Research advances in the pathogenesis of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome / 临床肝胆病杂志

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (PA-HSOS) is a type of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome mainly caused by the intake of Chinese herbal medicine or food containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. This article reviews the recent research advances in the mechanism of action of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their metabolites in disease development and progression from the aspects of drug factors, host factors, and influencing factors. It is pointed out that PA-HSOS has complex pathogenesis and various influencing factors, and some patients tend to have a poor prognosis; its pathogenesis remains unclear and needs further in-depth studies.

Research progress on the protective mechanism of resveratrol on alcoholic liver disease / 中国医师杂志

The causes of more than 200 diseases are related to alcoholism, which can cause diseases in all systems of the body. As the place of alcohol absorption and metabolism, the damage of gastrointestinal tract and liver caused by excessive drinking can not be ignored. Alcohol can produce strong hepatotoxicity, resulting in intestinal microbial disorders. Resveratrol is a kind of natural polyphenols which widely exist in grapes, peanuts, nuts and other foods. It has many functions that are beneficial to human health, such as liver protection. Therefore, we reviewed the mechanism of the protective effect of resveratrol on alcoholic liver disease and proposed that intestinal microorganisms could be a potential research target for resveratrol in the prevention of alcoholic liver disease.

Mandibular first molar with C-shaped root canal system: a two-case report / 华西口腔医学杂志

The root and canal anatomy of the mandibular first molar is highly complicated. A mandibular first molar with a C-shaped root canal system is rare. This article describes two different cases of this system. Case 1 has a complete C-shaped fused root. The root canal is characterized by a mesial lingual root canal and a C-shaped fused root canal. Case 2 has a C-shaped fused root in the buccal region and a distal lingual root. The root canal is characterized by a type Ⅱ-Ⅰroot canal in the buccal region and a distal lingual root canal.

Effects of Rhizoma Alismatis decoction on lipid metabolism and PPARα and ACO expression in rats with hyperlipemia / 中国药理学通报

Aim To primarily discuss the mechanism of Rhizoma Alismatis decoction on prevention and treatment of hyperlipemia,through investigating hepat-ic expressions of peroxisome proliferator activated re-ceptor-α(PPARα)and acyl CoA oxidase (ACO)in rats with hyperlipemia. Methods Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats(160 ~ 180 g)were randomly divided into five groups:control group,model group,high-dose of Rhizoma Alismatis decoction group (H-RAD),low-dose of Rhizoma Alismatis decoction group(L-RAD), and Xue-Zhi-Kang group(XZK). Rats in control group were fed with ordinary forage,and the others were with high-fat forage,which lasted for four weeks. At the same time,high and low-dose of Rhizoma Alismatis decoction,as well as Xuezhikang capsule,was admin-istered in respectively designed groups. Then,the TC, TG,HDL and LDL of serum were detected,the mor-phology of liver tissues was observed with HE,and the expressions of PPARα and ACO were detected with RT-PCR and Western blot after four weeks. Results Rhizoma Alismatis decoction could significantly reduce serum concentration of TC,TG and LDL(P < 0. 01), while increasing the concentration of HDL(P < 0. 01) and strengthening the expressions of PPARα and ACO (P < 0. 01). Conclusion Strengthening the expres-sions of PPARα and ACO can be viewed as mecha-nisms of Rhizoma Alismatis decoction in prevention and treatment of hyperlipemia.

Effects of diethylstilbestrol on testicular oxidative stress and steroidogenesis in male rats / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective It is well known that diethylstilbestrol ( DES ) can result in testicular oxidative injury , and one of its mechanisms of action is leading to dysfunction of steroidogenesis .The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between testicular oxidative injury caused by DES and the key synthetase activities for the synthesis pathway of steroidogenesis and the possible mechanism .Methods Twenty-four 4-wk-old male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 4 groups , 6 rats each.Three doses of DES (0.1, 1.0 and 10 μg/kg· d) groups and a vehicle (corn oil) control group , were respectively administered by subcutaneous injection once a day for eight weeks .The rats were sacrificed after 8 weeks treatment and the body weight , testis, epididymis, prostate were weighed, respectively.The testicular tissues were homogenized and the oxidation of MDA and ROS , the activity changes of antioxidases SOD, CAT and GPx, as well asthe activities of steroid synthetases 3β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD3 were determined by biochemical measurement.The levels oftestosterone and LH in peripheral blood were measured by radioimmunoassay .The intensities of expression of StAR,P450scc, 3β-HSD1, 17β-HSD3-mRNA were detected by PCR.Results In the 10.0 μg/kg dose group, the weights andorgan coefficients of testis and prostate were decreased significantly , the oxidation of MDA and ROS was increased distinctlyand the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, 3β-HSD1 and 17β-HSD3 were reduced.The concentration of serum testosterone wasdecreased in the 10.0 μg/kg dose group.In the 10.0 μg/kg and 1.0 μg/kg dose groups, the decline of LH levelpresented a dose-dependent manner, and the intensities of immunochemical positive staining for StAR , P450scc, 3β-HSD1and 17β-HSD3 mRNA were decreased.Conclusions DES exposure results in disturbance of the oxidant /antioxidantbalance and decline of testosterone level that induces reproductive impairment in male rats .DES induces reductions of bothGPx and 3β-HSD activities which cause the decrease of testosterone synthesis .The expression of P450scc and 3β-HSDmRNA,which are the key synthetases in biosynthetic pathway of steroidogenesis , are inhibited by DES, and it isspeculated that the disturbance of steroidogenic synthesis enzymes may be one of the mechanisms of toxic effects of DES .

