A large and pedunculated inflammatory pseudotumor with pseudosarcomatous change of the cecum mimicking a malignant polyp: a case report and literature review

Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) is a rare benign tumor of unknown etiology that can occur in almost any organ system. It has neoplastic features such as local recurrence, invasive growth, and vascular invasion, leading to the possibility of malignant sarcomatous changes. The clinical presentations of colonic IPT may include abdominal pain, anemia, a palpable mass, and intestinal obstruction. A few cases of colonic IPT have been reported, but colonic IPT with pedunculated morphology is very rare. Furthermore, since it can mimic malignant polyps, understanding the endoscopic findings of colonic IPT is important for proper treatment. Herein, we present a case of colonic IPT with pseudosarcomatous changes, presenting as a large polyp, mimicking a malignant polyp in the cecum, along with a literature review.

Clinical and endoscopic characteristics of sessile serrated lesions with dysplasia/carcinoma

Background/Aims@#Some sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) progress into dysplasia and colorectal cancer, however, the clinical and endoscopic characteristics of SSLs with dysplasia remain to be determined. In this study, we elucidated these characteristics in SSLs with dysplasia/carcinoma, compared with those of SSLs without dysplasia. @*Methods@#We retrospectively collected the clinical, endoscopic, and pathological data of 254 SSLs from 216 patients endoscopically resected between January 2009 and December 2020. @*Results@#All SSLs included 179 without dysplasia and 75 with dysplasia/carcinoma, including 55 with low-grade dysplasia, 10 with high-grade dysplasia, and 10 with submucosal cancer. In clinical characteristics, SSLs with dysplasia/carcinoma were significantly associated with advanced age, metabolic diseases, and high-risk adenomas. In endoscopic characteristics, SSLs with dysplasia/carcinoma were significantly associated with the distal colon, large size, polypoid morphology, surface-changes, no mucus cap, and narrow-band imaging international colorectal endoscopic classification (NICE) type 2/3. In the multivariate analysis, high-risk adenomas (odds ratio [OR], 2.98; p = 0.01), large size (OR, 1.18; p < 0.01), depression (OR, 11.74; p = 0.03), and NICE type 2/3 (OR, 14.97; p < 0.01) were significantly associated with SSLs with dysplasia/carcinoma. @*Conclusions@#SSLs had a higher risk of dysplasia in the distal colon than in the proximal colon. SSLs with large size, depression, and adenomatous surface-patterns, as well as those in patients with high-risk adenomas, increased the risk of dysplasia/ carcinoma. This suggests that the clinical and endoscopic characteristics can aid in the diagnosis and management of SSLs with dysplasia/carcinoma.

Olmesartan-associated Enteropathy with Acute Kidney Injury / 대한소화기학회지

Olmesartan, a recently introduced angiotensin II receptor blocker for hypertension, has been reported to cause drug-induced small bowel enteropathy. The diagnosis of olmesartan-associated enteropathy (OAE) needs clinical suspicion and the exclusion of coeliac disease, as it mimics coeliac sprue. Once diagnosed, it can be completely cured with the discontinuation of olmesartan. However, due to the extremely low incidence of OAE in Korea, clinical suspicion and diagnosis may be a challenge. The authors report the first case of OAE presenting with chronic diarrhea and acute kidney injury in Korea.

Endoscopic Features of Submucosal Invasion in Undifferentiated-type Early Gastric Cancer Less than 20 mm in Size without Ulceration

Background/Aims@#The prediction of invasion depth is important to decide the treatment modality for undifferentiated-type early gastric cancer (EGC) less than 20 mm in size without ulceration. We aimed to identify the endoscopic features associated with submucosal invasion in undifferentiated-type EGC that meet the criteria of size and ulcer status. @*Methods@#A total of 120 patients with undifferentiated-type EGC who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) or gastrectomy between August 2008 and December 2017 were enrolled and reviewed retrospectively. All lesions met the ESD indications except for the invasion depth. We analyzed the endoscopic features of the tumors before resection and invasion depth after resection. @*Results@#There were 97 mucosal and 23 submucosal cancer lesions. Multivariable analysis revealed that the polypoid (OR, 90.8; 95% CI, 3.5~2,346.2) or elevated (OR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.2~21.3) types, deep depression (OR, 76.0; 95% CI, 4.5~1,284.6), and upper (OR, 22.7; 95% CI, 3.0~170.8) or middle location (OR, 10.3; 95% CI, 1.9~55.4) were significant risk factors of submucosal invasion. @*Conclusions@#The treatment modality for undifferentiated-type EGC of the polypoid/elevated type or with deep depression located in the upper two-thirds of the stomach should be carefully considered, even if the tumor size and ulcer status meet the ESD indications.

