Establishment of content determination of 5 saponins in Huoxue zhitong capsules/tablets and confirmation of illegal addition / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 5 saponins in Huoxue zhitong capsules/ tablets and to confirm the illegal addition of Panax ginseng ，Panax quiquefolium and stems and leaves of Panax notoginseng . METHODS Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used . The Agilent RRHD Eclipse Plus C18 column was used with mobile phase of water （containing 0.1% formic acid ）-acetonitrile for gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. The column temperature was 35 ℃andthesamplesizewas 2 μL. Using electrospray ionization source ，negative ion scanning was carried out in multi -reaction monitoring mode . RESULTS The linear ranges of notoginsenoside R 1，ginsenoside Rb 1， ginsenoside Rg 1，ginsenoside Rd ，ginsenoside Re ，ginsenoside Rf （an unique ingredient of P. ginseng），ginsenoside Rb （3 an unique ingredient of stems and leaves of P. notoginseng）and pseudo -ginsenoside F 11（an unique ingredient of P. quiquefolium）were 9.99- 1 499.50，9.99-1 499.50，10.01-1 500.80，9.99-1 499.10，10.00-1 500.20，9.99-1 499.50，10.01-1 500.80，9.99-1 499.00 ng/mL （R2＞0.997）；the detection limits and the quantitative limits were not higher than 2.64 and 8.06 ng/mL，respectively. RSDs of precision，repeatability and stability （24 h）tests were all less than 6%. The average recoveries of saponins in capsules and tablets were 98.72%-102.40% and 95.18%-106.47%，respectively（all RSDs ＜5%，n＝6）. In 18 batches of Huoxue zhitong capsules ，the contents of ginsenoside Re ，ginsenoside Rd ，ginsenoside Rg 1，notoginsenoside R 1 and ginsenoside Rb 1 were 291.79-426.89，427.71- 677.49，2 294.28-3 371.43，571.22-848.19 and 1 841.33-2 959.12 μg/g，respectively；the contents of ginsenoside Rb 3 were no more than 45.02 μg/g. In 22 batches of Huoxue zhitong tablets，the contents of above indicators of P. notoginseng were 44.11-393.83，80.48-549.55，393.36-3 548.57，79.83- 872.60，and 288.64-2 912.66 μg/g，respectively；the contents of ginsenoside Rb 3 were no more than 44.79 μg/g. Ginsenoside Rf and pseudo -ginsenoside F 11 were not detected in the two preparations. CONCLUSIONS The method can be used to determine the contents of saponins in Huoxue zhitong preparations . No illegal addition of P. ginseng and P. quiquefolium are found in 40 batches of preparations ，but the input of P. notoginseng in some batches of tablet samples is less .

