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Background@#This study was performed to evaluate etiologies and secular trends in primary amenorrhea in South Korea. @*Methods@#This retrospective multi-center study analyzed 856 women who were diagnosed with primary amenorrhea between 2000 and 2016. Clinical characteristics were compared according to categories of amenorrhea (hypergonadotropic/hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, eugonadism, disorders of sex development) or specific causes of primary amenorrhea. In addition, we assessed secular trends of etiology and developmental status based on the year of diagnosis. @*Results@#The most frequent etiology was eugonadism (39.8%). Among specific causes, Müllerian agenesis was most common (26.2%), followed by gonadal dysgenesis (22.4%). Women with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism were more likely to have lower height and weight, compared to other categories. In addition, the proportion of cases with iatrogenic or unknown causes increased significantly in hypergonadotropic hypogonadism category, but overall, no significant secular trends were detected according to etiology. The proportion of anovulation including polycystic ovarian syndrome increased with time, but the change did not reach statistical significance. @*Conclusion@#The results of this study provide useful clinical insight on the etiology and secular trends of primary amenorrhea. Further large-scale, prospective studies are necessary.
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OBJECTIVES: Uterine sarcoma is a rare malignant tumor, which is usually diagnosed in postmenopausal women. These sarcomas are occasionally misdiagnosed as uterine fibroids, thereby leading to delayed diagnosis in the advanced stages. We analyzed the sonographic and clinical characteristics of unexpected uterine sarcomas detected after surgery in women in the late reproductive age.METHODS: The medical records of 61 patients preoperatively diagnosed with uterine leiomyomas through sonography but confirmed as uterine sarcomas after surgery from January 2005 to December 2018 at Asan Medical Center were retrospectively analyzed. We evaluated the clinical symptoms, sonographic findings, and Doppler indexes, and investigated whether there were any significant characteristics that could clearly differentiate uterine sarcoma from fibroids.RESULTS: The most common clinical finding was increased mass size (15 patients, 24.6%), while 9 patients (14.8%) showed no symptoms. Ultrasonography showed that the maximum diameter of most fibroids was > 5 cm (49 patients, 80.3%), and the average diameter was 75.6 ± 36.3 mm. All the patients showed heterogeneous echogenicity in sonographic imaging. Secondary degeneration of the myomas was reported in 36 patients (59%), and approximately 90% (32/36, 88.9%) showed cystic changes. Of the 40 patients who underwent the evaluation of vascularity, 35 showed increased vascularity of the mass.CONCLUSIONS: In this study, sarcomas misdiagnosed as leiomyomas were usually > 5 cm, and ultrasonography showed heterogeneous echogenicity and irregular cystic degeneration. No definite clinical symptoms were helpful; a thorough evaluation is necessary to rule out uterine sarcomas in women having uterine mass with these characteristics.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Delayed Diagnosis , Diagnostic Errors , Leiomyoma , Medical Records , Myoma , Retrospective Studies , Sarcoma , UltrasonographyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To uncover gynecologic conditions with similar transvaginal sonographic findings of thick uterine endometrium with honeycomb appearance in pre-and postmenopausal women.METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed cases of patients with endometrial tissue biopsy from January 2010 to December 2016. We also collected office flexible hysteroscopic findings and surgical pathologic results. We analyzed data from 393 patients with confirmed endometrial pathology. Among these patients, 69 had transvaginal ultrasonographic images with thick uterine endometrium and honeycomb or “Swiss cheese” appearance.RESULTS: We found gynecologic conditions such as submucosal leiomyoma with degeneration, endometrial polyp, pseudocystic endometrial change associated with tamoxifen use, progesterone associated endometrial change, pyometra, retained placenta, and uterine synechiae manifested with similar thick endometrium with “Swiss cheese” appearance in transvaginal sonographic images. The most common diagnosis in postmenopausal women was atrophic endometritis, followed by endometrial cancer and endometrial polyps. The most common diagnosis in premenopausal women was abnormal uterine bleeding without pathologic conditions.CONCLUSIONS: Sonographic findings of thick uterine endometrium with “Swiss cheese” appearance need to be considered together with a thorough review of the patient's history and chief complaint before making a tentative diagnosis due to the various conditions sharing the feature.