Endoscopic Features of Submucosal Invasion in Undifferentiated-type Early Gastric Cancer Less than 20 mm in Size without Ulceration

Background/Aims@#The prediction of invasion depth is important to decide the treatment modality for undifferentiated-type early gastric cancer (EGC) less than 20 mm in size without ulceration. We aimed to identify the endoscopic features associated with submucosal invasion in undifferentiated-type EGC that meet the criteria of size and ulcer status. @*Methods@#A total of 120 patients with undifferentiated-type EGC who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) or gastrectomy between August 2008 and December 2017 were enrolled and reviewed retrospectively. All lesions met the ESD indications except for the invasion depth. We analyzed the endoscopic features of the tumors before resection and invasion depth after resection. @*Results@#There were 97 mucosal and 23 submucosal cancer lesions. Multivariable analysis revealed that the polypoid (OR, 90.8; 95% CI, 3.5~2,346.2) or elevated (OR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.2~21.3) types, deep depression (OR, 76.0; 95% CI, 4.5~1,284.6), and upper (OR, 22.7; 95% CI, 3.0~170.8) or middle location (OR, 10.3; 95% CI, 1.9~55.4) were significant risk factors of submucosal invasion. @*Conclusions@#The treatment modality for undifferentiated-type EGC of the polypoid/elevated type or with deep depression located in the upper two-thirds of the stomach should be carefully considered, even if the tumor size and ulcer status meet the ESD indications.

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Presenting with Chronic Abdominal Pain and Iron Deficiency Anemia / 대한내과학회지

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare acquired disorder of hematopoietic stem cells characterized by chronic intravascular hemolysis, nocturnal hemoglobinuria, thromboembolic events and secondary bone marrow failure caused by uncontrolled complement activation. Generally, chronic abdominal pain and iron deficiency anemia are considered typical symptoms of gastrointestinal diseases, but are also common in PNH. We report a case of PNH presenting with chronic abdominal pain and iron deficiency anemia, along with a relevant literature review.

Usefulness and Complications of Needle Knife Fistulotomy as a Rescue Procedure in Patients with Pancreaticobiliary Disease / 대한소화기학회지

Background/Aims@#Needle knife fistulotomy (NKF) is a technique to facilitate pancreatic and biliary duct access during ERCP. The double-guidewire technique (DGT) is also used in cases of difficult cannulation, but it can increase the incidence of post-ERCP-pancreatitis (PEP). This study examined the success and complication rates of NKF after unsuccessful standard cannulation or DGT in patients with pancreaticobiliary disease. @*Methods@#The data of 209 patients who received NKF as a rescue procedure between January 2009 and December 2016 were reviewed retrospectively. The cannulation success and complication rates were assessed. @*Results@#The overall cannulation success rate was 90.4%. The success rates of patients who received NKF after standard cannulation or DGT were similar (82.6% [142/172] and 73.0% [27/37], respectively, p=0.179). Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the incidence of procedure-related adverse events between the two groups (10.5% [18/172] and 16.2% [6/37], respectively, p=0.391). Endoscopic retrograde pancreatic drainage (ERPD) insertion decreased the incidence of PEP (0% [0/16] in ERPD and 14.6% [19/130] in non-ERPD, p=0.132) among patients who received PD cannulation. @*Conclusions@#NKF is an effective and safe method that can be considered for rescue management after the initial failure of standard cannulation or DGT. NKF following standard cannulation can be preferred over NKF following DGT because of the higher success rate and the lower rate of pancreatitis, but the difference was not significant. PD stenting in patients at high risk of PEP can be considered to decrease pancreatitis.