Effect of Albiziae Flos and Polygalae Radix Alone and Their Combination on Depression-like Behavior and CREB and NOX2 Expression in Hippocampus of Chronic Unpredictable Stress-induced Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To observe the effects of Albiziae Flos （AF） and Polygalae Radix （PR） alone and their combination on the improvement of depression-like behavior in rats with chronic unpredictable stress （CUS） as well as on hippocampal ultrastructure and the expression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein （CREB） and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 （NOX2）， to explore their action mechanisms. Method:Seventy-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into the normal group， model group， AF group， PR group， AF-PR group， and fluoxetine group. Rats in all groups except for the normal group were exposed to CUS and separated feeding to induce depression. Since the first day of modeling， rats in the AF group， PR group， AF-PR group were provided with the corresponding decoction containing 1.05 g·kg^-1 total crude drug by gavage， the ones in the fluoxetine group with 2.1 mg·kg^-1 fluoxetine hydrochloride aqueous solution， and those in the normal group and model group with the distilled water， for 28 successive days. The open field test and forced swimming test were performed 1 d before modeling and 7， 14， 21， 28 d after modeling， respectively. The morphological changes in hippocampus were observed under an electron microscope on the 28^th day. The superoxide dismutase （SOD） and malondialdehyde （MDA） levels in hippocampus were detected by ultraviolet spectrophotometry， and the expression levels of CREB and NOX2 were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Western blot. Result:The behavioral experiment results showed that the number of horizontal activities and sugar water consumption in the model group declined as compared with those in the normal group， while the immobility time in the forced swimming test was prolonged （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with the model group， the AF group， PR group， and AF-PR group exhibited elevated number of horizontal activities， increased sugar water consumption but shortened immobility time in the forced swimming test （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with the AF group or PR group， the AF-PR group showed significantly different behavioral indexes （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Morphological results showed that the mitochondria of the model group were obviously swollen and the ultrastructure of the hippocampus was destroyed. By contrast， the hippocampal ultrastructure in each administration group was close to normal. The comparison with the normal group revealed that the activity of SOD in the hippocampus of the model group was significantly reduced， whereas the content of MDA was elevated （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with the model group， the AF group， PR group， and AF-PR group displayed increased activity of SOD and decreased content of MDA in the hippocampal tissues （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with AF or PR alone， the herbal pair AF-PR resulted in significant differences in the above-mentioned indexes （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. The results of Real-time PCR and Western blot demonstrated that NOX2 expression in the hippocampus of the model group was up-regulated in comparison with that in the normal group， while the CREB expression was down-regulated （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with the model group， the AF group， PR group， and AF-PR group all showed diminished NOX2 expression but elevated CREB expression in the hippocampal tissues （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）. The protein expression levels of NOX2 and CREB in the AF group or PR group were significantly different from those in the AF-PR group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Conclusion:AF and PR alone and their combination improve the depression-like behavior of rats exposed to CUS， which may be related to the reduction of oxidative stress， the up-regulation of CREB expression， and the down-regulation of NOX2 expression in hippocampus.

Effect of sanguinarine combined with cisplatin on the apoptosis of bladder cancer EJ cells / 中国药科大学学报

@#To investigate the effects of sanguinarine (Sang) combined with cisplatin (Cis) in accelerating the apoptosis of bladder cancer EJ cells, CCK-8 method was used to detect the proliferation of bladder cancer EJ cells treated with different concentrations of Sang with the IC50 values calculated. Annexin V FITC/PI method was used to detect cell apoptosis in the control group, Sang group, Cis group and the combination group. Flow cytometer was used to detect cell cycle arrested. Western blot was used to detect the influence of Bcl-2 expression in the control group, Sang group, Cis group and the combination group. Nude mouse subcutaneous tumor model was constructed to verify that the combination group could accelerate the apoptosis of bladder cancer EJ cells and reduce the side-effects on mice. The safety of the Sang was evaluated by HE staining of vital organs in mice. In vitro, Sang could significantly inhibit the proliferation of EJ cells. Compared with the control group, the number of apoptosis EJ cells in the combination group was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and more cells were arrested in G2/M phase. The expression of Bcl-2 was significantly down-regulated in the combination group (P <0.001). In vivo, compared with the control group, the tumor growth was significantly slower, and a large number of apoptotic cells were inspected (P < 0.05) of the combination group. The side effects of cisplatin were reduced in the combination group. Sang has high biosafety and little side effect. Combined Sang and Cis can increase cell cycle G2/M block, down-regulate Bcl-2 expression, promote cell apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth.

