ABSTRACT
In this study, we employed Q Exactive to determine the main differential metabolites of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex du-ring the "sweating" process. Further, we quantified the color parameters and determined the activities of polyphenol oxidase(PPO), peroxidase(POD), and tyrosinase of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex during the "sweating" process. Gray correlation analysis was performed for the color, chemical composition, and enzyme activity to reveal the effect of enzymatic reaction on the color of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex during the "sweating" process. Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex sweating in different manners showed similar metabolite changes. The primary metabolites that changed significantly included amino acids, nucleotides, and sugars, and the secondary metabolites with significant changes were phenols and phenylpropanoids. Despite the different sweating methods, eleven compounds were commonly up-regulated, including L-glutamic acid, acetylarginine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine; six compounds were commonly down-re-gulated, including L-arginine, L-aspartic acid, and phenylalanine. The brightness value(L~*), red-green value(a~*), and yellow-blue value(b~*) of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex kept decreasing during the "sweating" process. The changes in the activities of PPO and POD during sweating were consistent with those in the color parameter values. The gray correlation analysis demonstrated that the main differential metabolites such as amino acids and phenols were closely related to the color parameters L~*, a~* and b~*; POD was correlated with amino acids and phenols; PPO had strong correlation with phenols. The results indicated that the color change of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex during "sweating" was closely related to the reactions of enzymes dominated by PPO and POD. The study analyzed the correlations among the main differential metabolites, color parameters, and enzyme activities of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex in the "sweating" process. It reveals the common law of material changes and ascertains the relationship between color changes and enzymatic reactions of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex during "sweating". Therefore, this study provides a reference for studying the "sweating" mechanism of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex and is of great significance to guarantee the quality of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex.
Subject(s)
Magnolia/chemistry , Quality Control , SweatingABSTRACT
Objective:To study the differences in genetic relationship， shape， size， and flavonoid content between traditional and nontraditional medicinal varieties of Citri Reticulatae Semen produced in Sichuan province as well as their equivalence. Method:Six batches of traditional medicinal Citri Reticulatae Semen （<italic>Citrus reticulata</italic> 'Dahongpao'） and 23 batches of nontraditional medicinal varieties were collected， and their genetic relationship was explored using sequence-related amplified polymorphism （SRAP） markers. Following the observation of their shapes and sizes under a stereomicroscope， the contents of naringin， hesperidin， and neohesperidin were measured by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. SIMCA 14.1 software was used for cluster analysis of their shapes， sizes， and flavonoid contents， thus figuring out the similarities between the traditional and nontraditional medicinal varieties in character， size， and chemical components. Result:SRAP markers-based genetic relationship analysis effectively distinguished different Citri Reticulatae Semen varieties from each other. Some samples collected from the same or adjacent places exhibited a close genetic relationship and they shared high similarities in shape， size， and flavonoid content. However， the traditional medicinal Citri Reticulatae Semen was still quite different from most nontraditional medicinal varieties. Conclusion:The analysis of differences in genetic materials， appearance， character， and active ingredient content between the traditional and nontraditional medicinal varieties revealed that the equivalence<italic> </italic>of <italic>C.</italic> <italic>reticulata</italic> 'Ponkan' samples from some regions with the traditional medicinal variety was the largest， enabling them to be considered as the emerging medicinal variety.