Endoscopic Removal of Gastric Lipoma with Hemorrhage Using Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection / 대한내과학회지

Most upper gastrointestinal lipomas occur in the duodenal second portion, and gastric lipomas are rare. Most lipomas are usually asymptomatic, but symptoms such as abdominal pain, intussusception, ulceration, and intestinal obstruction may occur depending on the size and location and, rarely, can cause bleeding. Endoscopic polypectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection, and surgical resection are the treatments of choice for lipomas with intestinal obstruction or bleeding. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding from lipoma is mostly of duodenal origin and very rarely from the stomach. Here, we report a case of successful treatment of gastric lipoma with massive bleeding by endoscopic resection.

Endoscopic Removal of Gastric Lipoma with Hemorrhage Using Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection / 대한내과학회지

Most upper gastrointestinal lipomas occur in the duodenal second portion, and gastric lipomas are rare. Most lipomas are usually asymptomatic, but symptoms such as abdominal pain, intussusception, ulceration, and intestinal obstruction may occur depending on the size and location and, rarely, can cause bleeding. Endoscopic polypectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection, and surgical resection are the treatments of choice for lipomas with intestinal obstruction or bleeding. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding from lipoma is mostly of duodenal origin and very rarely from the stomach. Here, we report a case of successful treatment of gastric lipoma with massive bleeding by endoscopic resection.

Liver Abscess Secondary to Perforation after Duodenal Endoscopic Resection / 대한소화기학회지

Duodenal perforation is a complication of endoscopic mucosal resection. Liver abscess secondary to iatrogenic perforation is extremely rare. A 43-year-old female visited the hospital to remove a sub-epithelial tumor on the duodenal bulb. After endoscopic mucosal resection with band ligation, duodenal perforation occurred. Endoscopic closure was performed successfully using a clipping device to manage duodenal perforation. After 4 weeks, the patient visited our outpatient clinic due to abdominal pain and fever. Abdominal computed tomography showed liver abscess that involved segment three. Liver abscess was resolved with a 10-week antibiotic treatment. To the best of our knowledge, no case of liver abscess secondary to duodenal perforation by endoscopic resection was reported to date in Korea. Here, we report a case of liver abscess caused by a duodenal perforation after endoscopic mucosal resection.

Intracystic Papillary Neoplasm of the Gallbladder Arising from a Localized Adenomyomatous Hyperplasia / 대한췌담도학회지

Adenomyomatous hyperplasia (AMH) of the gallbladder commonly accompanies chronic cholecystitis and may be classified into three types according to the gross features: segmental, localized (fundal), and diffuse types. In situ or invasive carcinomas arising from and confined to AMH are rarely observed, especially of the segmental type. Intracystic papillary neoplasm (IPN) is one of the precancerous lesions of the gallbladder. IPN usually grows into the lumen and produces a polypoid or papillary mass. Here, we report an extremely rare case of IPN arising from and limited to a localized AMH incidentally detected in a brain-dead 68-year-old female patient during organ harvesting.

Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of DA-9601 versus Its New Formulation, DA-5204, in Patients with Gastritis: Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Non-Inferiority Study

This study compared the efficacy of DA-9601 (Dong-A ST Co., Seoul, Korea) and its new formulation, DA-5204 (Dong-A ST Co.), for treating erosive gastritis. This phase III, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, non-inferiority trial randomly assigned 434 patients with endoscopically proven gastric mucosal erosions into two groups: DA-9601 3 times daily or DA-5,204 twice daily for 2 weeks. The final analysis included 421 patients (DA-5204, 209; DA-9601, 212). The primary endpoint (rate of effective gastric erosion healing) and secondary endpoints (cure rate of endoscopic erosion and gastrointestinal [GI] symptom relief) were assessed using endoscopy after the treatment. Drug-related adverse events (AEs), including GI symptoms, were also compared. At week 2, gastric healing rates with DA-5204 and DA-9601 were 42.1% (88/209) and 42.5% (90/212), respectively. The difference between the groups was −0.4% (95% confidence interval, −9.8% to 9.1%), which was above the non-inferiority margin of −14%. The cure rate of gastric erosion in both groups was 37.3%. The improvement rates of GI symptoms with DA-5204 and DA-9601 were 40.4% and 40.8%, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in both secondary endpoints. AEs were reported in 18 (8.4%) patients in the DA-5204 group and 19 (8.8%) in the DA-9601 group. Rates of AE were not different between the two groups. No serious AE or adverse drug reaction (ADR) occurred. These results demonstrate the non-inferiority of DA-5204 compared to DA-9601. DA-5204 is as effective as DA-9601 in the treatment of erosive gastritis. Registered randomized clinical trial at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02282670)

