ABSTRACT
Optical tweezers are a means to manipulate objects with light. Optical tweezers can obtain a nanometer space, piconewton force, and a millisecond resolution; thus, they are excellently suited for studying biological processes from the single-cell to the single-molecule level. Optical tweezers can screen and manipulate tumor cells, study single molecule, and monitor cancer treatments. Thus, optical tweezers will promote the progress of cancer research and treatments.
ABSTRACT
Cancer phenotypic plasticity includes dedifferentiation, blocked differentiation and trans- differentiation, and differentiation therapy targeting tumor cell plasticity is becoming a new therapeutic model for human cancers. The application of inducing differentiation, initiating differentiation and regulating differentiation in tumor differentiation therapy will promote the directed differentiation of tumor cells into mature cells and the remodeling of phenotypes, thus to achieve the purpose of cancer treatment.
ABSTRACT
Tumor dormancy refers to the status of disseminated cancer cells that remain in a viable yet not proliferating state for a prolonged period. Dormant cells will eventually "re-awake" resume their proliferation, and produce overt metastasis. The dormancy mechanism of cancer has attracted attention because of the close relationship between late recurrence and tumor dormancy. In this review, we illustrate the latest discoveries on the biological underpinnings of breast cancer dormancy and offer clinicians an overview of dormancy in breast cancer to guide them in the basic understanding of the complexity that underlies this process.
ABSTRACT
Cancer cells have a senescence response, and senescence in cancer cells have both tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting effects. Cancer senotherpy includes pro-senescent cancer therapy, senolytic therapy and senomorphic therapy. However, the efficacy and adverse effects need to be thoroughly studied. Detection of senescence-associated proteins and metabolites within the patients' cancer senescent cells and peripheral blood may help to evaluate the efficacy of senotherapy and guide future clinical trials.
ABSTRACT
Immune checkpoint consists of inhibitory and stimulatory molecules. Drugs blocking inhibitory checkpoint programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4) are currently utilized for wide variety of human cancers. Agonists of stimulatory checkpoints such as GITR, OX40, 4-1BB, ICOS, CD40 and STING are undergoing critical clinical trials. Immune checkpoint agonists that affect stimulatory checkpoint molecules develop rapidly, and immune agonist antibodies thus represent an important approach for solid tumor treatments.
ABSTRACT
Conventional clinical trials of antitumor drugs are conducted at clinical sites. In contrast, without clinical sites or site-less, digital clinical trials can be performed online. Virtual clinical trials analyze the therapeutic response of virtual patients to digital drugs using artificial intelligence and may reduce the costs of trials. Precision oncology trials based on biomarkers can invite more people to join clinical trials and guide the optimal choice of therapeutics for cancer patients. Oncology clinical trials will enter the era of digital, virtual and precision medicine.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the expression of m6A methylatransferase ZC3H13 in tissues and peripheral blood of patients with gastric cancer and its application value in gastric cancer. Methods UALCAN and GEPIA databases were used to analyze the expression difference of ZC3H13 in gastric cancer and adjacent normal tissues at transcription level; GEPIA and Kaplan-Meier Plotter databases were used to analyze the correlation between ZC3H13 expression level and OS of gastric cancer patients.ELISA was used to determine the concentration of ZC3H13 in 80 newly-diagnosed gastric cancer patients and 50 healthy controls, and to analyze its relation with clinicopathological data; IHC method was used to detect the expression level of ZC3H13 in 74 cases of cancer tissues and 40 cases of unpaired paracancerous tissues, and to analyze its relation with clinicopathological data. Results The expression of ZC3H13 in gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent gastric tissues (P < 0.05).The positive rate of ZC3H13 protein in gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissues (74.3%vs.52.5%, P < 0.05).Serum ZC3H13 concentration in gastric cancer group was significantly higher than that in healthy control group (P < 0.05).The expression level of ZC3H13 in gastric cancer tissues and peripheral blood was related to gender, differentiation degree, clinical stage and infiltration depth of gastric cancer (P < 0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that ZC3H13 expression was not an independent risk factor for poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients (P > 0.05).The AUC was 0.826(P < 0.05), indicating good diagnostic value.The critical value of serum ZC3H13 protein concentration was 4.87 ng/ml, and the sensitivity and specificity of ZC3H13 in the diagnosis of gastric cancer were 98.8% and 50.0%. Conclusion ZC3H13 is highly-expressed in gastric cancer tissues, and the concentration of ZC3H13 protein in peripheral blood is also significantly increased.ZC3H13 may play an important role in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer, and has certain clinical diagnostic value for gastric cancer.
ABSTRACT
Inflammation is one of the ten major characteristics of tumor. Neutrophil, as the main indicator reflecting the body's inflammatory status, can not only promote the development of breast cancer, but also inhibit the development of breast cancer, and is closely related to the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer. This article systematically reviews the relation between neutrophil and breast cancer, and further understands the role, mechanism and clinical value of neutrophil in breast cancer, so as to provide new methods for the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer.
ABSTRACT
Human nerves promote the initiation of a variety of solid tumor via regulating the stem cells, inducing angiogenesis, interacting immune system and modulating microbiota, and axonogenesis further drives the growth of early cancer. Nerves have emerged as an important component of the tumor microenvironment, and the control of nerves and neural signaling will be used as the novel treatment of human cancers. The article reviews the mechanisms of nerves promoting tumorigenesis.