Clinical situation and analysis on the detection result of HIV antibody in Shandong province from 2003 to 2011 / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To provide the basis for clinical acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) surveillance and to avoid cross infection in hospital, we study the infection status of AIDS in Shandong province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The fourth-generated Akzo's ELISA kit and the fourth generated Immunoluminometric detection reagent were used for HIV antibody screening for 399 303 cases of both inpatients and outpatients from Jan. 2003 to Dec. 2011. Beijing WanTai ELISA kit and Se-marked rapid detection reagent were used for re-detection, and the positive samples were sent to the local CDC for confirming test by Western Blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The HIV-1 antibody detection results of 129 (0. 3230 per thousand) patients were confirmed to be positive, including 54 (0. 1352 per thousand) cases of outpatients and 75 (0. 1878 per thousand) cases of inpatients. HIV infection rates in outpatients from 2003 to 2011 were 0.050 per thousand, 0.030 per thousand, 0.111 per thousand, 0.120 per thousand, 0.124 per thousand, 0.113 per thousand, 0.148 per thousand, 0.201 per thousand, 0.2152 per thousand; and that in inpatients were 0. 150 per thousand, 0.089 per thousand, 0.138 per thousand, 0. 144 per thousand, 0. 104 per thousand, 0. 132 per thousand, 0. 197 per thousand, 0. 329 per thousand, 0. 313 per thousand respectively. Among these inpatients, there were 61 cases of medical patients and 14 cases of surgical patients, and most were youths and farmers.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>HIV infection rate was increasing year by year. Most inpatients whose HIV-1 antibody was positive were in the phase of AIDS. Therefore, it's very necessary to execute routine testing for inpatients and outpatients who need special examination for early diagnosis of HIV infection</p>

Two cases of exudative retina detachment and uveitis following H1N1 influenza vaccination / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Uveitis was a rare adverse event of vaccination. We met two cases of acute uveitis with exudative retinal detachment following vaccination of H1N1 influenza. Case 1 was a 10-year-old boy who was admitted for bilateral blurred vision at 10 days after vaccination of H1N1 influenza. Vitreous opacity was obvious in both eyes. Broad exudative retinal detachment was observed in the right eye. Case 2 was a 47-year-old female who suffered from an acute high fever at 2 days after the vaccination of H1N1 influenza. Later, she encountered bilateral headache and decreasing vision. In both eyes, mutton fat keratic precipitates, positive Tyndall phenomenon, congestion of optic disc and exudative retinal detachment were observed.

Lumbar interspinous non-fusion techniques: comparison between Coflex™ and Wallis / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the short-term clinical outcome of non-fusion techniques using interspinous implantation Coflex(TM) and Wallis treatment in patients with lumbar spine degenerative diseases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-one cases of lumbar stenosis, 18 of lumbar disc herniation, and 34 of lumbar stenosis with lumbar disc herniation were evaluated. Among the 43 cases receiving Coflex(TM) implantation, 41 had operations in one segment and 2 in 2 segments. In the other 50 cases with Wallis implantation, 47 had fixation of 1 segment and 3 had 2 segments fixed. JOA Score, Oswestry Disable Index (ODI) and VAS were used to evaluate the short-term clinical results.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average operating time was 64.55 min in Coflex(TM) implantation with an average blood loss of 81.82 ml. The average operating time was 82.71 min in Wallis implantation, which caused an average blood loss of 89.66 ml. Significant improvements in the JOA Score, ODI and VAS were noted after the operations.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The two interspinous non-fusion techniques, Coflex and Wallis, produce good short-term clinical outcome in the treatment of lumbar spine degenerative diseases.</p>