A Case of Intramural Hematoma of the Esophagus Mimicking Acute Coronary Syndrome / 대한소화기학회지

Intramural hematoma of the esophagus is a rare condition that can be spontaneous or secondary to trauma, toxic ingestion, or intervention. If it is the spontaneous type, it usually presents initially with epigastric pain, hematemesis or dysphagia. We present a case of intramural hematoma of the esophagus mimicking acute coronary syndrome. A 63-year-old man presented with severe acute chest pain. He has four coronary stents that were inserted five years ago, from a different hospital, and is on dual antiplatelet agents. Coronary angiography was performed immediately under the suspicion of acute coronary syndrome, and we found that there was no obvious clogging of the coronary arteries. Next, chest computed tomography was performed due to suspected aortic dissection, and the result was also negative. Four days later, endoscopy was performed and intramural hematoma covered with large ulcers was diagnosed.

Clinical Outcomes of Dilation Therapy for Anastomotic Esophageal Stricture / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Benign esophageal stricture after esophagectomy is not an infrequent complication. Anastomotic esophageal stricture requires frequent multiple dilations. We aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of dilation therapies using an endoscopic balloon or bougie dilator and analyzed the risk factors associated with refractory stricture. METHODS: Between January 2009 and May 2016, the medical records of 21 patients treated with endoscopic balloon dilation or bougie dilation for esophageal anastomotic strictures were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: During the study periods, a total of 21 patients were diagnosed with esophageal anastomotic stricture and included for analysis (17 male; mean age, 68.2±7.2 years at the first procedure). The mean stricture length was 6.4±8.1 mm. The refractory stricture was found in 28.6% of patients, and successful relief of dysphagia was achieved in 71.4% of patients. The major complication associated with dilations was absent. Factors associated with refractory stricture were stricture length (> 10 mm, p<0.049) and diabetes mellitus (p=0.035). Additive bougie dilations achieved clinical success in 4 out of 7 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Dilation with endoscopic balloon or bougie dilator was an effective and safe procedure for benign anastomotic esophageal strictures of less than 10 mm in length.

Hemosuccus Pancreaticus in the Simple Mucinous Cyst of the Pancreas / 대한소화기학회지

Hemosuccus pancreaticus is an unusual gastrointestinal hemorrhage through the main pancreatic duct. We report a rare case of hemosuccus pancreaticus due to a simple mucinous cyst of the pancreas. A 52-year-old man who had been followed-up for a suspected branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) visited the emergency room due to hematochezia. Endoscopy showed active bleeding from the ampulla. Computed tomography revealed hemorrhage in a 2.0-cm cystic mass in the pancreatic body. The patient was diagnosed with hemosuccus pancreaticus caused by bleeding into the main pancreatic duct from suspected IPMN. Elective laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy was performed. The histopathological diagnosis was a simple mucinous cyst with squamous metaplasia based upon the pathological finding involving the absence of ovarian-type stroma. In conclusion, it should be recognized that a pancreatic cyst including simple mucinous cyst may cause hemosuccus pancreaticus, and these cysts should be viewed as neoplastic and approached similarly as other mucinous pancreatic neoplasms.

