ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND In a screen of extracts from plants and fungi to detect antileishmanial activity, we found that the ethyl acetate extract of the fungus Nectria pseudotrichia, isolated from the tree Caesalpinia echinata (Brazilwood), is a promising source of bioactive compounds. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to isolate and determine the chemical structures of the compounds responsible for the antileishmanial activity of the organic extract from N. pseudotrichia. METHODS Compounds were isolated by chromatographic fractionation using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and their chemical structures were determined by analytical and spectral data and by comparison with published data. The antileishmanial activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated in intracellular amastigote forms of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis expressing firefly luciferase as reporter gene, and cytotoxicity was determined in Vero and THP-1 mammalian cell lines by MTT assay. FINDINGS Fractionation of the extract yielded seven compounds: 10-acetyl trichoderonic acid A (1), 6′-acetoxy-piliformic acid (2), 5′,6′-dehydropiliformic acid (3), piliformic acid (4), hydroheptelidic acid (5), xylaric acid D (6), and cytochalasin D (7). Compounds 1, 2 and 3 are reported here for the first time. Compounds 1, 2, and 5 were more active, with IC50 values of 21.4, 28.3, and 24.8 µM, respectively, and showed low toxicity to Vero and THP-1 cells. MAIN CONCLUSIONS N. pseudotrichia produces secondary metabolites that are more toxic to intracellular amastigote forms of L. (V.) braziliensis than to mammalian cells.
Subject(s)
Leishmania braziliensis/drug effects , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Toxicity Tests , Caesalpinia/microbiology , Cell Survival , Chlorocebus aethiops , Inhibitory Concentration 50ABSTRACT
Aiming to identify new sources of bioactive secondary metabolites, we isolated 82 endophytic fungi from stems and barks of the native Brazilian tree Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (Fabaceae). We tested their ethyl acetate extracts in several in vitro assays. The organic extracts from three isolates showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 32-64 μg/mL]. One isolate inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhimurium (MIC 64 μg/mL) and two isolates inhibited the growth of Klebsiella oxytoca (MIC 64 μg/mL), Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis (MIC 64-128 μg/mL). Fourteen extracts at a concentration of 20 μg/mL showed antitumour activities against human breast cancer and human renal cancer cells, while two isolates showed anti-tumour activities against human melanoma cancer cells. Six extracts were able to reduce the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, indicating some degree of selective toxicity. Four isolates were able to inhibit Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and one isolate inhibited Trypanosoma cruzi by at least 40% at 20 μg/mL. The trypanocidal extract obtained from Fusarium sp. [KF611679] culture was subjected to bioguided fractionation, which revealed beauvericin as the compound responsible for the observed toxicity of Fusarium sp. to T. cruzi. This depsipeptide showed a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 1.9 μg/mL (2.43 μM) in a T. cruzi cellular culture assay.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification , Food Preservatives/isolation & purification , Myrica/chemistry , Perciformes/microbiology , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Seafood/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , China , Food Quality , Food Storage , Food Preservatives/adverse effects , Food Preservatives/chemistry , Foodborne Diseases/microbiology , Foodborne Diseases/prevention & control , Gram-Negative Bacteria/growth & development , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/growth & development , Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Lipid Peroxidation , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Pacific Ocean , Proteolysis , Plant Extracts/adverse effects , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Seafood/analysisABSTRACT
Organic extracts from leaves and stems of Stillingia oppositifolia Baill. ex Müll. Arg., Euphorbiaceae, were screened for antifungal and cytotoxic properties. The extracts presented Minimum Inhibitory Concentration values around 250 µg.mL-1 against Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis, and around 63 µg.mL-1 for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. They were tested on three human cell lines (UACC-62, MCF-7, and TK-10), disclosing GI50 values, (concentration able to inhibit 50 percent of the cell growth) ranging from 50 to 100 µg.mL-1. Organic extract from stems furnished hexanic, dichloromethanic and aqueous phases after partition. Chromatographic fractionation of the hexanic soluble phase of the stems yielded aleuritolic acid 3-acetate, β-sitosterol, 3-epi-β-amyrin, β-amyrone and palmitic acid. These compounds showed antifungal and cytotoxic activities in the same range as the organic crude extract and low toxic effect against mononuclear cells obtained from human peripheral blood. This is the first report on chemical and biological potential of S. oppositifolia.
