ABSTRACT
Abstract Soil management influences organic matter decomposition rates as well soil microbial community functional behavior. No-till (NT) is the most used management system by farmers due to its conservation practices and high productivity. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of surface-applied lime, nitrogen (N) application, and black oat residues on soil microbial community of a Typic Hapludox under continuous NT. Therefore, soil chemical attributes, microbial biomass carbon, basal respiration, metabolic quotient, most probable number of diazotrophs, as well as bacterial functional analysis were performed. The effect of liming and N fertilization amendments inputs were saw in soil respiration and metabolic quotient measurements, showing them to be good indicators of soil quality. Further studies should be carried out in order to molecularly identify microbial communities present in soils with different liming and N fertilization management to evaluate the behavior of specific bacterial taxa under such conditions.
Subject(s)
Humans , Soil/chemistry , Soil Microbiology , Soil Quality , Calcium Compounds/administration & dosage , Fertilizers , Nitrogen/administration & dosage , Soil Analysis , MicrobiotaABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to study the effects of organic and mineral fertilizers at sowing (without fertilizers, organic poultry litter fertilizer on the surface and mineral NK + reactive natural phosphate from Arad and NK + triple superphosphate in the furrow) and topdressing (without fertilizers, organic poultry litter fertilization and urea) on chemical attributes of a no-till Oxisol and nutrition and yield of maize landrace (Zea mays L.), Carioca variety in a field experiment. Results revealed that P content (Mehlich 1 and resin) was increased in the soil surface layer with organic poultry litter fertilizer on the surface at sowing. Mineral fertilizer in the sowing furrow could be replaced by organic fertilizer with poultry litter on the surface, but topdressing fertilization with urea resulted better N nutrition for the plants and higher grains yield than the organic poultry litter fertilization.
ABSTRACT
O baixo teor de Ca e a toxicidade por Al são importantes limitações à produtividade das culturas em solos ácidos brasileiros. É possível aumentar o teor de Ca e reduzir a toxicidade por Al por meio da aplicação de gesso agrícola. No entanto, é importante melhor compreensão dos efeitos do gesso na especiação iônica da solução do solo. Avaliou-se a especiação iônica da solução do solo (extrato aquoso 1:1) de amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura argilosa, sob sistema plantio direto, cinco anos após a aplicação superficial de 3, 6 e 9t ha-1 de gesso agrícola. A especiação foi realizada com auxílio do programa computacional Visual Minteq em amostras coletadas nas profundidades de 0-0,05; 0,05-0,1; 0,1-0,2 e 0,2-0,4m. Para o Al, as principais espécies químicas foram os complexos com carbono orgânico dissolvido (Al-COD) e com F (Al-F), enquanto o par iônico AlSO4+ ocorreu em pequena proporção. O COD foi o principal ligante para Mg e Ca, mas em muito maior magnitude para este último, refletindo importante participação dos ânions orgânicos na dinâmica desses nutrientes. Em relação ao sulfato, apesar da formação dos pares iônicos com Ca, Mg e Al (CaSO4(0), MgSO4(0) e AlSO4+), houve a predominância da forma livre S-SO4-2, enquanto o fosfato apresentou forte interação com o Al em solução, formando a espécie química Al-HxPO4x.
Low Ca content and Al toxicity are important limitations for yield crops in Brazilian acids soils. Gypsum application may increase Ca contents and decrease Al toxicity. However, a better knowledge of the effects of gypsum on the ionic speciation of soil solution is very important. The ionic speciation of the soil solution (water extract 1:1) was evaluated in samples from a dystrophic clayey Rhodic Hapludox under no-till system, 5 years after surface application of gypsum (3; 6 and 9t ha-1). The ionic speciation was performed by using the Visual Minteq program in samples collected at the following depths: 0-0.05; 0.05-0.1; 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.4m. The main Al complexing agents in solution were with dissolved organic carbon (Al-DOC) and F (Al-F), while the ionic par AlSO4+ occurred in small proportion. Ca and Mg were complexed by DOC, and the effect was more pronounced for Ca, reinforcing the important participation the organic anions in the dynamic of these nutrients. Although sulphate had formed ionic pairs with Ca, Mg and Al (CaSO4(0), MgSO4(0) and AlSO4+), the free form (S-SO4-2) predominated; while phosphate strongly interacted with Al in solution, forming the chemical specie Al-HxPO4x.