The Diagnosis of Metastatic Malignant Melanoma Incidentally Found during a National Health Screening Endoscopy: A Case Report / 대한소화기학회지

Malignant melanoma is one of the most common malignant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. It has been reported that the malignant melanoma metastasizes not only to the small intestine due to the abundant blood supply, but also to the stomach, colon, and esophagus. Gastrointestinal metastasis is usually suspected depending on the clinical symptoms, as well as based on radiological or endoscopic findings. Imunohistochemical stains, such as Melan-A/Melanoma antigen recognized by T cell-1 or human melanoma black-45, are useful for confirming the diagnosis of malignant melanoma. A 44-year-old male received an operation due to a malignant melanoma at the left thumb two years ago. On the national health screening endoscopy, a submucosal tumor with hyperemic change on the top was found. The final diagnosis was a metastatic malignant melanoma in the stomach, pancreas, and pelvic bone. We recommend that endoscopists should consider the potential malignancy of subepithelial tumor with mucosa change, despite the tumor size being less than 1 cm.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-guided Biliary Drainage / 대한소화기학회지

The therapeutic role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has continued to evolve in recent years. EUS-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) can be performed as an effective alternative to percutaneous drainage or surgical options when conventional Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography fails or is not possible. Depending on the access and exit routes of the stent, multiple approaches to EUS-BD have been proposed. Each patient should receive an individualized approach based on the patient's condition, anatomy, and endoscopist's experience, with an appropriate backup prepared. In high-volume centers, the cumulative success rate has been reported to be over 90%. However, the reported overall complication rate remains relatively high at 10-30%. Further studies are necessary to better understand the long-term results and standardize EUS-BD, including appropriate indications and optimal approach.

The Value of Computed Tomography in Preoperative N Staging of Early Gastric Cancer Meeting the Endoscopic Resection Criteria / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study evaluated the value of abdominal computed tomography (CT) in preoperative N staging of early gastric cancers (EGCs) within standard and expanded indications of endoscopic resection (ER) and investigated the factors affecting accuracy. METHODS: Between March 2009 and March 2016, a total of 268 patients with EGC within the standard and expanded indications of ER underwent preoperative abdominal CT and surgical gastrectomy with lymph node (LN) dissection. Preoperative N staging of CT was compared with the pathologic result. RESULTS: The accuracy of N staging for EGCs within the standard and expanded indications was 86.1% (235/268). There was no LN metastasis in patients with cN1 in CT staging. LN metastasis was found in 7 patients with EGCs that met the expanded ER indication and cN0 in CT staging. According to the univariate analysis, ulcers, including scars, were associated with the false positive of lymph node metastasis in abdominal CT (odds ratio 3.56; 95% confidence interval 1.56–8.15). CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that the value of abdominal CT is limited for nodal staging of EGCs that meet the ER indication.

Correction: The Value of Computed Tomography in Preoperative N Staging of Early Gastric Cancer Meeting the Endoscopic Resection Criteria / 대한소화기학회지

This correction is being published to correct Figure in the article.

Emergency endoscopic variceal ligation in cirrhotic patients with blood clots in the stomach but no active bleeding or stigmata increases the risk of rebleeding

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of emergency variceal ligation for the prevention of rebleeding in cirrhotic patients who are found on initial endoscopy to have blood clots in the stomach but no actively bleeding esophageal and gastric varices or stigmata. METHODS: This study included 28 cirrhotic patients who underwent emergency prophylactic EVL and 41 who underwent an elective intervention between January 2009 and June 2014. Clinical outcomes were analyzed, including the rebleeding, 6-week mortality, and rebleeding-free survival rates. RESULTS: The rebleeding rate was higher in the emergency than in the elective group (28.6% vs. 7.3%, P=0.041). Multivariate analysis showed that emergency prophylactic EVL (odds ratio [OR] = 7.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.634.8, P=0.012) and Child-Pugh score C (OR=10.6, 95% CI=1.4-80.8, P=0.022) were associated with rebleeding. In the emergency group, the gastric varices were associated with rebleeding (OR=12.0, 95% CI=1.7-83.5, P=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Emergency EVL may be associated with variceal rebleeding when blood clots are present in the stomach without active esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding or stigmata. Elective intervention should be considered as a safer strategy for preventing variceal rebleeding in this situation.