Electroacupuncture Attenuates Ischemic Brain Injury and Cellular Apoptosis via Mitochondrial Translocation of Cofilin / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the potential mechanisms of electroacupuncture (EA) to prevent ischemic stroke.@*METHODS@#The method of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was employed to establish a rat model of ischemic stroke. Seventy-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the sham group, MCAO + EA control (EC) group, and MCAO + EA (EA) group according to a random number table (n=26 per group). EA was applied to the acupoints of Baihui (DU 20) and Shenting (DU 24) 5 min and 6 h, respectively after the onset of MCAO. Rats in the sham and EC groups received only light isoflurane anesthesia for 30 min after MCAO. The neuroprotective effects of EA were evaluated by rota-rod test, neurological deficit scores and infarct volumes. Additionally, Nissl staining and immunostaining were performed to examine brain damage, rod formation, cellular apoptosis, and neuronal loss induced by ischemia. The activities of caspase-3, and expression levels of cofilin and p-cofilin in mitochondria and cytoplasm after ischemic injury were determined by Western blot.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the EC group, EA significantly improved neuromotor function and cognitive ability after ischemic stroke (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Therapeutic use of EA also resulted in a significant decrease of cofilin rod formation and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2) degradation in the cortical penumbra area compared with the EC rats (P<0.01). Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that EA stimulation significantly inhibited mitochondrial translocation of cofilin and caspase-3 cleavage (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Additionally, brain damage (infarct volume and neuropathy), cellular apoptosis and neuronal loss induced by ischemia were remarkably suppressed by EA in the cortical penumbra of rats (P<0.05 or P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#EA treatment after ischemic stroke may attenuate ischemic brain injury and cellular apoptosis through the regulation of mitochondrial translocation of cofilin, a novel mechanism of EA therapy.

Isolation and characterization of a novel strain (YH01) of Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus and expression of its glycoprotein by the baculovirus expression system / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

As one of the most important aquatic fish, Micropterus salmoides suffers lethal and epidemic disease caused by rhabdovirus at the juvenile stage. In this study, a new strain of M. salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) was isolated from Yuhang, Zhejiang Province, China, and named MSRV-YH01. The virus infected the grass carp ovary (GCO) cell line and displayed virion particles with atypical bullet shape, 300-500 nm in length and 100-200 nm in diameter under transmission electron microscopy. The complete genome sequence of this isolate was determined to include 11 526 nucleotides and to encode five classical structural proteins. The construction of the phylogenetic tree indicated that this new isolate is clustered into the Vesiculovirus genus and most closely related to the Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus. To explore the potential for a vaccine against MSRV, a glycoprotein (1-458 amino acid residues) of MSRV-YH01 was successfully amplified and cloned into the plasmid pFastBac1. The high-purity recombinant bacmid-glycoprotein was obtained from DH10Bac through screening and identification. Based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR), western blot, and immunofluorescence assay, recombinant virus, including the MSRV-YH01 glycoprotein gene, was produced by transfection of SF9 cells using the pFastBac1-gE2, and then repeatedly amplified to express the glycoprotein protein. We anticipate that this recombinant bacmid system could be used to challenge the silkworm and develop a corresponding oral vaccine for fish.

Experimental research on parameters of red blood cells in additive solution leukocytes reduced preserved in navy ship force / 军事医学

Objective To study the changes in red blood cells(RBCs),hemoglobin(Hb),hematocrit(HCT),mean corpuscular volume(MCV),RBC distribution width variation coefficient(RDW-CV)and RBC distribution width standard deviation(RDW-SD)of leukocyte-poor red blood cells preserved in navy ship force on a long voyage.Methods According to the Requirement of Health Examination for Blood Donors(GB 18467 -2011),red blood cells in additive solution leukocytes reduced were randomly collected from ten healthy voluntary blood donors one day before sailing.Each blood sample was preserved.The relevant parameters were detected as data before sailing.Each blood sample was divided into two parts,one in test group and the other in control group.Samples were taken from the two groups of leukocyte-poor red blood cells for the sampling detection after 21 days of sailing respectively.Results ①After sailing, the concentrations of RBCs and Hb declined in both groups,and the difference of RBC concentrations was not significant(P=0.319),but that of the concentrations of Hb was significant(P=0.002).②After sailing, the concentrations of HCT and MCV increased, but the change of HCT was significant(P=0.015),while that of MCV was insignificant(P=0.051).③After sailing,the concentrations of RDW-SD and RDW-CV were higher,but the change of RDW-SD was significant(P<0.001),while that of RDW-CV was not(P=0.528).Conclusion When leukocyte-poor red blood cells are preserved in navy ship force,the concentrations of RBC and Hb decrease,while the concentrations of HCT,MCV,RDW-SD and RDW-CV increase with the prolongation of preservation.A long voyage has some impact on the parameters of red blood cells in additive solution leukocytes reduced,as is the case with the conventional blood storage refrigerator(4 ±2)℃.

