ABSTRACT
Background: Hypothyroidism alone is not a risk factor for osteoporosis but the patient on treatment with levothyroxine in chronic terms have the greater chances of osteoporosis. This study is to evaluate the role of chronic levo-thyroxine treatment on bone mineral density and the development of osteoporosis.Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study in which patients with recently diagnosed as hypothyroidism were taken as the first group and the second group as those who were having hypothyroidism for more than 2 years plus on chronic treatment with levothyroxine. Healthy premenopausal women were the control group. TSH was measured in all and the T score were used to measure osteoporosis severity. T score of lumbar vertebra and neck of femur were used for comparison. The description of qualitative data was done in absolute frequencies and percentages. The description of quantitative data were done as the, mean standard deviation, median, minimum and maximum. In the comparison of qualitative data between groups, the Chi-square test and contingency tables was used by rearranging the percentages of several variables (TSH, t-score). The statistical significance was set p<0.05.Results: TSH levels in the first group were slightly different from rest of the groups. T score were significantly lesser in patients in the second group who are diagnosed with hypothyroidism and on treatment with levothyroxine.Conclusions: The treatment for hypothyroidism with levo thyroxine reduces both TSH and bone mineral density in the study groups. Proper control of risk factors and avoidance of high dose thyroxine supplements are an effective way in prevention of osteoporosis.
ABSTRACT
Background: Type2 diabetes is characterized by a long asymptomatic period commonly to be diagnosed when complications appear. The risk factors associated with diabetes are age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcohol, obesity & others. The role of early detection and adequate treatment of diabetes and related complications patients and health services is the basis for present study.Methods: The present study was conducted at S.N. Medical College, Agra, India on 86 consecutive newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes. All individuals aged ≥ 20 years of age, who were not known diabetic, presenting to medicine department were included in the study for the targeted and opportunistic screening duration of January 2011 to June 2012.Results: The prevalence rates of vascular complications in this study group were analyzed statistically. The findings are the mean age was 54.27±9.27 years. 72.09% of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients were aged above 50 years. Maximum number of patients were overweight (37.20%) followed by obese (32.55%). Hypertension was present in 30.23%, prevalence of CAD was 9.30%, and none had evidence of PVD and Cerebrovascular disease.Conclusions: Macrovascular complications were present in 9.30% of asymptomatic newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. In the study present study found that there was a significant association of these risk factors were identified and treated as early as possible to decrease the progression of vascular complications.
ABSTRACT
Background: Secondhand Smoke (SHS) exposure is known to be associated with various cardiovascular and respiratory problems but its effect on pulmonary function remains unexplored. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Secondhand Smoke (SHS) exposure on lung function among non-smoking population.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Bahour, Pondicherry from 2017-2018. 350 participants, age 40 year and older, with no respiratory symptoms or prior lung diseases were included in this study. Both self-reported history and measurement of urinary cotinine level were used to evaluate the smoking status. Spirometry data, including FVC and FEV1 were used to assess lung function. Diverse variables between groups were compared using T- test and Chi-square test. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for age, height, alcohol consumption, and level of exercise was used to see any statistical differences in lung function parameters between non-SHS exposed and SHS-exposed groups.Results: Among 350 non-smokers, 120 were SHS-exposed. The urinary cotinine levels clearly distinguished SHS exposure, and the mean urinary cotinine levels were 7±0.3 and 11±0.4 in non-SHS exposed group vs SHS-exposed group, respectively. However, both groups had no significant difference in lung function and was found normal.Conclusions: SHS exposure urinary cotinine is a valuable marker.