ABSTRACT
Background: Sphenoid sinus is variably pneumatized and may show septations. There are some very important structures present in its relation likeopticnerveandinternalcarotidartery.So,itbecomesimportanttoknowthepatternsofvariationsinpneumatizationandseptationofthesinus so as to avoid any inadvertent injury to these structures during Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgeries. The Aim is to determine the anatomical variations of sphenoid sinus on CT scan. Subjects and Methods:It CL can be used for repair/reconstruction procedures. A better understanding of histological characteristics of injured ACL ligament will add further knowledtion. The data on radiological variations were summarized by routine descriptive statistics namely counts and percentages for categorical variables.Result: In 86% of the radiographs, sellar type of pneumatization was found followed by pre-sellar type (8%) and post sellar type (6.6%). Sphenoid sinus Septation was found as single septum in 82% and multiple septum in 18% cases. There was no statistically significant difference between males and females according as evident by the ‘p’ value of 0.879 for sphenoid sinus pneumatization and 0.833 for sphenoid sinus septation.Conclusion: The sellar type of pneumatization was found to be most common in the present study. Awareness of these variations will help the surgeon in his orientation during endoscopic sinus surgeries to avoid inadvertent injury.
ABSTRACT
Background: To provide anatomical information on theposition and incidence of accessory foramina in mandible asthey are important for dental surgeons and anesthetists inachieving complete nerve blocks and for avoiding injury toneurovascular structures passing through them.Objective: To study the incidence of accessory foramina in drymandible in population of Bihar & compare it with incidenceamong various races of the world.Materials & Methods: Present study is a cross sectional studywhich has been carried out on 56 dried fully ossified adulthuman mandibles, which were examined in the Department ofAnatomy and Forensic Medicine of Indira Gandhi Institute ofMedical Sciences, Patna, Bihar. The age of the bones used inthe study was not predetermined. Only fully ossified dried,macerated and thoroughly cleaned mandibles which werecomplete in all respects, in order to give the correctobservations, were included in the study while the mandibleshaving any deformity or pathology were excluded. Theaccessory foramina and their positions were observed.Results: Accessory mandibular foramina were found in 55.36%, accessory mental in 23.22 %, and retromolar in 17.85% ofthe cases. The accessory foramen observed most commonly inright side (39.28%) followed by bilateral (37.5%) then left side(19.65%).Conclusion: The anatomical variability of incidence andposition of accessory foramina should be considered as theymay be used to give additional locoregional anesthesia in caseof failed mandibular blocks. Knowledge of the commonestpositions will be beneficial for oncologists and oromaxillofacialsurgeons in planning graft implants.
ABSTRACT
Background: Diseases primarily inflicting prostate gland areinflammation, benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer.Prostate specific antigen is a glycoprotein and is expressed byboth normal and neoplastic prostate tissue. It has been widelyused in the diagnosis and management of patients withprostatic cancer. Studies from various research workersdiscuss the proportion of prostatic disorder among Indianstates like Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Gujrat etc butthere is paucity of data from the rural areas. The present studywas conducted to find out the patterns of prevalence ofprostatic lesions among people of Rohtas district of Bihar andto correlate histology with respect to serum PSA levels inbiopsy specimens of men with prostatic disease.Materials and Methods: The study included 153 prostatictissue specimens (both transurethral resection of the prostateand prostatic biopsies) received in the Department ofPathology, over the period of 2-year from October 2017 toSeptember 2019. Relevant clinical data and serum PSA valuewas recorded, and Gleason’s microscopic grading was used tograde malignant lesions. Statistical analysis was performed inMicrosoft office excel 2007.Results: Mean age of presentation was 63 ± 10.56 years withmaximum incidence in the seventh decade of life. Onhistopathological examination, 52.9% had benign prostatichyperplasia, 35.9% had BPH with chronic prostatitis and 8.5%had adenocarcinoma. Other lesions encountered were highgrade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (3 cases), sarcomatoidcarcinoma (1 case). Inflammatory pathology (55/153) wascommon at all PSA levels. Patients with PSA >20 ng/ml werewere more likely to show cancer. There exists a positivecorrelation between the increasing PSA levels and chances ofadenocarcinoma, the findings were statistically significant.Conclusion: Our study suggests that most frequentlyencountered prostatic lesion was BHP, commonly seen in theage group of 51-60 year The malignant lesions were commonamong the males of more than 60 years. Strong correlation ofprostate specific antigen levels of > 20.1 ng/ml with carcinomaprostate was seen.
ABSTRACT
Background: Variation in number, size & shape of foramen transversarium affects the anatomical course of the vertebral vessels, which may cause pathological conditions like vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Since, inner ear derive it’s blood supply from vertebral and basilar arteries, any spasm of these arteries due to irritation of sympathetic plexus, may causes labyrinthine or hearing disturbances along with neurological symptoms. The objective of present study is to study the incidence of accessory foramen transversarium in dried cervical vertebrae in Indian population & compare it with incidence among various races of world. Methods: A total of 174 cervical vertebrae (Typical-126 & Atypical-48) of unknown sex & age are analyzed to see the accessory foramen transversarium. Results: Out of the 174 cervical vertebrae, accessory foramen transversarium is found in 25 (14.36%) vertebrae. Among these 25 vertebrae, 16 (9.19%) are typical and 9 (5.17%) are atypical cervical vertebrae. We observed in these 16 typical cervical vertebrae, 10 (5.75%) vertebrae have accessory FT on right side while 3 (1.72%) vertebrae have on left side and 3 (1.72%) vertebrae have bilateral accessory FT. Among 9 atypical cervical vertebrae, 4 (2.3%) vertebrae have accessory FT on right side while 3 (1.72%) vertebrae have on left side and 2 (1.15%) vertebrae have bilateral accessory FT. Accessory foramen transversarium are more common on right side in both typical & atypical cervical vertebrae. No any accessory FT is found on axis vertebra. Conclusion: Knowledge of accessory foramen transversarium is important for clinicians because it may affect the course of vertebral vessels & nerves, which causes various symptoms to patients. It is also helpful for spine surgeons in planning surgery around the cervical vertebrae and to avoid post-operative complications. These variations are also of importance and helpful for anatomist, anthropologist and radiologist.