced ten acupoint" prescription was applied，acupoints included Shangwan (CV 13), Zhongwan (CV 12), Xiawan (CV 10), Qihai (CV 6), Tianshu (ST 25), Zusanli (ST 36) and Neiguan (PC 6). In the control group, irrelevant acupoint prescription was applied, acupoints included Feiyang (BL 58), Heding (EX@*RESULTS@#Compared before treatment, the symptom score after treatment was decreased in the observation group (@*CONCLUSION@#Acupuncture at "experienced ten acupoints" can improve symptoms in patients with FD of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency, has the better clinical effect.

Jueming Prescription reduces body weight by increasing the mRNA expressions of beta3-adrenergic receptor and uncoupling protein-2 in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese rats / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the antiobesity effect of Jueming Prescription (JMP), a Chinese herbal medicine formula, and its influence on mRNA expressions of beta3 adrenergic receptor (beta3-AR) and uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the normal control group (n =8) that was on a standard chow diet, and the obese model group (n =42) that was on a diet of high fat chow. Two weeks after the high fat diet, 29 obese rats in the obese model group were further randomly divided into 3 groups: the untreated obese model group (n =9), the metformin group (n =10, metformin 300 mg kg⁻¹ day)⁻¹, and the JMP group (n =10, JMP 4 g kg⁻¹ day⁻¹). After 8-week treatment, body weight, wet weight of visceral fat, and percentage of body fat (PBF) were measured. The levels of fasting blood glucose, serum lipids, and insulin were assessed, and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was calculated. The adipose tissue section was stained with hematoxylin-Eosin, and the cellular diameter and quantity of adipocytes were evaluated by light microscopy. The mRNA expressions of beta3-AR and UCP-2 from the peri-renal fat tissue were determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the obese model group, treatment with JMP resulted in significantly lower body weight, wet weight of visceral fat, PBF, and diameter of adipocytes, and significantly higher level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ISI (all P<0.01), JMP increased the mRNA expressions of beta3-AR and UCP-2 from perirenal fat tissue (P <0.05, P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>JMP could reduce body weight and adipocyte size; and the effect was associated with the up-regulation of beta3-AR and UCP-2 expressions in the adipose tissue and improvement of insulin sensitivity.</p>

Association of EGFR expression with angiogenesis and chemoresistance in ovarian carcinoma / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To clarify the association of EGFR expression with angiogenesis and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Immunohistochemical PV-6000 staining was used to detect the expression of EGFR, LRP protein and MVD in 102 ovarian tumor specimens.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>EGFR, LRP positive rates and MVD in borderline and malignant ovarian specimens were significantly higher than those in the normal and benign ones (P < 0.01). EGFR positive expression rate in stage III-IV carcinoma tissues, poor differentiation and with ascites was higher than that in stage I-II carcinomas of well differentiation and without ascites (P < 0.05). MVD was related to histological grade, residual tumor and ascites, LRP positive expression had no correlation with the clinicopathologic parameters (P > 0.05). The effective rate of chemotherapy in patients with EGFR and LRP-positive expression were 57.1% and 53.7%, respectively, significantly lower than that in cases with EGFR and LRP-negative expression (85.0% and 90.9%, P < 0.05). In the 64 cases with complete data, the three-year survival rate was 53.0%. The survival time was shorter in the cases with EGFR and LRP-positive expression, poor differentiation, ascites and chemoresistance (P < 0.01), and only LRP-positive expression and chemotherapeutic effect were independently related to survival time (P < 0.05). There was a correlation between EGFR and MVD (r = 0.548, P < 0.01), EGFR and LRP positive expression (P = 0.020).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The expression of EGFR in ovarian cancer is related to angiogenesis and chemoresistance. EGFR and LRP-positive expression are related to chemoresistance, and detection of the two proteins may be helpful in guiding chemotherapy choice for ovarian cancer. LRP-positive expression and chemotherapeutic effect may be independent prognostic factors.</p>