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Biopsy , Diagnosis , Endometrial Neoplasms , Endometritis , Endometrium , Gynatresia , Hyperplasia , Leiomyoma , Menopause , Pathology , Placenta, Retained , Polyps , Progesterone , Pyometra , Retrospective Studies , Tamoxifen , Ultrasonography , Uterine HemorrhageABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Female breast cancer patients generally have limited knowledge regarding issues related to preservation of ovarian function and fertility. The present study aimed to explore the change in the understanding of these issues when female breast cancer patients are educated and counseled about ovarian function and fertility after anticancer treatment.METHODS: One hundred nine young female breast cancer patients completed a questionnaire, which revealed their thoughts and opinions before and after receiving the education about ovarian function and fertility. Their responses were analyzed to determine the impact of the education on their perception and understanding of the aforementioned issues.RESULTS: The objective survey had four main themes: planning and desire for children, degree of baseline understanding of the effects of anticancer therapy on fertility and ovarian function, resultant change in cognition after education about cancer treatment and its relationship with fertility, and need for education regarding the types of therapies received and their effects on subsequent ovarian function and fertility before treatment.CONCLUSIONS: The preservation of ovarian function and fertility is an important factor that must be included in the discussion prior to initiation of anticancer therapy. Although the study results do not have high educational effectiveness or a high satisfaction with education, there is a need for information and education regarding the impact of anticancer treatment on preservation of ovarian function and fertility.
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Child , Female , Humans , Breast Neoplasms , Breast , Cognition , Education , FertilityABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To compare human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)-administered natural cycle with spontaneous ovulatory cycle in patients undergoing frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FTET) in natural cycles. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed the clinical outcome of a total of 166 consecutive FTET cycles that were performed in either natural cycle controlled by HCG for ovulation triggering (HCG group, n=110) or natural cycle with spontaneous ovulation (control group, n=56) in 166 infertile patients between January 2009 and November 2013. RESULTS: There were no differences in patients' characteristics between the 2 groups. The numbers of oocytes retrieved, mature oocytes, fertilized oocytes, grade I or II embryos and frozen embryos in the previous in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle in which embryos were frozen were comparable between the HCG and control groups. Significant differences were not also observed between the 2 groups in clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), embryo implantation rate, miscarriage rate, live birth rate and multiple CPR. However, the number of hospital visits for follicular monitoring was significantly fewer in the HCG group than in the control group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that HCG administration for ovulation triggering in natural cycle reduces the number of hospital visits for follicular monitoring without any detrimental effect on FTET outcome when compared with spontaneous ovulatory cycles in infertile patients undergoing FTET in natural ovulatory cycles.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Abortion, Spontaneous , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , Chorion , Chorionic Gonadotropin , Cohort Studies , Embryo Implantation , Embryo Transfer , Embryonic Structures , Fertilization in Vitro , Live Birth , Oocytes , Ovulation , Pregnancy Rate , Retrospective Studies , ZygoteABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between bladder wall thickness (BWT) measured by ultrasonography and lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). METHODS: Forty-eight women with LUTS who underwent urodynamic study and BWT by ultrasonography as outpatients were studied. We assessed LUTS during a medical examination by interview. The thinnest part of the bladder wall was measured by a transabdominal ultrasonography. We excluded patients who had visited another hospital previously because we did not know what treatment they had received, including medications, behavioral therapy, or other treatments. We constructed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for diagnosis of LUTD and also determined reliable BWT criteria by calculating the area under the curve. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov method and Student's t-test. RESULTS: The mean age, body mass index, and duration of symptoms were 59.9±9.7 years, 26.06±3.4 kg/m², and 53.4±38.2 months, respectively. Urodynamic study parameters (Valsalva leak point pressure, maximal urethral closure pressure, functional length, and postvoid residual volume) were lower in patients with BWT < 3 mm; however, these differences were not significant. Patients with BWT ≥3 mm developed a hypoactive bladder (P=0.009) and intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD) (P=0.001) at a significantly higher rate. According to the ROC analysis, the best BWT cut-off value was 3 mm for overactive bladder diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Women with LUTD showed higher BWT values (≥3 mm), especially patients with hypoactive bladder and ISD. Sonographic evaluation of BWT is an easy, fast, and noninvasive method for possible diagnostic tool for LUTD.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Body Mass Index , Diagnosis , Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms , Methods , Outpatients , ROC Curve , Ultrasonography , Urinary Bladder , Urinary Bladder, Overactive , Urinary Tract , UrodynamicsABSTRACT
The transobturator tape (TOT) method is the recent minimally invasive midurethral sling surgery. The TOT method was invented to reduce complication rate of surgical technique for female stress urinary incontinence. Pelvic bleeding following TOT procedure, although extremely rare, could be occurred. We presented three cases which treat pelvic arterial bleeding after midurethral sling (TOT and tension-free vaginal tape Secur) surgery via pelvic artery embolization. Therefore we report our cases with brief review of the literature.