ABSTRACT
The fungus Lentinus strigosus (Pegler 1983) (Polyporaceae, basidiomycete) was selected in a screen for inhibitory activity on Trypanosoma cruzi trypanothione reductase (TR). The crude extract of L. strigosus was able to completely inhibit TR at 20 µg/ml. Two triquinane sesquiterpenoids (dihydrohypnophilin and hypnophilin), in addition to two panepoxydol derivatives (neopanepoxydol and panepoxydone), were isolated using a bioassay-guided fractionation protocol. Hypnophilin and panepoxydone displayed IC50 values of 0.8 and 38.9 µM in the TR assay, respectively, while the other two compounds were inactive. The activity of hypnophilin was confirmed in a secondary assay with the intracellular amastigote forms of T. cruzi, in which it presented an IC50 value of 2.5 µ M. Quantitative flow cytometry experiments demonstrated that hypnophilin at 4 µM also reduced the proliferation of human peripheral blood monocluear cells (PBMC) stimulated with phytohemaglutinin, without any apparent interference on the viability of lymphocytes and monocytes. As the host immune response plays a pivotal role in the adverse events triggered by antigen release during treatment with trypanocidal drugs, the ability of hypnophilin to kill the intracellular forms of T. cruzi while modulating human PBMC proliferation suggests that this terpenoid may be a promising prototype for the development of new chemotherapeutical agents for Chagas disease.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Humans , Mice , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Lentinula/chemistry , NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors , Trypanocidal Agents/pharmacology , Trypanosoma cruzi/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/isolation & purification , Flow Cytometry , Lymphocytes/drug effects , Monocytes/drug effects , Trypanocidal Agents/isolation & purification , Trypanosoma cruzi/enzymologyABSTRACT
As espécies estudadas neste trabalho foram selecionadas a partir de um estudo de triagem intitulado Bioprospecção da Biodiversidade Mineira e Desenvolvimento de Novas Drogas em Minas Gerais, em que extratos de espécies vegetais e fungos basidiomicetos, coletados em ecossistemas locais, foram submetidos a diversos ensaios biológicos. O extrato acetato em etila do meio líquido do fungo Lentinus strigosus inibiu a enzima tripanotiona redutase (TR) de Trypanosoma cruzi e seu fracionamento biomonitorado levou ao isolamento de quatro substâncias; neopanepoxidol, 6,7-epóxi-4(15)-hirsuteno-1,5-diol, hipnofilina e panepoxidona, sendo as duas últimas responsáveis pelas atividades biológicas do extrato. Esses dois metabólitos terpênicos apresentaram atividade citotóxica para três linhagens tumorais humanas (UACC-62 -melanoma; TK-10 - renal e MCF-7 - mama; CI de 3,2 μM a 11,0 μM), inibiram a proliferação de linfócitos induzidos por. fitohemaglutinina (CI de 5,9 μM e 10,0 μM), a enzima TR (CI de 48,5 μM a 1,0 μM) e o crescimento de formas amastigotas de T. cruzi (CI de 6,0 μM e 2,5 μM). Panepoxidona e hipnofilina já foram descritas anteriormente, porém, é a primeira vez que se relata o isolamento desses metabólitos em L. strigosus.
