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Background@#Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Understanding sex differences in risk factors, clinical characteristics and death after stroke might provide valuable evidence for prevention and management of stroke. @*Aim@#We aimed to describe sex differences in risk factors, clinical characteristics and death after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and ischemic stroke (IS) using hospital-based registry in 6 districts of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. @*Materials and methods@#We used hospital-based stroke registry in Ulaanbaatar Mongolia. From 2019 to 2020, total of 974 patients with acute ICH and 1612 patients with acute IS were enrolled in this study. The severity of stroke was measured by National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Risk factors for stroke were defined as patient’s history and their medical record. Death after stroke was registered at 28 days and 90 days by follow-up study. A comparison of categorical and continuous variables was analyzed using chi-squared test, Student’s t-test and Mann Whitney U test. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were also performed.@*Results@#The mean age of ICH patients was 58.41±11.56. There was significant difference in age (59 vs 57, p=0.009) between women and men. Men with ICH were more likely to drink alcohol (35.4% vs 5.2%, p=0.000) and to smoke (37.0% vs 8.4%, p=0.000) and to have arterial hypertension (72.7% vs 58.6%, p=0.000). However, there were no significant differences in other risk factors including atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke and other cardiac diseases. There were no sex differences in clinical characteristics including systole and diastole blood pressure, NIHSS scores and GCS. In our study, case fatality rate was 23.8% at 28 days and 1.9% at 90 days after ICH. By multivariable regression analyses, there were no significant association between sex and death at 28 days and at 90 days (OR:0.74; 95% CI:0.52-1.06, OR: 0.80; 95% CI:0.29-2.21).</br> The mean age of IS patients was 61.07±12.88. The women were older (63 vs 59, p=0.000) than men. Men with IS also were more likely to be current smokers (37.6% vs 9.0%, p=0.000), current drinkers (33.2% vs 3.4%, p=0.000) and to have arterial hypertension (74.7% vs 65.9%, p=0.000). There were no significant differences in other risk factors. For IS patients, there also was no sex difference in clinical characteristics. Case fatality rate was 13.3% at 28 days and 1.1% at 90 days after IS. By multivariable regression analyses, there were no significant association between sex and death at 28 days and at 90 days (OR:0.90; 95%CI: 0.64-1.26, OR:5.16; 95%CI: 0.99-23.9). @*Conclusion@#Our study showed sex differences in some vascular factors of both stroke subtypes which emphasized that we need to implement stroke prevention targeting sex-specific risk factors. While clinical characteristics and early mortality of intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemic stroke were not differed by gender.
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Background@#Globally the incidence of stroke is not decreasing, and the deaths and disabilities caused by stroke is increasing every year, especially in low and low-middle income countries.</br> Long-term trends in stroke incidence in different populations have not been well characterized, largely as a result of the complexities associated with population-based stroke surveillance.</br> Having reliable data on stroke morbidity and mortality, as well as periodic identification of long-term trends will be important information for proper prevention planning in the population, monitoring the disease and further improving the quality of health care. @*Material and Method@#A prospective cohort study has been conducted in adult citizens (972409 in 2019, 925367 in 2020) of 6 districts of Ulaanbaatar from the 1st of January, 2019 to 31st of December, 2020. All first-ever and recurrent stroke cases were included using special software, developed for stroke registry, based on the WHO STEPS approach from participating radiology departments of state hospitals, district hospitals, and some private hospitals. Information of stroke death was obtained from forensic institute and state registration office of the capital city.</br> The trends of stroke incidence and mortality was compared to data between 1998-1999 and 2019- 2020 in UB. @*Results@#The age-standardized crude incidence rate per 100.000 person-years of stroke were 209.0/100.000 (n=1934) in 2019 and 194.0/100.000 (n=1821) in 2020 among adults of UB city. The above results were compared to 1998-1999 studies and the incidence rate declined by 94.0/100.000 in 2019-2020, whereas mortality rate increased by 10.0/100.000 in women aged 16-34. Stroke mortality was 11.6% in 1998 and 26.5% in 1999, while in our study it was 33.87% in 2019 and 29.71% in 2020. Although the incidence of stroke rates has decreased in 1998-1999, the mortality rate has not decreased significantly. @*Conclusion@#Morbidity and mortality rates among the population of Ulaanbaatar citizen remain highest in the world, compared to 20 years ago with overall morbidity declining but mortality has not decreased. </br> In recent years, the Government of Mongolia has been focused on reducing non-communicable diseases, but the primary and secondary prevention and control of stroke in the general population, as well as the acquisition of knowledge attitudes, practices and access to health care still need to be improved.