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Female , Humans , Arteries , Hemorrhage , Suburethral Slings , Urinary IncontinenceABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) is a critical proinflammatory regulator that has been suggested to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of endometriosis. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate whether the expression of NF-κB p65 subunit is increased in the eutopic endometrium and/or in the adenomyosis nodule of women with adenomyosis. METHODS: Thirty-three women with histologically confirmed adenomyosis after laparoscopic or transabdominal hysterectomy were recruited. Women with carcinoma in situ of uterine cervix without evidence of adenomyosis or endometriosis (n=32) served as controls. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissues were sectioned and immunostained utilizing a monoclonal anti-human NF-κB p65 subunit antibody, and the immunoreactivity of NF-κB p65 subunit was compared between women with and without adenomyosis. RESULTS: The immunoreactivities of both the nuclear and the cytoplasmic NF-κB p65 subunit were significantly increased in the stromal cells in the eutopic endometrium as well as in the adenomyosis nodule of women with adenomyosis compared with controls, respectively. The nuclear expression of NF-κB p65 subunit was significantly higher in the glandular cells in the eutopic endometrium as well as the adenomyosis nodule of women with adenomyosis compared with controls, respectively. CONCLUSION: The expression of NF-κB p65 is increased in the eutopic endometrium and adenomyosis nodule of women with adenomyosis, which strongly suggest that NF-κB plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and/or pathophysiology of adenomyosis.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Adenomyosis , Carcinoma in Situ , Cervix Uteri , Cytoplasm , Endometriosis , Endometrium , Hysterectomy , NF-kappa B , Stromal CellsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dienogest treatment in patients who had received dienogest for 12 months or more to treat endometriosis. METHODS: We analyzed the clinical data of 188 women with endometriosis who had been treated with 2 mg of dienogest once a day for 12 months or more at a single institute. We evaluated changes in endometriosis-associated pain and endometrioma size, recurrence rate, and adverse events following dienogest administration. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in patients who were prescribed dienogest for more than 18 months. RESULTS: Pain was significantly reduced at 12 months after dienogest medication. In those treated with dienogest due to recurrent endometrioma, the size of the endometrioma was significantly decreased at the 12-month and 18-month follow-ups. We found only one case of sonographic recurrence during dienogest administration among those who were treated postoperatively to prevent recurrence (1 of 114, 0.9%). The most common adverse drug reaction was uterine bleeding (3.2%), and other adverse events were generally tolerable and associated with low discontinuation rates (5.2%). Among the 50 patients in whom BMD was measured, 10 patients (20%) had a Z-score below the expected range for age. CONCLUSION: The administration of dienogest for a year or more seems to be highly effective in preventing recurrence after surgery, reducing endometriosis-associated pain, and decreasing the size of recurrent endometrioma, with a favorable safety and tolerability profile. However, BMD should be checked in patients on long-term medication due to possible bone loss in some women.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Bone Density , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Endometriosis , Follow-Up Studies , Long-Term Care , Observational Study , Recurrence , Ultrasonography , Uterine HemorrhageABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Progesterone resistance is thought to be a major factor that contributes to progression of endometriosis. However, it is not clear what causes progesterone resistance in endometriosis. This study aimed to assess whether cytokines or peritoneal fluid can affect progesterone receptor (PR) expression in endometrial cells and to verify whether PR expression is reduced in endometriosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The PR-B/A ratio was measured via real-time polymerase chain reaction after in vitro culture, in which endometrial cells were treated with either tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta, or peritoneal fluid obtained from women with advanced-stage endometriosis. Immunohistochemistry was performed to compare PR-B expression between eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues from women with and without advanced-stage endometriosis. RESULTS: The PR-B/A ratio was significantly decreased by treatment with either TNF-α (p=0.011) or peritoneal fluid from women with advanced-stage endometriosis (p=0.027). Immunoreactivity of PR-B expression was significantly lower during the secretory phase than during the proliferative phase in endometrial tissues from control subjects (p<0.001). PR-B expression was significantly reduced in the eutopic endometrium (p=0.031) and ovarian endometrioma (p=0.036) from women with advanced-stage endometriosis compared with eutopic endometrium tissues from control subjects. CONCLUSION: Progesterone resistance in endometriosis may be caused by proinflammatory conditions in the pelvic peritoneal microenvironment.