Application of lumbar-pelvic fixation in lumbosacral reconstruction after resection of sacral tumors / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the short-term clinical results of a new approach of lumbar-pelvic fixation for lumbosacral reconstruction after resection of sacral tumors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifteen patients with sacral tumors underwent lumbar-pelvic fixation using TSRH-3D, CDH-M8 or ISOLA with iliac screws. The lumbosacral stability was evaluated according to the X-ray result to assess the feasibility and therapeutic effect of this approach.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>X-ray showed that high lumbosacral stability was achieved in all the 15 cases after the operation, and satisfactory therapeutic effect was obtained.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Lumbar-pelvic fixation with iliac screw is feasible for lumbosacral reconstruction after resection of the sacral tumors, which provides strong internal fixation and produce good clinical outcomes.</p>

Comparison of surgical treatment in single thoracolumbar-lumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: anterior versus posterior surgery / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To retrospectively compare the clinical outcomes of anterior and posterior surgical treatment in single thoracolumbar-lumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Between January 2004 and August 2008, 22 female patients, averaged 14.5 years old (12 to 18 years), of thoracolumbar-lumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were corrected by anterior correction and fusion. At the same time, 20 female patients, average 14.8 years old (11 to 19 years), were corrected by posterior segmental pedicle screw correction and fusion. Operation time, SRS-24 score, intraoperative blood loss, and coronal and sagittal plane correction were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients were followed up for 12 to 63 months, the mean follow-up time was 28.3 months. Operation time was (334 + or - 36) min in anterior group and (292 + or - 17) min in posterior group; intraoperative blood loose was (940 + or - 207) ml in anterior group and (596 + or - 227) ml in posterior group; fusion levels were (5.2 + or - 0.8) in anterior group and (6.7 + or - 1.2) in posterior group. There were statistically significant difference in operation time, intraoperative blood loss and fusion levels (P < 0.05). Coronal correction was (93 + or - 5)% in anterior group and (88 + or - 5)% in posterior group. SRS-24 scores averaged 98 in anterior group and averaged 94 in posterior group. There was no statistical difference in coronal correction or SRS-24 scores (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Posterior surgery has the same correction results compared with anterior surgery in treating thoracolumbar-lumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Posterior surgery takes less operation time, brings less trauma but has longer fusion levels.</p>

The synthetic typing and its clinical application in atlantoaxial dislocation / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the synthetic typing and the treatment strategy for atlantoaxial dislocation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The synthetic typing of atlantoaxial dislocation was worked out on the base of pathogenesis typing, Fielding imaging typing, and clinical typing, named PIR typing system (Pathogenesis, Imaging, and Reduction). Ninety-three patients with atlantoaxial dislocation were treated according to this typing system.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Nine cases of type-II dens fracture were treated with hollow screw fixation. Bone union was accomplished at the follow-up of three months in all the patients, only with slight limitation of cervical motion. Un-retrieved Fielding I -degree dislocation was found in one case. Among the thirty-four patients treated with trans-oropharyngeal atlantoaxial reduction plate system (TARP), 32 obtained complete atlantoaxial reduction and fusion three months after operation. Atlantoaxial dislocation recurred in the other two cases because of screw loosening and the problem was solved through revision operations. Four patients in non-reducible type underwent anterior and/or posterior decompression. T heir neurological improved after operation but their atlantoaxial joints remained dislocated, and one case complicated with intracranial infection.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Via the synthetic PIR typing system, atlantoaxial dislocation can be better classified according to its pathogenesis, imaging manifestation and mechanic stability. This system can also be served as a guide for clinical treatment. Anterior TARP operation and posterior atlantoaxial trans-pedicle screw-rod fixation are the main methods for the treatment of atlantoaxial dislocation.</p>