Biochemical indices of red blood cells in additive solution leukocytes reduced preserved in navy ship force during a long voyage / 军事医学

Objective To explore the influence on and changes in the biochemical indices of red blood cells(RBCs)in additive solution leukocytes reduced preserved in navy ship force on a long voyage.Methods According to the Requirement of Health Examination for Blood Donors(GB 18467 -2011),RBCs in additive solution leukocytes reduced were prepared from 10 healthy voluntary blood donators one day before sailing.Each blood sample was divided into two parts,one in test group and another in control group.All the groups had samples taken for the biochemical index detection after 1,3,5,7,14 and 21 days of sailing respectively.Results ①The change in total protein(P=0.235)and albumin (P=0.119)concentration was not obvious,and the difference between the two groups was not significant.②The change in total creatinine(P=0.001)and uric acid(P=0.001)concentration was obvious, but the difference between the two groups was not significant.③The change in total cholesterol(P=0.354)concentration was not obvious,but the change in triglycerides(P=0.005)concentration was significant.The difference between the two groups was not significant.④The concentration of lactate dehydrogenase, hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase increased with the time of preservation(P<0.001).The difference between the two groups was not significant.⑤The interaction between grouping effect and time effect had no significant influence on the concentration of osmolarity(OSM)(P=0.968)and glucose(Glu) (P=0.406).Between the two groups,the difference of concentrations of OSM(P=0.569)and Glu(P=0.115)was not significant.Conclusion Under the 4 class sea conditions, a long voyage has some impact on the storage of RBCs in additive solution leukocytes reduced,as in the conventional blood storage refrigerator(4 ±2)℃.The results of this study have important clinical implications for our further study of marine blood support.

Comparison of the quantitative evaluation in high-resolution CT and pulmonary function tests in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / 实用医学杂志

Objective To analyze the correlation between quantitative evaluation of high-resolution CT (HRCT) and pulmonary function tests (PFT) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and evaluate the characteristics of PFT in different CT phenotypes of COPD. Methods 65 patients with COPD underwent CT chest scan and PFT. The dimensions of subsubsegmental apical bronchi of right upper lobes were measured , which included the following parameters:airway wall thickness (T), total airway diameter (D), and pulmonary artery (PA), ratio of airway wall thickness and pulmonary artery (T/PA), thickness diameter ratio (TDR), percentage of wall area (WA%) and percentage of airway luminal area (Ai%). The percentage of total lung area occupied by low attenuation area (LAA%) was measured by lung density software. The relationship between the measurements and PFT parameters were analyzed. Patients were classified into three phenotypes based on the presence of emphysema or bronchial wall thickening evaluated by HRCT. Phenotype A: without or with little emphysema (LAA% < 25%), with or without bronchial wall thickening; Phenotype E: emphysema without bronchial wall thickening (LAA%≥25%, T/PA < 30%); Phenotype M: emphysema with bronchial wall thickening (LAA%≥25%, T/PA≥30%). The characteristics of different CT phenotypes were analyzed. Results LAA% had a good correlation with PFT parameters. PA, T/PA, WA% and Ai% also had correlation with PFT parameters. There was 53 patients of Phenotype A, 12 patients of Phenotype M. PA, T/PA, LAA%and PFT were different in two groups. Conclusions LAA%and airway quantitative measurements in HRCT have certain correlation with PFT parameters. Patients with different CT phenotypes differs in PFT parameters , which can provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Development of laparoscopic technology in biliary surgery in the past 23 years: a single-center experience / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To summarize the 23-year experience of laparoscopic biliary surgery in General Hospital of PLA and evaluate the application of laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of biliary diseases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 11 419 consecutive patients with biliary diseases undergoing laparoscopic surgery from April, 1992 and December, 2014. The disease spectrum was compared between patients treated before December 31, 2003 and those treated after the time point.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 11419 patients receiving laparoscopic surgery accounted for 56.3% of the total patients undergoing biliary surgeries during the 23 years, including 4701 male and 6718 female patients with a mean age of 50.9∓13.2 years (6-93 years). Most (80.83%) of the patients received laparoscopic surgery for gallbladder stones, and 12.53% patients had the operation for gallbladder polyps. The laparoscopic operation rate was 84.81% in patients with gallbladder stones and 34.91% in patients with extrahepatic bile duct stones, but remained low in patients with biliary carcinoma. In laparoscopic operations, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was the most frequent (96.18%) followed by operations for extrahepatic bile duct stones, in which primary suture accounted for 1.38%, traditional T tube drainage for 0.90% and laparoscopic transcystic duct exploration for 0.72%. For malignant tumors, laparoscopic technique was used mainly for the purpose of exploration (0.34%). The application of laparoscopic technique in biliary surgery tended to increase after the year 2004, especially for benign gallbladder diseases and extrahepatic bile duct stones (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Laparoscopic technique in biliary surgery is gradually replacing the traditional open operation and becomes the gold standard for the treatment of benign biliary diseases.</p>