ABSTRACT
Cancer develops as result of evolution and targeting cancer evolution may be a promising cancer therapeutics. Cancer adaptive therapy is defined as targeting cancer evolution through selective adaption and co-evolution. Adaptive therapy of human cancers provides new insight into the strategies for adaption and integration through reprogramming the functions of vessel, immune, metabolism, microbiota and circadian clock, and facilitating hosts and their cancers evolution as a unit.
ABSTRACT
Microrobots (from several millimetres down to a few micrometres in all dimensions) are constructed of nanoscale or molecular components and include various types of magneto-aerotactic bacteria microrobots, nanomotors, biohybrid magnetite microrobots, DNA nanorobots, soft-bodied robots and soft matter. Microrobots may enable applications in cargo delivery, targeting cancer, cellular manipulation and killing cancer. Microrobots swarms exhibit a variety of intriguing collective behaviors, and will serve as a functional bio-microrobot system for cancer " subtle therapy" .
ABSTRACT
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of ER +/HER2-advanced breast cancer,and preclinical study and clinical trials are under way for multiple solid cancers.CDK4/6 inhibitors have shown good efficacy for human solid cancers,and it's future development direction are biomarkers,drug resistance and combined therapy in the future.
ABSTRACT
Abnormal vessel and function are hallmarks of cancer, and they contribute to cancer progression and migration. Angiogenesis has become an attractive target for drug therapy, and several regulatory and signaling molecules governing angiogenesis are of interest. Angiogenesis inhibitors, intending to block tumor's blood supply and provide survival benefits for cancer patients, may fuel tumor progression and treatment resistance. Actionable strategies to improve clinical efficacy of angiogenesis inhibitors include vascular mimicry regulation, tumor vessel normalization, seeking predictive factors, multi-targeted drugs development and combinational therapeutics. Moreover, strategies aiming at alleviating tumor hypoxia while improving perfusion may enhance the outcome of antiangiogenic therapy. Angiogenesis inhibitors offer an avenue for the development of cancer therapy.
ABSTRACT
The era of cancer cell-cycle therapeutics has come.Proteins that directly regulate cell cycle progression,such as cyclin-de-pendent kinases(CDKs),checkpoint kinases(CHKs),Aurora kinases,Polo-like kinases,and the WEE1 kinase,are the main targets of cell-cycle therapeutics.In addition to the regulation of G1-S-phase progression,cell-cycle therapeutics also trigger anti-tumor immunity, regulate metabolism,and control transcription reprogramming.Combinations of cell cycle therapeutics with hormone therapy,phos-phatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)inhibitors,epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)inhibitors,and autophagy inhibitors provide new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.Cancer cell-cycle therapeutics constitute a novel strategy for precision oncology in the age of integrative genomics.This review basically summarizes the targets and mechanisms of cancer cell-cycle therapeutics.
ABSTRACT
Immune checkpoint blockades can induce long lasting responses but only in a fraction of patients owing to deficient of antibody as well as the neglect of immune suppressive cells.Next-generation immune checkpoint blockades,including FcγR-binding anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies,co-inhibitors of immune checkpoint,small-molecule modulators and antibody-drugs conjugated with PD-1/PD-L1,will overcome the deficiencies of current anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies and will become the direction of immunotherapy in the future.
ABSTRACT
Precision chemotherapy is the prospective direction of cancer chemotherapy,which involves the selection of the effective chemotherapy regimens based on the chemotherapy-related genes.Chemotherapyrelated genes include DNA repair genes,drug metabolism enzymes,drug transporters,apoptosis-related genes and cancer-related genes.These genes can predict the response and toxicity of chemotherapy,and determine the clinical outcome.
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Holistic therapy of cancer is helping to design more effective cancer therapies by combination individual properties (such as performance status,histological types and molecular types) and novel clinical results.Holistic therapy in oncology reflects individual,precision,whole course and real-time treatment strategy,and includes sequential,synchronizational,interval and metronomic therapy models.Holistic therapy in oncology would be help in selecting appropriate choices for patients and clinic doctors.
ABSTRACT
Holistic therapy of cancer is helping to design more effective cancer therapies by combination individual properties (such as performance status,histological types and molecular types) and novel clinical results.Holistic therapy in oncology reflects individual,precision,whole course and real-time treatment strategy,and includes sequential,synchronizational,interval and metronomic therapy models.Holistic therapy in oncology would be help in selecting appropriate choices for patients and clinic doctors.
ABSTRACT
Numerous studies support the importance of gut microbiota as environment factors in the development of cancer.The mechanisms that gut microbiota drive certain cancers include impacting immunity,modulating inflammation,inducing DNA damage,producing cancer promoting metabolites and regulating signaling pathway.Microbiome-based therapies provide potential prospects for cancer treatment.
ABSTRACT
Therapeutic cancer vaccines offer a novel avenue for the development of cancer immunothe rapy.Tumor antigens can induce T cell antitumor immune responses,but lack of tumor-specific antigens has hampered clinical efficacy.Vaccine types include peptide vaccines,dendritic cell vaccines and oncolytic virus vaccines.Personalizing tumor vaccines may provide a new immunotherapeutic strategy to treat cancer.