The anatomical study of transoral atlantoaxial reduction plate internal fixation / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study relevant anatomical features of the structures involved in transoral atlanto-axial reduction plate (TARP) internal fixation through transoral approach for treating irreducible atlanto-axial dislocation and providing anatomical basis for the clinical application of TARP.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ten fresh craniocervical specimens were microsurgically dissected layer by layer through transoral approach. The stratification of the posterior pharyngeal wall, the course of the vertebral artery, anatomical relationships of the adjacent structures of the atlas and axis, and the closely relevant anatomical parameters for TARP internal fixation were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The posterior pharyngeal wall consisted of two layers and two interspaces: the mucosa, prevertebral fascia, retropharyngeal space, and prevertebral space. The range from the anterior edge of the foramen magnum to C(3) could be exposed by this approach. The thickness of the posterior pharyngeal wall was (3.6+/-0.3) mm (ranging 2.9-4.3 mm) at the anterior tubercle of C1, (6.1+/-0.4) mm (ranging 5.2-7.1 mm) at the lateral mass of C(1) and (5.5+/-0.4) mm (ranging 4.3-6.5 mm) at the central part of C(2), respectively. The distance from the incisor tooth to the anterior tubercle of C(1), C(1) screw entry point, and C(2)screw entry point was (82.5+/-7.8) mm (ranging 71.4-96.2 mm), (90.1+/-3.8) mm (ranging 82.2-96.3 mm), and (89.0+/-4.1) mm (ranging 81.3-95.3 mm), respectively. The distance between the vertebral artery at the atlas and the midline was (25.2+/- 2.3) mm (ranging 20.4-29.7 mm) and that between the vertebral artery at the axis and the midline was (18.4+/- 2.6) mm (ranging 13.1-23.0 mm). The allowed width of the atlas and axis for exposure was (39.4+/-2.2) mm (ranging 36.2-42.7 mm) and (39.0+/-2.1) mm (ranging 35.8-42.3 mm), respectively. The distance (a) between the two atlas screw insertion points (center of anterior aspect of C(1) lateral mass) was (31.4+/-3.3) mm (ranging 25.4-36.6 mm). The vertical distance (b) between the line connecting the two C(1) screw entry points and that connecting the two C(2) screw entry points (at the central part of the vertebrae, namely 3-4 mm lateral to the midline of C(2) vertebrae) was (21.3+/-2.7) mm (ranging 19.4-24.3 mm), with an a/b ratio of 1.3-1.5. The screws of TARP had a lateral tilt of 12.2 degrees+/-0.4 degrees(ranging 10.2 degrees-14.6 degrees) at C(1) and a medial tilt of 7.3 degrees+/-0.3 degrees (ranging 5.1 degrees-9.4 degrees) at C(2) relative to the coronal plane.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>An atlanto-axial surgery through transoral approach is safe and feasible. This approach is suitable for an anterior TARP internal fixation, and the design of the internal fixation system should be based on the above anatomical data.</p>

Transoral atlantoaxial reduction plate fixation for irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To design a clinically applicable transoralpharyngeal atlantoaxial reduction plate (TARP), introduce the operation procedure, and evaluate its preliminary clinical effects.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A novel TARP system, including butterfly titanium alloy plate, self-locking screws, atlantoaxial reductor and other operational instruments was developed. This system was applied clinically on five patients with irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation of congenital or traumatic origin. During operation, the reduction was completed by the combined action of the plate and the atlantoaxial reductor after transoral joint release and cord decompression. Bone graft granules were implanted between the bilateral atlantoaxial joints and TARP was used to immobilize subsequently the atlas and axis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Clinical application demonstrated that TARP could induce instant reduction and that the method was operationally feasible and its postoperational effect was satisfactory.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The design of TARP is novel. The operational procedure is simple and easy to use. Furthermore, instant reduction can be completed during the operation and the fixation is relatively stable. TARP is an ideal alternative for irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation and may have excellent prospects for further clinical applications.</p>

Clone of hepatitis B virus X gene and its protein expression / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To construct the hepatitis B virus (HBV) X gene recombinant and to induce the expression of X protein.@*METHODS@#HBV DNA was extracted from the serum of patient with hepatitis B. The X gene was amplified by PCR using the primers with EcoRI and HindIII digestion sites, and then cloned into pronucleus expression vector pMAL-C2X, which was detected by EcoRI and HindIII digestion and sequence. Finally, the recombinant was induced by IPTG to express X protein in JM109.@*RESULTS@#The band similar to X gene was amplified by PCR. There were fragments similar to X gene when the recombinant was digested by the enzyme digestion. It was tested by DNA sequence that the correct and entire opening reading frame of HBV X gene was inserted. The X protein was expressed by the IPTG induction.@*CONCLUSION@#Pronucleus expression recombinant pMAL-C2X-HBV-X is constructed successfully and with the IPTG induction, the recombinant pMAL-C2X-HBV-X can express the X protein in E. coli JM109, which lays the foundation for the HBV X protein purification and its biological study.