Plasma miRNA-124 and miRNA-765 as biomarkers for severe traumatic brain injury / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To investigate the changes of plasma miRNA-124 and miRNA-765 levels in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI).Methods Thirty sTBI patients,admitted to our hospital from January 2009 to March 2010,and 24 healthy volunteers were included in the study.Quantitative RT-PCR was employed to determine the levels of miRNA-124 and miRNA-765 in the plasma and traumatic brain tissues at different time points after injury; receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to explore the potential of miRNA-124 and miRNA-765 as diagnostic TBI biomarkers.Results MiRNA-124 level dominantly increased 6 h after TBI and continued to rise 12 and 24 h,while miRNA-765 reached its peak level at 12 h after TBI in patients with sTBI,enjoying significant differences as compared with those in the matched healthy volunteers(t=2.41,P=0.001).miR-124 level (t=2.686,P=0.001) and miR-765 level (t=2.673,P=0.000) in the contusion and laceration tissues after sTBI predominantly increased as compared with those in the normal brain tissues surrounding to the contusion and laceration tissues,with significant difference.ROC curve analysis indicated that miR-124 and miR-765 were good diagnostic markers of sTBI (area under the curve:0.98 and 0.79).Conclusion Plasma-derived miR-124 and miR-765 change significantly,which could be employed as diagnostic markers for sTBI.

Increased leakage of brain antigens after traumatic brain injury and effect of immune tolerance induced by cells on traumatic brain injury / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Although traumatic brain injury can lead to opening the blood-brain barrier and leaking of blood substances (including water) into brain tissue, few studies of brain antigens leaking into the blood and the pathways have been reported. Brain antigens result in damage to brain tissues by stimulating the immune system to produce anti-brain antibodies, but no treatment has been reported to reduce the production of anti-brain antibodies and protect the brain tissue. The aim of the study is to confirm the relationship between immune injury and arachnoid granulations following traumatic brain injury, and provide some new methods to inhibit the immune injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In part one, methylene blue was injected into the rabbits' cisterna magna after traumatic brain injury, and concentrations of methylene blue and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in blood were detected to determine the permeability of arachnoid granulations. In part two, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and immature dendritic cells were injected into veins, and concentrations of interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, anti-brain antibodies (ABAb), and IL-12 were measured by ELISA on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 after injury, and the numbers of leukocytes in the blood were counted. Twenty-one days after injury, expression of glutamate in brain tissue was determined by immunohistochemical staining, and neuronal degeneration was detected by H&E staining.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In part one, blood concentrations of methylene blue and TNF-α in the traumatic brain injury group were higher than in the control group (P < 0.05). Concentrations of methylene blue and TNF-α in the trauma cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) injected group were higher than in the control cerebrospinal fluid injected group (P < 0.05). In part two, concentrations of IL-1, IFN-γ, ABAb, IL-12, expression of glutamate (Glu), neuronal degeneration and number of peripheral blood leukocytes were lower in the group with cell treatment compared to the control group. IL-10 and TGF-β were elevated compared to the control group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Traumatic brain injury can lead to stronger arachnoid granulations (AGs) permeability; umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and immature dendritic cells can induce immune tolerance and reduce inflammation and anti-brain antibodies to protect the brain tissue.</p>