O extrato bruto etanólico de Habenaria petalodes (Orquidaceae) apresentou atividade citotóxica para três linhagens tumorais humanas a 20 μg/ mL (UACC-62 - melanoma; TK-10 -renal e MCF-7 - mama). O extrato etanólico bruto de toda a planta foi extraído com diclorometano (fração apolar) e metanol/água (fração polar) por extração líquidolíquido. A fração diclorometânica apresentou actividade citotóxica para as três linhagens de células tumorais a 20 μg/ mL e foi selecionada para posterior fracionamento biomonitorado devido a sua baixa massa e complexidade química. Devido à ausência de relatos sobre os constituintes químicos, as frações polares de Habenaria petalodes (Orquidaceae) foram priorizadas para estudo fitoquímico. A fração polar foi extraída em cartucho Sep-Pak C e forneceu as subfrações, metanólica e aquosa que foram fracionadas por técnicas cromatográficas, obtendose três derivados do ácido succínico; loroglossina, militarina e dactilorina acetilada no anel 2 e, três flavonóides: isoquercitrina, isoramnetina 3-O-β-glicopiranosídeo e 50 50 50 50. 18 isoramnetina 3,7-di-O-β-glicopiranosídeo, isolados pela primeira vez nesta espécie vegetal
Subject(s)
Humans , Basidiomycota/isolation & purification , Chagas Disease/chemically induced , Chemistry/methods , Trypanosoma cruzi/chemistryABSTRACT
As espécies estudadas neste trabalho foram selecionadas a partir de um estudo de triagem intitulado Bioprospecção da Biodiversidade Mineira e Desenvolvimento de Novas Drogas em Minas Gerais, em que extratos de espécies vegetais e fungos basidiomicetos, coletados em ecossistemas locais, foram submetidos a diversos ensaios biológicos. O extrato acetato em etila do meio líquido do fungo Lentinus strigosus inibiu a enzima tripanotiona redutase (TR) de Trypanosoma cruzi e seu fracionamento biomonitorado levou ao isolamento de quatro substâncias; neopanepoxidol, 6,7-epóxi-4(15)-hirsuteno-1,5-diol, hipnofilina e panepoxidona, sendo as duas últimas responsáveis pelas atividades biológicas do extrato. Esses dois metabólitos terpênicos apresentaram atividade citotóxica para três linhagens tumorais humanas (UACC-62 -melanoma; TK-10 - renal e MCF-7 - mama; CI de 3,2 μM a 11,0 μM), inibiram a proliferação de linfócitos induzidos por. fitohemaglutinina (CI de 5,9 μM e 10,0 μM), a enzima TR (CI de 48,5 μM a 1,0 μM) e o crescimento de formas amastigotas de T. cruzi (CI de 6,0 μM e 2,5 μM). Panepoxidona e hipnofilina já foram descritas anteriormente, porém, é a primeira vez que se relata o isolamento desses metabólitos em L. strigosus.
O extrato bruto etanólico de Habenaria petalodes (Orquidaceae) apresentou atividade citotóxica para três linhagens tumorais humanas a 20 μg/ mL (UACC-62 - melanoma; TK-10 -renal e MCF-7 - mama). O extrato etanólico bruto de toda a planta foi extraído com diclorometano (fração apolar) e metanol/água (fração polar) por extração líquidolíquido. A fração diclorometânica apresentou actividade citotóxica para as três linhagens de células tumorais a 20 μg/ mL e foi selecionada para posterior fracionamento biomonitorado devido a sua baixa massa e complexidade química. Devido à ausência de relatos sobre os constituintes químicos, as frações polares de Habenaria petalodes (Orquidaceae) foram priorizadas para estudo fitoquímico. A fração polar foi extraída em cartucho Sep-Pak C e forneceu as subfrações, metanólica e aquosa que foram fracionadas por técnicas cromatográficas, obtendose três derivados do ácido succínico; loroglossina, militarina e dactilorina acetilada no anel 2 e, três flavonóides: isoquercitrina, isoramnetina 3-O-β-glicopiranosídeo e 50 50 50 50. 18 isoramnetina 3,7-di-O-β-glicopiranosídeo, isolados pela primeira vez nesta espécie vegetal