A duplex nested PCR assay detecting of Vibrio cholerae and its application on environmental specimens / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a duplex nested PCR assay system which is capable for detecting O1 and O139 groups of Vibrio cholerae simultaneously, and is applicable to environmental specimens from routine cholera surveillance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Based on nucleic acid sequences available in GenBank, six sets of primers were designed by PrimerSelect program of DNAStar, targeting the rfb gene that encodes the O antigens of O1 and O139 V. cholerae, respectively. The specificity of several primer combinations was tested. A duplex nested PCR assay system for simultaneously detecting O1 and O139 V. cholerae was established, subsequently, its sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility and field evaluation were tested. The sensitivity of this assay was evaluated by comparing detection limits of nested PCR and conventional PCR. Its reproducibility was tested by 32 positive samples (11 samples positive for O1, 21 samples positive for O139) from environmental surveillance. In addition, the selected amplicons from positive samples were sequenced and analyzed with relevant sequences.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>This newly-established duplex nested PCR assay might distinguish O1 V. cholerae from O139 V. cholerae, based on fragment lengths of amplicons, with reliable reproducibility, and no specific amplification was observed as compared with other vibrio species. The sensitivity of this nested PCR was (15 000) higher than conventional PCR, and there was no interference observed with multiple primers and complicated templates in the same vial. In its field evaluation, 32 positive DNA samples were detected and be further confirmed with double or triple tests, implying reliable reproducibility and consistency of this system. These results indicated that this assay had reliable reproducibility. No amplification was observed in all negative specimens and also suggested the acceptable specificity of this assay. Sequence analysis of the selected amplification products revealed 100% homogeneous with relevant genes from V.cholerae, indicating that these amplicons were originated from V. cholerae.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This duplex nested PCR assay system should be rapid, sensitive and especially applicable to small laboratories, and be suitable for dynamic environmental surveillance.</p>

Using general growth balance method and synthetic extinct generations methods to evaluate the underreporting of death at disease surveillance points from 1991 to 1998 / 中华流行病学杂志

methods had some limitations. There was big difference between the results when using SEG and GGB, suggesting that we should try to combine GGB and SEG methods to get the better results.

Factors associated with attitudes toward tobacco control policy in public places among adults in three counties of China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the attitudes of urban and rural community members toward total banning on smoking in public places and to explore the factors associated with these attitudes, in three counties/cities in China. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in three counties/cities in 2004, including Xin' an county of Henan province, Anyi county of Jiangxi province, and Mianzhu city of Sichuan province. A total of 5642 residents at age of 18-69 years old were interviewed face-to-face with a uniform questionnaire by locally-trained interviewers, through a random three-stage stratified sampling in each county. Factors were assumed to be associated with attitudes, using chi-square test in univariate analysis and non-conditional logistic regression model in multivariate analysis. Results The prevalence of current smoking among respondents was 44.3%. 80.7% (1379/1709) of the current smokers reported smoking often or sometimes in public places. Only 9.6% (479/4983) of the respondents reported that their indoor workplaces had totally banned on smoking. 43.5% of the respondents supported a total smoking ban strategy in pubic venues. The results of multivariate logistic regression model showed that eight factors were significantly associated with support for the total smoking ban in public places included region, residency, age, gender, education, smoking status, awareness about passive smoking hazards, and hearing of any message on tobacco control through media differences of rates regarding the factors as: residents in urban to rural areas (OR=1.29), elderly to youngsters (30-49 vs. 18-29, OR=1.46; 50-69 vs. 18-29, OR=1.71), female to male(OR=1.27), high-educated to less-educated ones, quitters to current smokers (OR=1.90), nonsmokers to current smokers (OR=2.01). Those who know messages on health hazards of passive smoking (OR=2.26), or heard of message on tobacco control through media (OR= 1.43). Conclusion Results from our study revealed that a thorough smoke-flee policy in public places should be developed and implemented in these three counties/cities.

Effect of Equiguard in treating patients with Shen-yang deficiency syndrome / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the therapeutic effect of Equiguard in old patients with Shen-yang deficiency syndrome (SYDS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty old patients with diagnosis matching the criteria of SYDS selected from out-patients were administered with Equiguard capsule 3 times per day, 0.70 g each time for 3 successive months. The changes in general condition, peripheral blood picture, function of the liver and kidney, and sex hormones before and after treatment were observed. The changes in the American Urinary Surgery Association (AUA) score of prostatism, urosis and residue urine in the urinary bladder were also estimated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After the 3-month treatment, no significant change was found in the patients' general condition, peripheral blood picture, liver and kidney function and sex hormones, while the symptoms of prostatism and urosis were markedly improved (P<0.01), and the volume of residue urine in the urinary bladder was obviously reduced.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Equiguard shows a significant therapeutic effect in treating old patients with SYDS, which could effectively improve the symptoms of prostatism and urosis in patients and is highly safe.</p>

