ABSTRACT
Cyfluthrin (Solfac**) 10 wp, a synthetic pyrethroid was evaluated for its efficacy in malaria control through primary health centre approach, and for its acceptance by the community and effect on human health, and non target organisms, in predominantly tribal areas of Maharashtra and Gujarat from 1988 to 1990. Two dosage schedules; 2 rounds of indoor residual sparying a year, at 25 mg/sq. m2 in Maharashtra, and 3 rounds a year at 15 mg/sq. m2, in Gujarat were followed. There was significant reduction in per man hour densities of An. culicifacies the principal malaria vector, and collaterally of C. quinquefasciatus also. Significant reductions in slide positivity rates and slide falciparum rates were observed in both the areas as compared to the controls. The community acceptance of Cyfluthrin in terms of room coverage was 96% in Gujarat, and 89% in Maharashtra, as against average 68.5% and 55% in case of DDT and Malathion respectively. There were no reported ill-effects on humans or non-target organisms.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anopheles , Culex , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Humans , India , Insect Vectors , Insecticides , Malaria, Falciparum/prevention & control , Mosquito Control/methods , Nitriles , PyrethrinsABSTRACT
Observations made for a period of four years from 1985 to 1988 on post-spray impact of pirimiphos-methyl (25 per cent Wp) on malaria vectors in Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh showed that a low density (0.0 to 0.02 PMH) of Anopheles dirus was maintained in the areas sprayed with the insecticide at the dosages of 1 and 2 g/m2 from 1981 to 1984. The post-spray data (1985 to 1988) showed a reduction of 62.5 to 62.8 per cent in SPR, 55.6 to 64.7 per cent in SRF and 72.3 to 75.5 per cent decline in API as compared to baseline data of 1980 in areas sprayed with pirimiphos methyl.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anopheles , Humans , India/epidemiology , Insect Vectors , Insecticides , Malaria/epidemiology , Mosquito Control/methods , Organothiophosphorus Compounds , Population Density , Program EvaluationABSTRACT
The introduction of different types of pollutants like those from industrial effluence, bye-products from petro-chemical industries, pesticidal application, wastages of nuclear power industries, etc. is viewed seriously by the society. For the control of vectors of disease the adoption of environmental management is, therefore, imperative. The physical methods like drainage of excess and waste water, making water unsuitable for vector breeding by adopting various indigenous methods in vogue, the intra and inter-sectrol coordination and community based activities are identified as the basic approaches for achieving this goal. Minimising the potentiality of vector breeding through source reduction and water management is thought to be the simplest, cheapest and most permanent method. For the society having varying types of habitation and varying degree of habitational facilities like planned housing, water supply and disposal, sanitation and organized anti-vector measures, the adoption of environmental management to exercise check over vector population is a promising proposition. The suitability of such an approach has already been demonstrated by MRC, (ICMR), Delhi and V.C.R.C., Pondicherry. The implementation of these methods is to be initiated right from Primary Health Centre and district level onwards and community is to be motivated to the extent that the various methods of environmental management for vector control are adopted in the routine way of life. In the present article these ideas have been touched upon and various methods of environmental management described in brief. In addition what other Governmental agencies are required to do in order to effectively implement environmental management methods are briefly enlisted.
Subject(s)
Communicable Disease Control/legislation & jurisprudence , Disease Reservoirs , Environmental Health/legislation & jurisprudence , Government Agencies/organization & administration , Humans , Mosquito Control/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
The integrated methodology for the control of vectors of diseases as well as mosquitoes has become an accepted concept amongst the public health experts. The feasibility of adopting this approach in different situations for mosquito control as per field trials by various institutions has been reviewed in this article. This concept, to some extent, has been in vogue under National Malaria Eradication Programme since long in a practicable way. Satisfactory results have been obtained wherever this approach has been applied carefully. The applicability of the integrated control methodology is not difficult provided various methods to be integrated are chosen and utilized in a rational way. Thorough health education is a prerequisite to awaken the community to accept the methods as part and parcel of routine life.
Subject(s)
Animals , Filariasis/prevention & control , India , Malaria/prevention & control , Mosquito ControlABSTRACT
A pilot study for control of bancroftian filariasis through detection and treatment of microfilaria (mf) carriers and filaria disease cases with Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) undertaken in the rural areas of Srikakulam and Vizianagaram of Andhra Pradesh showed that this chemotherapeutic method of control of filaria in rural areas is feasible and acceptable to society. During first round of detection and treatment 20,300 mf carriers (90.6 per cent of detected) and 6,588 disease persons (86 per cent of detected) in Srikakulam and 7,097 mf carriers (94.8 per cent of detected) and 1,436 disease persons (93.4 per cent of detected) in Vizianagaram were treated with DEC tablets. These areas were again surveyed after five years and detected cases were treated with DEC with coverage of treatment ranging from 82.3 per cent to 95 per cent for both mf & disease cases and decline in mf and disease rate was noted to be 52.4 per cent and 50.9 per cent respectively in Srikakulam and 42.2 per cent for mf rate in Vizianagaram. The mf reduction was appreciably high (50 per cent or more) in 11 PHCs of Srikakulam and 4 PHCs of Vizianagaram. The mf rate reduction was the highest in the age group of 1 to 4 year indicating that the transmission has been cut down significantly. The vector infection rate showed reduction by 50 per cent during second round of detection and treatment as compared to first round, indicating significant reduction in transmission potential.
Subject(s)
Animals , Diethylcarbamazine/therapeutic use , Elephantiasis, Filarial/prevention & control , Filariasis/prevention & control , Humans , India , Microfilariae/isolation & purification , Rural Health , Wuchereria bancroftiABSTRACT
The effect of different grades of hypobaric hypoxia for 48 hours was studied on spermatogenesis, Leydig cells and delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in toad (Bufo melanostictus). Maximum inhibition of testicular activity was noted in 7,315 m exposed animals. The impairment of testicular function at high altitude is possibly due to inhibition of gonadotrophin secretion.