ABSTRACT
Magnolia Officinalis Cortex has been used as a traditional Chinese herb for thousands of years in China. According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the processing of Magnolia Officinalis Cortex needs " sweating" or " Fahan",which was a special drying process and considered to be an important symbol for high quality and genuine medicinal materials. In this unique processing mode,Magnolia Officinalis Cortex's microbial community structure may be changed,but little is known about microbial diversity during the " sweating". In this study,to analyze the change and its change rules of microbial community of Magnolia Officinalis Cortex in the whole process of " sweating",and find out the microbial community that affects the quality of Magnolia Officinalis Cortex in the process of its " sweating",and provide a basis for further research on the microbial transformation of Magnolia Officinalis Cortex,MiSeq highthroughput sequencing was used to evaluate the microbial diversity of natural " sweating" of Magnolia Officinalis Cortex. In this research,334 genera fungi and 674 genera bacteria were identified. The dominant species weren' t obvious during the early stage of " sweating". Candida was the dominant fungal species( 45. 01%-71. 93%) during the medium " sweating" stage. Aspergillus is the dominant fungal species( 45. 83%-95. 51%) during the late stage of " sweating". Moreover,Enterobacter and Klebsiella were the primary bacterial genus( ≥56. 05%) during the middle and late stages of " sweating". In addition,the predominant bacteria in the process of " sweating" included Bacillus,Deinococcus,Sphingomonas,Hymenobacter and Jatrophihabitans. In conclusion,the microbial diversities and the main dominant fungi and bacteria in the process of " sweating" of Magnolia Officinalis Cortex were initially determined. It was also found that the metabolism of Aspergillus and Candida may be related to the character formation,which were sweet odor and brown inner surface after " sweating". The results provide a theoretical basis for the study of the influence of different microorganisms on the excellent traits formation of " sweating" Magnolia Officinalis Cortex.
Subject(s)
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , China , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing , Magnolia/microbiology , MicrobiotaABSTRACT
Safflower is a dried flower of the annual herbaceous plant safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). As a traditional Chinese medicine, it was widely used in the regulation of blood circulation. Flavonoids are the main active ingredients in safflower. MYB transcription factors are involved in the regulation of flavonoids. The cloning and expression analysis of MYB transcription factor genes in safflower is of great significance, not only for clarifying the regulation mechanism of flavonoids biosynthesis in safflower, but also for the artificial regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in safflower. Based on the transcriptome data, we used iTAK to annotate the MYB transcription factors in safflower. The MYB transcription factors were cloned and their sequences were analyzed. Besides, their expressions were analyzed by a Real-time PCR. In the experiment, eight long fragment MYB transcription factors were screened and six MYB transcription factors was successfully cloned, named CtMYB-TF1, CtMYB-TF2, CtMYB-TF4, CtMYB-TF5, CtMYB-TF6 and CtMYB-TF7, respectively. The six MYB transcription factors had the core domain of MYB transcription factor family, and evolutionary analysis showed that the CtMYB-TF7 transcription factor was closely related to the factors AtMYBL2 and AtMYB12. Expression analysis showed that the expression of CtMYB-TF5, CtMYB-TF6 and CtMYB-TF7 was low in roots, stems and leaves, and was high in the flower. The results provide a foundation for study of mechanism of molecular regulation of safflower flavonoids.
ABSTRACT
Human's application of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) has a long history, but the origin remains unclear. Safflower was introduced into China for traditional Chinese medicine, and Sichuan was major producing area. However, in recent years, the main producing area is in Xinjiang province, in contrast Sichuan safflower is difficult to find. By reading relevant document literature and the production and marketing information of safflower, and having field investigation in the main producing areas, the origin of safflower and the reasons of producing areas' changes were explored. The origin of safflower is considered as the Fertile Crescent in reasonably. The change of producing areas in China is effected by the factors of natural environment and society. The suitability of producing areas and quality of safflower still need to study further.
ABSTRACT
The average yield of safflower blooming from 1 to 7 day was recorded and calculated, HPLC was used to detect the percentage composition of HYSA,quercetin,naringenin and kaempferol, and the real-time PCR was used to analyze the expression of chs and chi. The average yield,percentage composition of HYSA and naringenin as well as functional genes' expression presented similar trends. The average yield reached the highest peak at the third day, showing highpositive correlation with the contents of HYSA (r=0.756,P<0.05), and significant correlation with the expression of chi (r=0.892,P<0.01). The contents of naringenin showed a high positive correlation with the expression of chs(r=0.766,P<0.05). The study provides a theory basis for the composition and regulation mechanism of the flavonoid constituents and lays foundation for molecular mechanisms which lead to the difference of quality in C. tinctorius.