Effects of quercetin on the learning and memory ability of neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of quercetin, a flavonoid, on the learning and memory ability of 3-day-old neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain white matter damage (WMD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty 3-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, WMD model,and quercetin treatment groups (20 and 40 mg/kg). There were 15 rats in each group. Rats in the WMD model and the two quercetin treatment groups were subjected to right common carotid artery ligation followed by 2 hrs of exposure to 8% O2 to induce periventricular white matter injury. After the operation quercetin was administered daily in the two quercetin treatment groups for 6 weeks. Six weeks later, Morris water maze and open-field tests were carried out to test memory and learning ability as well as behavior and cognition.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From the second day of training, escape latency in the Morris water maze test was more prolonged in the WMD model group than in the control group (P<0.01). The escape latency in the two quercetin treatment groups was shortened significantly compared with the WMD model group (P<0.05). The WMD model group crossed the original platform fewer times compared with the control and quercetin treatment groups (P<0.05). The open-field test indicated that the number of rearings increased and time spent in the centre was extended in the WMD model group compared with the control group. Compared with the WMD model group, the number of rearings was significantly reduced (P<0.05) and time spent in the centre was significantly shortened in the quercetin treatment groups (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Quercetin treatment can improve memory and learning ability as well as cognitive ability in neonates with WMD, suggesting that quercetin protects against WMD resulting from hypoxia-ischemia.</p>

Study of central venous oxygen saturation used in transfusion of hemorrhagic shock rabbits / 中国医师杂志

ObjectiveTo study central venous oxygen saturation (ScyO2) in controlled hemorrhagic shock rabbits resuscitation process as a transfusion trigger and traditional transfusion trigger of comparison.MethodsSelection New Zealand pure line of rabbit 32 only,simple randonly divided into 4 groups,groups A and B for the observation group,groups C and D as control group,groups of eight only.A,B,C,D four groups respectively by ScvO2 ≤70％,ScvO2 ≤75％,hemoglobin (Hb)≥8g/dl,blood loss for the whole blood volume≥30％ as transfusion trigger.From right femoral artery bloodletting 10 minute inside,made the MAP to about (40 ± 5 )mmHg,and maintained the blood pressure 60 minutes,established controlled hemorrhagic shock rabbits of animal model.And then started to resuscitate,with colloid and crystalloid infusion according to the proportion 1∶2,infusion rate of about 10 ～ 15ml/( kg · h),according to the blood pressure and heart rate,and proper adjustment according to the different requirements of each group conducted a blood transfusion.Monitoring based value,shock,shock treatment 30 minutes,60 minutes,120 minutes,180 minutes all time points,and various indexes of blood loss,blood transfusions,crystalloid and colloid fluid volume and so on.ResultsIn shock treatment observation group A late blood pressure,pH,BE,HCO3-,O2ER etc compared with the other three groups had obvious statistical differences ( P ＜ 0.05 ),group B with C and D two groups at the same time points each monitoring were no significant differences ( P ＞0.05 ).The volume of transfusion group C was most,compared with the other three groups were significant difference ( P ＜ 0.05 ),group D of blood transfusions than A,B two groups (P ＜ 0.05 ),groups A and B infused colloid fluid,crystal fluid volume than groups C and D ( P ＜ 0.05 ),each group blood lossed without significant difference.ConclusionScvO2 for controlled hemorrhagic shock rabbit resuscitation monitoring can guide controlled hemorrhagic shock rabbit of blood transfusions,according to ScvO2 ≤75％ transfusion with traditional according to Hb or blood loss transfusion trigger comparison,can achieve the same resuscitation effect,and can more accurately and individualized guide transfusion,reduce unnecessary blood transfusions,save resources.