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Ascitic Fluid , Cytokines , Endometriosis , Endometrium , Immunohistochemistry , In Vitro Techniques , Interleukin-1beta , Progesterone , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Receptors, Progesterone , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alphaABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Progesterone resistance is thought to be a major factor that contributes to progression of endometriosis. However, it is not clear what causes progesterone resistance in endometriosis. This study aimed to assess whether cytokines or peritoneal fluid can affect progesterone receptor (PR) expression in endometrial cells and to verify whether PR expression is reduced in endometriosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The PR-B/A ratio was measured via real-time polymerase chain reaction after in vitro culture, in which endometrial cells were treated with either tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta, or peritoneal fluid obtained from women with advanced-stage endometriosis. Immunohistochemistry was performed to compare PR-B expression between eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues from women with and without advanced-stage endometriosis. RESULTS: The PR-B/A ratio was significantly decreased by treatment with either TNF-α (p=0.011) or peritoneal fluid from women with advanced-stage endometriosis (p=0.027). Immunoreactivity of PR-B expression was significantly lower during the secretory phase than during the proliferative phase in endometrial tissues from control subjects (p<0.001). PR-B expression was significantly reduced in the eutopic endometrium (p=0.031) and ovarian endometrioma (p=0.036) from women with advanced-stage endometriosis compared with eutopic endometrium tissues from control subjects. CONCLUSION: Progesterone resistance in endometriosis may be caused by proinflammatory conditions in the pelvic peritoneal microenvironment.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Ascitic Fluid , Cytokines , Endometriosis , Endometrium , Immunohistochemistry , In Vitro Techniques , Interleukin-1beta , Progesterone , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Receptors, Progesterone , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alphaABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of fibroids on the blood flow of the uterine and subendometrial arteries and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. METHODS: In this study, we analyzed 86 IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles in which a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol was used for controlled ovarian stimulation between January 2008 and March 2009. The subjects comprised 86 infertile women with (fibroid group, n=43) or without (control group, n=43) uterine fibroids. RESULTS: Patient characteristics were similar between the fibroid and control groups. The IVF/ICSI outcomes in patients with fibroids were similar to those of patients in the control group. The resistance index (RI) and pulsatile index (PI) of the uterine and subendometrial arteries on the day of embryo transfer were also comparable between the two groups. IVF outcomes and uterine hemodynamics in patients with multiple (> or =2) fibroids were similar to those of patients with a single fibroid. However, clinical pregnancy and implantation rates were significantly lower in patients with fibroids who experienced uterine cavity distortion than in patients with fibroids who had a normal uterine cavity (both p<0.05). The RI and PI of the subendometrial artery were significantly higher on the day of embryo transfer in patients with fibroids who experienced uterine cavity distortion than in patients with fibroids who had a normal uterine cavity (both p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Fibroids which distorting the uterine cavity might impair the subendometrial artery blood flow clinical pregnancy rate and embryo implantation rate in infertile patients undergoing IVF. Otherwise, IVF outcomes were not influenced by the presence of uterine fibroids.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Arteries , Embryo Implantation , Embryo Transfer , Fertilization in Vitro , Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone , Hemodynamics , Leiomyoma , Ovulation Induction , Pregnancy Rate , SpermatozoaABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of second-line conservative surgery on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome in comparison with IVF without second-line surgery in infertile women with ovarian endometrioma recurrence after primary conservative surgery. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, 121 consecutive IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles that were performed after second-line surgery (n=53) or without second-line surgery (control group, n=68) between January 2006 and December 2011 in 121 infertile women with ovarian endometrioma(s) recurrence after primary conservative surgery for moderate to severe endometriosis were included. The two groups were compared in terms of controlled ovarian stimulation and IVF outcomes. RESULTS: There were no differences in patients' characteristics between the two groups. Total dose and days of gonadotropins administered were significantly higher in the second-line surgery group than in the control group (P<0.001, P=0.008). The numbers of oocytes retrieved, mature oocytes and grade 1 or 2 embryos were significantly lower in the second-line surgery group (P=0.007, P=0.001, P<0.001, respectively). Clinical pregnancy rate per cycle and embryo implantation rate were also significantly lower in the second-line surgery group of 24.5% and 11.8% compared with 48.5% and 25.3% in the control group (P=0.008, P=0.005, respectively). CONCLUSION: Ovarian response to controlled ovarian stimulation and IVF outcome after second-line surgery is worse than those in IVF cycles without second-line surgery in infertile women with ovarian endometrioma recurrence after primary surgery for moderate or severe endometriosis.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Cohort Studies , Embryo Implantation , Embryonic Structures , Endometriosis , Fertilization in Vitro , Gonadotropins , Oocytes , Ovulation Induction , Pregnancy Rate , Recurrence , Retrospective Studies , SpermatozoaABSTRACT
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, and it is a multifactorial polygenic disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Although pathogenesis is still unclear, androgen receptor (AR) gene polymorphism may be one of the etiologic factors of PCOS. AR gene polymorphism has been also associated with other forms of androgen pattern diseases. We report a PCOS woman with heterozygous AR gene mutation who gave birth to a baby with andorgen insensitivity syndrome.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome , Parturition , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome , Receptors, AndrogenABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the causes of amenorrhea in Korean women. METHODS: Medical records from 1,212 women with amenorrhea who visited the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, between January 1989 and December 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Amenorrhea was categorized as either primary or secondary. RESULTS: Primary amenorrhea was identified in 132 of the patients (10.9%) and secondary amenorrhea in 1,080 (89.1%). The most frequent causes of primary amenorrhea were gonadal dysgenesis (28.0%, 37/132); Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome (20.0%, 27/132); and constitutional delay and androgen insensitivity syndrome (8.3%, 11/132; 8.3%, 11/132, respectively). Secondary amenorrhea was due to polycystic ovary syndrome (48.4%, 523/1,080); premature ovarian insufficiency (14.0%, 151/1,080); and nutrition-related hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (8.3%, 90/1,080). CONCLUSION: In this retrospective study, gonadal dysgenesis was the most common cause of primary amenorrhea and polycystic ovary syndrome was the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea in Korean women.
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Female , Humans , Male , Amenorrhea , Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome , Gonadal Dysgenesis , Gynecology , Hypogonadism , Korea , Medical Records , Obstetrics , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Radical trachelectomy is a promising fertility-sparing treatment for patients with early stage cervical cancer who want to preserve their fertility. However, isthmic stenosis occurs frequently in patients who received radical trachelectomy and it is one of the causes of infertility following radical trachelectomy. Moreover, despite the treatment for recanalization of isthmic stenosis, recanalization can fail or isthmic stenosis can recur. Herein we report a successful pregnancy and birth by direct intraperitoneal insemination in an infertile woman with failure of recanalization of isthmic stenosis after laparoscopic radical trachelectomy.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Constriction, Pathologic , Fertility , Infertility , Insemination , Parturition , Uterine Cervical NeoplasmsABSTRACT
Perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasm (PEComa) is a rare tumor with unknown malignant potential. We report a case of a 6-year-old child with history of brain tumor (pineoblastoma), who presented with intermittent vaginal spotting for 6 months. A vaginoscopy revealed a 1.5x1.0-cm mass on the vaginal wall. Pathological examination demonstrated that the tumor was composed of clear cells with organoid patterns, which were immunohistochemically positive for HMB-45 and TFE3, and negative for CK, HNF1-B, SOX10, Melan A, and S-100 protein. These findings were consistent with PEComa arising from the vagina. Regular follow-up with magnetic resonance imaging has shown no signs of recurrence. This case shows that early detection of PEComa and subsequent regular follow-ups are important because of the neoplasm's unknown malignant potential.