Validity of diagnostic evidence for deceased cases in hospitals / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the validity of the diagnostic evidence for deceased cases in hospitals.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All information collected from medical records of the deceased cases in tertiary care health facilities was input into our database. Four diagnosis levels were determined based on level of diagnostic evidence: level I was based on autopsy, pathology or operative exploration, level II on physical and laboratory tests plus expert clinical judgment, level III on expert clinical judgment, level IV on postmortem assumptions. After the diagnostic evidence of each deceased case was reviewed by a panel of three experts, the diagnostic level of each diagnosis was determined.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 2102 medical cases for verbal autopsy study, only 26 (1.24%) afforded diagnostic evidence for level III. Among the level III evidence-based cases of death, the major causes of death were cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and gastroenterological diseases. According to some special symptoms and medical histories, these cases could be diagnosed by comprehensive clinical judgment. Only one case met the criteria for level IV.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Level I diagnostic evidence is hard to attain in China because of the traditional concept and economic restriction. The causes for 2101 deaths can be validated by level II or III diagnostic evidence.</p>

The current status of passive smoking in Chinese families and associated factors / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the prevalence of passive smoking in Chinese families and discuss its associated factors, as to providing scientific evidence for establishing tobacco control measures in China.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Cross-sectional survey: from June to September, 2004, we randomly selected six counties in three different provinces ( Mianzhu and Xichong of Sichuan Province; Anyi and Hukou of Jiangxi Province; Xinan and Yanshi of Henan Province) and performed face-to-face questionnaire survey on citizens between 18 and 69 years old. All the data were double independently input by professional data entry company to ensure data accuracy. The prevalence of home passive smoking exposure in families with different demographic characteristics was described by using prevalence, and the possible correlated factors of home passive smoking exposure as independent variables, multiple factors were analyzed using Logistic Stepwise Regression Analysis method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The analysis on 8142 nonsmokers revealed that the rate of passive smoking was 28.42%, with 27.38% of male and 28.93% of female suffering from passive smoking. All 87.19% of the smokers would smoke in front of their families. As many as 42.14% of the nonsmokers would offer cigarettes to their guests, while about 46.82% of the nonsmokers would suggest smokers to smoke outdoor. Home restriction on tobacco was extremely rare and only 6.33% of all the families completely forbade smoking. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of non-conditions revealed that, there was a lower level of involuntary tobacco smoke exposure in female, older age group, lower education level, divorced, or widowed families. There was no difference in involuntary tobacco smoke exposure between town dwellers and county dwellers, but such difference did exist in different districts.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The three provinces under investigation should have severe involuntary tobacco smoking exposure. Gender, age, literacy level, occupation and region should be all factors that influence the status of involuntary tobacco smoking exposure in different families. There is a high percentile that smokers would smoke in front of their families and kids and a relative low pressure against smoking from nonsmokers. Cigarette offering is very prevalence. The knowledge and attitude about passive smoking should be separated from the situation of passive smoking exposure.</p>

Diagnosis and treatment of veno-occlusive priapism (a report of 17 cases) / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the diagnosis and treatment of veno-occlusive priapism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The diagnosis and treatment of 17 cases of veno-occlusive priapism were analyzed retrospectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the 17 patients were evaluated by physical examination, cavernous blood gas analysis and color Doppler ultrasonography, and treated by conservative therapy, intracavernosal aspiration and injection, surgical operation. After treatment, 11 cases achieved complete detumescence, 5 cases partial detumescence and 1 case of penile cancer failed to respond. During the 2-6 months follow-up, erectile dysfunction occurred in 3 cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Cavernous blood gas analysis and color Doppler ultrasonography are helpful to the diagnosis of veno-occlusive priapism. Early and correct intracavernosal injection and corpora cavernosa-corpus spongiosum shunt are effective ways to treat veno-occlusive priapism.</p>

Types and frequencies of variants in Amelogenin gene in Chinese population / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the types and frequencies of variants in Amelogenin gene in Chinese population and to explore the mutations' influence to the sex test.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The Amelogenin gene of 8850 unrelated Chinese individuals was typed with PowerPlex 16 system. The samples with abnormal typing results were calculated directly, validated with different primer sets, Y-STR typing and sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Two samples with X chromosomal Amelogenin (AMELX) allelic dropout and 2 samples with Y chromosomal Amelogenin (AMELY) allelic dropout were observed in male individuals, the total rate of mutation was 0.045% and the rate in the male was 0.085%. Two types of point mutation which may result in null allele were observed in the primer binding region of the plostq AMELX alleles, and the mutation rate in the male was 0.042%. The mutation rate of AMELY allele was also 0.042%. One sample failed to amplify 10 Y-STR loci out of 12 loci, which could be speculated that large interstitial deletion of the Y chromosome encompassing the AMELY and other Y-STR loci occurred.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>AMELX or AMELY allelic dropout may occur due to the mutation of Amelogenin gene, which may interfere with the sex test and induce wrong gender identification.</p>