Effect of erythropoietin on cognitive function in rats with traumatic brain injury / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of erythropoietin (EPO) on cognitive function in rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and investigate its mechanisms. Methods Forty-eight SD rats were equally randomized into control, sham-operated, TBI and EPO+TBI groups. TBI models were established in the later 2 groups by operation and hydraulic shock. Sham-operated group received the operation only. The EPO+TBI group was injected with EPO immediately after the success of model making; the other groups were injected with saline at the same time. On the 30th d of injury, Morris water maze was employed to evaluate the cognitive function of the rats and the expression of brain-derived growth factor (BDNF) was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results In the navigation experiment, the latent period (the rats on founding the platform) in the control and sham-operated groups was significantly shorter than that in the other 2 groups (P<0.05); that in the TBI group was statistically longer than that in the EPO+TBI group (P<0.05). In the space searching experiment, the swimming times of the rats in each quadrant were significantly different (P<0.05): the control and sham-operated groups were the longest and the TBI group was the shortest of all the 4 groups. Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of BDNF in the EPO+TBI group was significantly higher than that in the other 3 groups (P< 0.05). Conclusion TBI can damage cognitive function of the rats, while exogenous EPO may improve their memory abilities by up-regulating the expression of BDNF.

Endovascular embolization of vertibrobasilar aneurysms: report of 21 cases / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To summarize our experience with endovascular treatment of vertibrobasilar aneurysms. Methods The clinical data of 21 patients with vertibrobasilar aneurysms admitted between October, 2003 and July, 2007 were retrospectively analyzed. All the 21 patients received endovascular embolization, of whom 11 patients had embolization with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDC), 9 had GDC embolization with Neuroform stent placement, and 1 patient was managed with covered stent placement in the parent artery. Results After the operations, 19 patients were clinically cured with good prognosis, 1 patient was severely disabled, and 1 died due to heart failure. Four patients underwent ventriculo-peritoneal shunting for postoperative hydrocephalus. Conclusions Endovascular embolization with GDC and placement of Neuroform stent and covered stent are effective options for management of vertibrobasilar aneurysms, and most of the vertibrobasilar aneurysms can be treated effectively by these approaches.

Extracellular glycerol in patients with severe traumatic brain injury / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the factors affecting extracellular glycerol (Gly) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (STBI).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Perilesional extracellular Gly and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in 53 patients with STBI were consecutively monitored. Simultaneously, the intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CCP) were monitored. The hourly minimum of CCP and CBF and the hourly maximum of ICP levels were matched with the hourly Gly. Gly values were divided into several groups according to regional ICP (less than 15 mm Hg or larger than 15 mm Hg), CCP (less than 70 mm Hg or larger than 70 mm Hg), CBF (less than 50 AU or 50-150 AU) and the outcomes (death or persistent vegetative state group, severe or moderate disability group, and good recovery group).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In comparison with the severe or moderate disability group, the Gly concentration of the death or persistent vegetative state group increased significantly, but CBF and CCP decreased significantly. In comparison with the good recovery group, the Gly concentration of the severe or moderate disability group increased significantly, but CBF and CCP decreased significantly. The Gly concentrations in patients with ICP larger than 15 mm Hg, CCP less than 70 mm Hg and CBF less than 50 AU were respectively higher than those of patients with ICP less than 15 mm Hg, CCP larger than 70 mm Hg and 50 AU less than CBF less than 150 AU. In patients with diffuse axial injury, the mean Gly concentration was (201.17+/-55.00) micromol/L, which was significantly higher than that of the patients with epidural hematoma (n equal to 7, 73.26+/-8.37, P less than 0.05) or subdural hematoma (n equal to 9, 114.67+/-62.88, P less than 0.05), but it did not increase significantly when compared with those in patients with contusion(n equal to 24, 167.48+/-52.63).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Gly can be taken as a marker for degradation of membrane phospholipids and ischemia, which reflects the severity of primary or secondary insult.</p>