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Brain Neoplasms , Epithelioid Cells , Follow-Up Studies , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , MART-1 Antigen , Metrorrhagia , Organoids , Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Neoplasms , Recurrence , S100 Proteins , VaginaABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) diagnosed by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulating test in infertile women with basal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels of 2.5 to 5.0 mIU/L. METHODS: This study was performed in 39 infertile women with ovulatory disorders (group 1) and 27 infertile women with male infertility only (group 2, controls) who had basal serum TSH levels of 2.5 to 5.0 mIU/L and a TRH stimulating test. Serum TSH levels were measured before TRH injection (TSH0) and also measured at 20 minutes (TSH1) and 40 minutes (TSH2) following intravenous injection of 400 microg TRH. Exaggerated TSH response above 30 mIU/L following TRH injection was diagnosed as SH. Group 1 was composed of poor responders (subgroup A), patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (subgroup B) and patients with WHO group II anovulation except poor responder or polycystic ovary syndrome (subgroup C). RESULTS: The prevalence of SH was significantly higher in group 1 of 46.2% (18/39) compared with 7.4% (2/27) in group 2 (P=0.001). TSH0, TSH1, and TSH2 levels were significantly higher in group 1 than the corresponding values in group 2 (P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001). In group 1, TSH1 and TSH2 levels were significantly lower in subgroup C compared with those in subgroup A and B (P=0.008, P=0.006, respectively). CONCLUSION: TRH stimulation test had better be performed in infertile women with ovulatory disorders who have TSH levels between 2.5 and 5.0 mIU/L for early detection and appropriate treatment of SH.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Anovulation , Hypothyroidism , Infertility , Infertility, Male , Injections, Intravenous , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome , Prevalence , Thyrotropin , Thyrotropin-Releasing HormoneABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the surgical resection or aspiration with ethanol sclerotherapy (AEST) of endometrioma before in vitro fertilization (IVF) affect controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) and IVF outcome in the infertilie women with endometroma undergoing IVF. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, 101 consecutive IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles that were performed in 101 patients with endometrioma(s) between January 2008 and December 2012 were included. Before IVF, 36 patients underwent surgical resection of endometrioma (resection group), 29 patients had transvaginal endometrioma AEST (aspiration group), and 36 patients did not take any surgical intervention (control group). The three groups were compared in terms of COS and IVF outcomes. RESULTS: Total antral follicle count was significantly lower in the resection group than in the aspiration or control group. The numbers of follicles with a diameter of 14 to 17 mm on the human chorionic gonadotropin day, retrieved oocytes, mature oocytes, and fertilized oocytes were significantly lower in the resection group than in two other groups. However, three groups were similar in terms of clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) per initiated cycle, CPR per embryo transfer, embryo implantation rate, and miscarriage rate. CONCLUSION: Neither of surgical resection and AEST of endometrioma before IVF treatment can give any beneficial effect on IVF outcomes. Moreover, surgical resection of endometrioma can affect the ovarian reserve and ovarian response during COS.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Abortion, Spontaneous , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , Chorionic Gonadotropin , Cohort Studies , Embryo Implantation , Embryo Transfer , Endometriosis , Ethanol , Fertilization in Vitro , Oocytes , Ovulation Induction , Pregnancy Rate , Retrospective Studies , Sclerotherapy , SpermatozoaABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of progesterone supplementation during the luteal phase on pregnancy outcome in natural frozen-thawed embyo transfer (FTET) cycles. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, 228 consecutive patients who underwent FTET cycles between January 2009 and September 2012 were included. One hundred forty-five patients received luteal progesterone support (P group) but 83 patients did not receive any progesterone supplementation during luteal phase (control group). RESULTS: There were no differences in patients' characteristics between the two groups. The two groups were similar with respect to the characteristics of previous fresh in vitro fertilization cycle in which embryos were cryopreserved including the numbers of oocytes retrieved, mature oocytes, fertilized oocytes, grade 1 or 2 embryos and frozen embryos. Also, significant differences were not observed between the P and control groups in clinical pregnancy rate, embryo implantation rate and multiple pregnancy rate. However, miscarriage rate was significantly lower in the P group and live birth rate was significantly higher in the P group than in the control group (P<0.05, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that luteal phase progesterone supplementation decreases miscarriage rate and improves live birth rate in natural FTET cycles.