Design and preliminary clinical application of transoralpharyngeal atlantoaxial reduction plate / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To design transoralpharyngeal atlantoaxial reduction plate (TARP), evaluate its biomechanical performance and observe its preliminary clinical effect.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A brand-new TARP system was designed, including butterfly titanium alloy plate, self-locking screws, atlantoaxial reductor and other operation instruments. Twelve fresh occipital bone-C(3) specimen were designed for biomechanical test including range of motion (ROM) (n = 6) and screw pull-out strength (n = 12). Preliminary clinical application of TARP was reported.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The reduction mechanism of the TARP system was designed cleverly. TARP had equal effect with Magerl + Brooks and it was more stable than the other three clinically widely used atlantoaxial fixators: Magerl, Brooks and anterior transarticular screw fixation through C(2) vertebral body. TARP's C(1) and C(2) screws were strong enough for atlantoaxial arthrodesis and their antipull-out performance was excellent. Clinical application on irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation proved that TARP had the function of instant reduction, the operation was feasible and the operation effect was significant.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>TARP's design is novel and it has excellent biomechanical performance. The operation procedure is simple and reasonable. Furthermore, instant reduction could be completed during the operation and the fixation is strong. Above all, TARP is creative and will have excellent prospect.</p>

Effects of mitogen activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways on heat shock protein 70 gene expression in endothelial cells exposed to benzo(a)pryene / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathways on heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene expression in endothelial cells exposed to benzo(a)pryene (BaP).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Porcine aortic endothelial cells were pre-treated or by PD98059 (10 micro mol/L) or SB203580 (20 micro mol/L) for 1 hour, then treated with different concentrations of BaP (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 micro mol/L) for 24 hours respectively;Expression levels of three phosphorylated MAPKs [extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38] and HSP70 were determined by Western-blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The three phosphorylated MAPKs expressional levels especially p-ERK1 had different extents of changes with dose-response relationship under BaP exposure. BaP inhibited the expression of HSP70, which significantly decreased in medium and high dose group (>or= 1.0 micro mol/L) but did not decrease in control group (P < 0.05). Although the inhibitor of ERK (PD98059) could partly weaken the inhibited effects of BaP on HSP70 expression, HSP70 expression levels of endothelial cells pre-treated with PD98059 were still significantly lower than that of control cells (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ERK1 pathway might play some roles in HSP70 gene expression in endothelial cells exposed to BaP, and other unknown signal pathways might also have some effects on this process.</p>

The expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 of endothelial cells induced by benzo(a)pyrene / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) on the expression and the activities of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) of porcine aortic endothelial cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Porcine aortic endothelial cells were cultured in vitro, and treated with different concentrations of BaP (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 micro mol/L) for 24 hours, CYP1A1 expression was determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. At the same time, the ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activities were measured by spectrofluorometer.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>By Western blot, the expression of CYP1A1 of control cells was not found, but the expression of CYP1A1 of cells treated with BaP was found; By immunohistochemistry, only part of endothelial cells treated with BaP had positive expression of CYP1A1. The peak activities of EROD induced by BaP was at the concentration of 0.5 - 1.0 micro mol/L.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>BaP could induce part of endothelial cells to synthesize CYP1A1. BaP of 0.5 - 1.0 micro mol/L could induce peak activities of EROD.</p>

OBSERVATIONS ON THE REORGANIZATION OF THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES OF THE RAT TESTIS IN VITRO / 解剖学报

The Sertoli cell-rich or Sertoli-germ cell aggregates of 15-21 day immature rat testis were cultured in serum-free Ham F-12 medium for observation of the reorganization of the seminiferous tubules in vitro. The results showed that after first week of culture, the cell aggregates were spreaded on the bottom of culture dish as a monolayer consisted of Sertoli cells as well as spermatogenic cells. While after second week these monolayer cell cultures rearranged and transformed into cellular cords which connected each other to form a cellular rete. During this time, there were many small cells with long cytoplasmic processes appeared in the cultures. They looked like immature spermatozoon-like cells which were released from the cellular cords and floated in the medium, however no movement was detected. After third week, the cellular cords developed into a solid or tubule-like structures consisted of Sertoli cells and spermatogenie cells in different stages of spermatogenesis.These cultures have been studied by phase-microscopy in vitro, light and electron microscopy on semithin and ultrathin sections. These studies revealed that the Sertoli cells and Sertoli-germ cell aggregates of immature rat testis, in vitro, not only developed into monolayer cell culture as mentioned, but were also able to be further reconstructed, or reorganized, in some extent, to solid and tubule-like structures. The possible significance and mechanism were discussed.