Quantitative analysis of factors affected mortality trend in Chinese, 2002 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explain trend of death in Chinese by quantitative analysis of demographic and non-demographic factors and estimate the proportion of contribution of non-demographic and demographic factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using census data and death causes data of National Disease Surveillance Points at 1991 and 2000 to calculate the proportion of contribution of demographic and non-demographic factors and to change on various death causes from 1991 to 2000 by methods of decomposing the differences of death rates.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The death rate showed a rapid decrease during 1950 - 1975, mainly owing to the contribution of non-demographic factors, including economic development, popularization of education and health service, especially the "patriotic hygiene movement". During 1991 - 2000, the death causes of lung cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, chronic heart disease, stroke, diabetes and traffic accident had been increasing. The increase of deaths caused by these diseases were contributed to the non-demographic factors including 63% of the increase on lung cancer and 88% of increase on death rate of traffic accidents.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The study showed that the risk factors had contributed to the increase of death rates, including behavioral risk factors described in the preceding 5 papers as smoking and passive smoking, unhealthy diet, sedentary life style, violating traffic regulation etc. In order to reduce the death rates on cancer, heart diseases, diabetes, traffic accidents, emphasis should be also laid on the change of unhealthy behaviors.</p>

Study on diet, physical activities and body mass index in Chinese population in 2002 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the prevalence of behavior on diet, physical activities and body mass index (BMI) in different populations related to factors as education, occupation and geographical distribution.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Indicators including frequency of taking different foods, intake of cooking oil/fast foods, intensities of physical activities at work, proportion of taking physical exercises during the day, sedentary life style and BMI were calculated based on results from 17 questions of behavior risk factors surveillance (BRFS) questionnaire by weight on age structures from 2000 census.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Seventy percentage of the people took vegetable and 40 percent took fruits 5-7 days per week, and over 50 percent of them ate pork/beef/mutton but few of them ate beans and eggs. 25 percent of the people ate chicken/duck/fish/and shrimps 5-7 times per week but another 40 percent ate them only less then once per week. 70% of the people almost never drank milk or milk-products. 15 percent of them consumed sweet and greasy foods 3-7 days per week and 30 percent of them ate smoked food 3-7 days per week in the past 30 days. The proportions of food intake were different under different geographical regions, education levels and occupations. 11.7% of the sample population cooked mainly with animal oil, and 33% of the students had ever been to McDonald's. 11.7%, 20.5%, 44.7% and 23.0% of the subjects engaged in sedentary, light, moderate or heavy physical activities respectively. 18.04% of the subjects took part in physical exercises with different proportions by gender, occupation, education and geographical settings. 8.3% people were slim which was defined as having BMI lower than 18.5 kg/m(2). 68.0% of the people had a BMI as 18.5-23.9 kg/m(2). 23.7% of the subjects were being overweight which was defined as having BMI greater than 24 kg/m(2), among which 8.5% people with a BMI of 24-24.9 kg/m(2).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence of overweight and obesity will increase in the next 20-30 years, with the habits of taking more foods with high fat and energy but with less physical activities and keeping the idea as "fattier makes happier". Priorities should be given to changing the diet habit, avoiding over-intake of high fat and high energy plus increasing physical activities through publicity of knowledge on health, policy enforcement and development of supportive environment.</p>

Injury associated health risk factors in Chinese people, in 2002 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the prevalence of injury associated health risk factors, especially traffic accident/suicide-associated health risk factors in different populations by education, occupation and districts.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The indicators on traffic peccancy behavior and protective measures, storage of pesticide and micecide were calculated based on results from 13 questions of BRFS questionnaire by weight on age structures from 2000 census.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>36.7% pedestrians reported that they had traffic peccancy behavior in the past 30 days with 3.67% as always, 11.3% as sometimes and 21.7% as seldom. 30.3% bicycle riders reported that they had traffic peccancy behavior in the past 30 days. There were 13.2%, 11.4% and 16.9% auto-drivers reported ever having drunken driving, tired driving or driving without license. 7.7% drivers and riders always wore a safety belt. 19.1% motorcycle drivers and riders reported that they wore a crash helmet while riding. The traffic peccancy behavior in males, in rural area was more serious than in females and in urban areas. There were more families preserving pesticide and micecide in rural than in urban areas. 10% of these families did not have a good storage.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The traffic peccancy behavior was very serious, but the protective measures were not well conducted in China. The storage of pesticide and micecide was unsatifactory. The awareness on safety was insufficient in the general population, suggesting that it is of urgent importance to change people's improper behaviors through health education. It is also important to develop regulations to create supportive environment in reducing the deaths caused by injury.</p>