Effect of mild hypothermia on glucose metabolism and glycerol of brain tissue in patients with severe traumatic brain injury / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of mild hypothermia on glucose metabolism and glycerol of brain tissue in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (STBI) using clinical microdialysis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-one patients with STBI(GCS less than or equal to 8) were randomly divided into hypothermic group(Group A) and control group(Group B). Microdialysis catheters were inserted into the cerebral cortex of perilesional and normal brain tissue. All samples were analyzed using CMA microdialysis analyzer.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In comparison with the control group, lactate/glucose ratio(L/G), lactate/pyruvate ratio(L/P) and glycerol(Gly) in perilensional tissue were significantly decreased; L/P in normal brain tissue was significantly decreased. In control group, L/G, L/P and Gly in perilensional tissue were higher than that in normal brain tissue. In the hypothermic group, L/P in perilensional tissue was higher than that in relative normal brain.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Mild hypothermia protects brain tissues by decreasing L/G, L/P and Gly in perilensional tissue and L/P in "normal brain" tissues. The energy crisis and membrane phospholipid degradation in perilensional tissue are easier to happen after traumatic brain injury, and mild hypothermia protects brain better in perilensional tissue than in normal brain tissue.</p>

Influence of temperature on extracellular glucose and lactate after traumatic brain injury / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the changes of extracellular glucose (Glu), lactate (Lac), and the ratio of lactate/pyruvate (L/P) in patients with traumatic brain injury under different body temperatures.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Catheters for microdialysis were punctured into the penumbra zone of injured brain tissue (INJ), relatively normal brain tissue (NOR), and abdominal subcutaneous tissue (ABD) respectively in 51 patients to collect the fluid. The perfusion rate was 0.3 microl/min and one tube of fluid was collected for each hour. The average collection time was (67.10 +/- 18.27) hours. Concentrations of Glu, Lac, and pyruvate (Pyru) in the fluid were analyzed using CMA microdialysis analyzer. Patients were divided into 7 groups according to their rectal temperature (RT) values, which were RT < 33.0 degrees C, 33.0-33.9 degrees C, 34.0-34.9 degrees C, 35.0-35.9 degrees C, 36.0-36.9 degrees C, 37.0-37.9 degrees C, and > or = 38.0 degrees C.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The concentration of Glu in ABD was significantly higher than that in the brain tissue (P < 0.05). The Glu in NOR were significantly higher and the highest in 33.0 degrees C compared with that in the INJ when RT < 36.0 degrees C (P < 0.05). The concentration of Lac in ABD was significantly lower than that in brain (P < 0.05). The Lac in NOR were much higher than that in INJ when RT < 35.0 degrees C or > or = 37.0 degrees C (P < 0.05). The ratio of L/P decreased along with the increase of body temperature (P < 0.001). The ratio of L/P significantly decreased in an order of INJ > ABD > NOR when RT was lower than 33.0 degrees C, which was changed to the order of NOR > INJ > ABD when RT was higher than 34.0 degrees C.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Treatment of hypothermia may play more protective role when RT were between 33-34 degrees C or 36-37 degrees C.</p>

Application of continuous monitoring of jugular venous oxygen saturation in the course of mild hypothermia treatment of severe traumatic brain injury / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To discuss significance of continuous monitoring of jugular venous oxygen saturation(S_(jv)O_2)in the course of mild hypothermia treatment(MHT)for severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI).Methods Intracranial pressure(ICP),S_(jv)O_2 and brain tissue pressure(P_(bt)O_2)were contin- uously monitored in 36 cases with sTBI for analyzing the correlation between S_(jv)O_2 and P_(bt)O_2.Results (1)There was negative linear correlation between P_(bt)O_2 and ICP(r=-0.978,P＜0.05),negative lin- ear correlation between S_(jv)O_2 and ICP(r=-0.947,P＜0.05)and positive linear correlation between P_(bt)O_2 and S_(jv)O_2(r=0.965,P＜0.05)within 24 hours and at 36 hours and 48 hours after injury.(2) The cases with decreased S_(jv)O_2 value had a worse outcome than those with normal S_(jv)O_2.meanwhile,the cases with abnormal increase of S_(jv)O_2 value had worse prognosis.Prognnsis was improved significantly with increase of S_(jv)O_2 in certain range(P＜0.05).Conclusion Continuous monitoring of S_(jv)O_2 can reflect the condition of hemicerebral oxygen metabolism and guide treatment and predicting outcome.