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Background@#Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, especially in low-income and middle-income countries and it impacts a tremendous medical, emotional and fiscal burden on society. Due to advances in Western healthcare, the prevalence of stroke since 1970 has decreased by 42%, whereas it has more than doubled in low-income to middle-income countries. </br> Stroke is a heterogeneous, multifactorial disease regulated by modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Approximately 80% of stroke events could be prevented by making simple lifestyle modifications. In fact, nationwide characterization of well-known stroke factors in all social backgrounds is essential, however; populations can differ significantly not only in their socio-behavioral, legal, and geographical conditions, but also from other, historically understudied. Therefore, it is crucial to determine characterization of risk factors for ischemic stroke among Mongolian population.@*Objective@#To determine etiology and risk factors for ischemic stroke among Mongolian population@*Material and methods@#Our study was conducted by case-control study design. Cases were patients with acute first stroke; controls were matched with cases, recruited in a 1.2:1 ratio, for age and sex. The case series study was conducted in Stroke center of Third State Central hospital from January 2017 to December 2017. Structured questionnaires were administered and physical examinations were done in the same manner in cases and controls. Self-reported history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus or blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg and blood sugar 6.4 mmol/L or higher was used to hypertension and diabetes mellitus, respectively. Smoking status was defined as never, former, or current smoker. Alcohol use was categorized into never or former, low intake, moderate intake, and high or episodic heavy intake. Atrial fibrillation was based on previous history, review of baseline electrocardiograph results (for cases and controls). Odds ratios (OR) and logistic regression were calculated, with 95% confidence intervals. @*Results@#In total, 173 patients with ischemic stroke and 146 controls were included. The patients’ age ranged from 17 to 92, the mean age was 61.2. Ischemic stroke more frequent in man than women by 27.4%. Previous history of hypertension or blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or higher (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.48-3.88), diabetes mellitus (OR 3.08, 95% CI 1.44-6.57), hyperlipidemia (OR 5.09, 95% CI 2.64-9.82) atrial fibrillation (OR 8.70, 95% CI 2.01-37.64 ), current smoking (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.26-3.40), alcohol consumption (OR 4.75, 95% CI 2.58-8.73) were all significantly associated with ischemic stroke. The mean age was lower in patients with stroke of other determined etiology. The frequency of hypertension was higher in patients with lacunar infarct than other subtypes. Smoking was high frequent in patients with large artery atherosclerosis.@*Conclusion@#6 potentially modifiable risk factors were collectively associated with ischemic stroke and were different among ischemic stroke subtypes. The odds ratios of these risk factors are higher than other countries’ study.
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Backgroundв Previous the prevalence of myotonic dystrophy was identified very rare, because of the poor diagnostics. In fact, due to getting high quality of diagnostical equipments the disease is determined very common among people in the world. According to some researchers’s statistical data during 1980-1990 years, the prevalence was 1.1 in England, 2.4 in South Ireland, 5.0 in Switzerland per 100.000 population.Goal. The study was aimed to establish the prevalence of myotonic dystrophy in MongoliaMethod. In this study which is a part of a general epidemiological study of some hereditary neurological diseases in Mongolia since 1997, authors established the prevalence of myotonic dystrophy among 1.7 million population from 14 aimags and the capital city Ulaanbaatar during the period from 1997 to 2010.Results. The prevalence by aimags was ranged from 0.0 to 27.06 per 100.000 population. The average nationwide prevalence is 5.63 per 100.000. Several aimags, especially Gobi-Altai, Orkhon and Khuvsgul are high prevalence with over 3-5 times the average. But in Dornod, Bayan-Ulgii, Dundgobi, Zavkhan, Uvurkhangai, Khentii aimags didn’t have a case of myotonic dystrophy in their population. The rest of aimags have a prevalence from 2.45 (Uvs) to 5.0 (Ulaanbaatar) per 100.000 population.Conclusion1. The relatively high prevalence of myotonic dystrophy was determined among the Mongolian population, especially in Gobi-Altai, Orkhon and Khuvsgul aimags with over 3-5 times the average. 2. The disease is spreading through reproductive way in some isolated populations. There is also a trend of increasing incidence of the disease in urban areas apparently through mechanic way rural to urban migration. 3. The study concludes that there is a need of more intensive response to fight and prevent this disease through upgrading to the modern neurological and genetic diagnostics of the disease, and their regular and sustainable application. Consequently, there is also should be need to create and improve clinical and genetic counseling for patients with this disease.
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Background. The prevalence of hereditary spastic paraplegia or Shtrumpel disease is very various in studied countries of the world. It fluctuated between 0.43 (Bulgaria) and 72.4 (South African Republic) per 100’000 population.Method. In this study which is a part of a general epidemiological study of some hereditary neurological diseases in Mongolia since 1997, authors established the prevalence of myotonic dystrophy among 1.7 million population from 14 aimags and the capital city Ulaanbaatar during the period from 1997 to 2010.Goal. The study aimed to establish the prevalence of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) in Mongolia.Material and Method. This study is part of a general study of the epidemiology of hereditary neurological diseases in population of 14 aimags (provinces) and the capital city Ulaanbaatar (the total population covered by the study was 1’738’000) which is being carried out since 1997. The sizes of population in aimags and the city ranged from 47,800 (Southgobi) to 605,292 (Ulaanbaatar). This study report extrapolates the prevalence nationwide. Diagnosis was established by mainly clinical characteristicsResult. Study revealed 47 patients from 15 families. The prevalence of HSP by aimags was established from 0 to 13.48 per 100’000 population (Uvs aimag). The average nationwide prevalence (1’700’000 above) was established at 2.70/100’000. There are revealed 9 cases (19.1%) in ages of 0 and 14, 6 cases (12.8%) in ages of 14-19, 27 cases (57.5%) in ages of 20- 49 and 5 cases (10.6%) in age above 50.Conclusion1. By prevalence of HSP Mongolia belongs to countries with average prevalence. But the prevalence rates differ by aimags. Patients with HSP in Ulaanbaatar (11 cases) were covered by molecule-genetic analysis by types of the disease, revealing occurrences of II and IV subtypes. 2. Of all patients, 90% are below 50 years of age pointing to the early morbidity with this disease in the context of their early mortality. The situation reveals the need of further moleculegenetic and clinical studies of the types of this disease and of improvement of clinical and genetic counseling of HSP patients.