Implementation of second prevention measures on chronic diseases in Chinese, 2002 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the implementation of secondary prevention measures (blood pressure measure, test of blood lipid, and screening test for breast cancer and cervix uteri) on chronic diseases in different populations.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The indicators on proportion of receiving blood pressure measurement, tests on blood lipid, screening of breast cancer and cervix uteri in research samples, as well as awareness of the risk of hypertension and hyper lipid were calculated based on results from 1BRFS questionnaire by weight on age structures from 2000 census.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>22% and 5% of people under research understood the risk of hypertension and hyper lipid on their health. In addition, proportion of receiving these screening tests in sample populations were low. Secondly, the main target population including females over 50 years old but the proportion of screening breast cancer among those females over 50 years old was lower than that in females over 25 years old. Besides educational, occupational and geographic factors, the types of medical insurance for people also were important factors affecting the proportion of receiving screening tests.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Screening tests were important second prevention measures for reducing severity of the diseases. Except blood pressure tests among people over 35 years old, proportions of receiving other screening tests were very low. There were significant differences of receiving these screening tests in people by education occupation, geographic areas and types of medical insurance. In addition, the policy of screening was not clear on target orientation. It is necessary for developing guideline of screening to guide the screening programs.</p>

Study on knowledge, attitudes and behaviors regarding infectious diseases among Chinese people in 2002 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe knowledge, attitudes and behaviors on infectious diseases in different Chinese populations by their education levels, occupation and residential districts.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data regarding awareness of the transmission routes and prevention strategies on hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and prevalence rates on a) self-reported STD b) seeking treatment for STD c) source of knowledge on AIDS prevention, were calculated based on results from 17 questions of BRFS questionnaire by weight on age structures from 2000 census.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Most people realized that hepatitis, STD and AIDS were important issues in public health. However, their awareness on the transmission routes of these diseases was not satisfied. Moreover, due to the fear of these diseases, 27.6% and 30.1% of the people studied thought that shaking hands with STD patients and HIV carriers could get infected. 9.9% of the people reported that they ever used a condom during the past year. 2.2/1000 of the people reported that they had ever suffered from STD during the past 5 years, with 3.4/1000 in males, 0.9/1000 in females, 4.2/1000 in urban population and 1.6/1000 in rural population. Among these STD patients, 75.0% of them reported that they had ever received treatment in a STD clinic including 38.2% of them reporting that they had ever received treatment in private clinics without license, and 6.7% of them reported that they had ever treated by drugs bought by themselves. 47.0% of people reported that they had received health education materials or information on AIDS prevention from medical workers or through media. 12.1% of the people had been informed that condom use could prevent from STD and AIDS transmission.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The awareness on hepatitis, STD and AIDS was quite insufficient in the Chinese general population, especially in rural and western part of China. With the development of AIDS epidemic from people with high risk behavior to the general population, China will undertake tremendous disease burdens from AIDS in the future.</p>

The trend and geographic distribution of suicide in Chinese population / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the specific patterns of suicide in Chinese population and its trend.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The mortality level and trend of suicide in Chinese population by sex, age and areas were reviewed and the geographic distribution of suicide mortality was described using National Disease Surveillance Data in 1991 - 2000.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During 1991 - 2000, the mortality rate of suicide was stable. Suicide was still one of the main health problems in Chinese population, especially in rural areas. The pattern of suicide in rural areas remained the same as reported before. The death rate of suicide attempts in female was higher than in male. There was a peak of death rate among rural people aged 15 - 34. However the death rate among rural women aged 15 - 34 was falling, which did not significantly affect the current suicide pattern.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There was high death rate of suicide in eastern and central rural areas, especially in boundaries among provinces, which could have been related to traditional culture, economic situation etc. Using pesticide as a tool of suicide was also an important factor with high death rate of suicide. These findings suggested that the specific pattern would last for another 20 years along with the social development and reform.</p>