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Cytochrome P450 (CYP46A1) is a central neuro-specific metabolic enzyme that converts cholesterol into 24-hydroxycholesterol. This metabolic process is the main mechanism of cholesterol elimination in brain and is closely related to the occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases. This review focuses on the relationship between CYP46A1 and neurodegenerative diseases, from the aspects of regulatory mechanism of CYP46A1 enzyme, the relationship between CYP46A1 and cognitive dysfunction, epileptic encephalopathy, and CYP46A1 enzyme activity modifiers (inhibitors and agonists) to illustrate the pivotal role of CYP46A1 in the development and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases in hope of providing new target and direction for the research and development of new drugs.
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Objective:To compare the effects of intravenous anesthesia between propofol and etomidate in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery and their effects on plasma nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1).Methods:The clinical data of 80 patients with laparoscopic surgery in Guangrao People′s Hospital from March 2017 to March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 40 cases were given propofol intravenous anesthesia (propofol group), and 40 cases were given etomidate intravenous anesthesia (etomidate group). The anesthetic effect, plasma NO and ET-1 levels, hemodynamic indexes and adverse reactions (muscle spasm, nausea and vomiting, injection site pain, body movement and respiratory depression) were compared between the two groups.Results:The time of consciousness disappearance, tracheal intubation, eye opening, spontaneous breathing and speech response in etomidate group were significantly shorter than those in propofol group: (57.48 ± 2.63) s vs. (86.17 ± 7.41) s, (4.39 ± 2.56) min vs. (6.42 ± 2.58) min, (5.39 ± 2.56) min vs. (9.42 ± 2.58) min, (5.21 ± 1.99) min vs. (8.75 ± 2.54) min and (8.39 ± 2.56) min vs. (8.39 ± 2.56) min, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The levels of NO and ET-1 in the etomidate group were significantly lower than those in the propofol group at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 h after pneumoperitoneum ( P< 0.05). The levels of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and oxygen saturation (SpO 2) in the etomidate group were significantly higher than those in the propofol group: (78.42 ± 4.68) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) vs. (74.11 ± 6.63) mmHg, (132.86 ± 8.71) mmHg vs. (111.24 ± 3.56) mmHg and 0.982 ± 0.032 vs. 0.953 ± 0.043, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the etomidate group was significantly lower than that in the propofol group: 17.5% (7/40) vs. 47.5% (19/40), P<0.05. Conclusions:Compared with propofol intravenous anesthesia, etomidate intravenous anesthesia in laparoscopic surgery patients has more stable hemodynamics and better anesthetic effect. It can effectively inhibit the release of NO and ET-1, and has higher safety.
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Objective To extract hyperoside from the leaves of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus by complex enzyme method, and optimize the extraction process by orthogonal experiment. Methods Hyperoside was determined by HPLC. Effects of temperature,α-amylase, neutral protease and cellulase on extraction rate were detected by the orthogonal tests, and the optimum extraction condition of hyperoside from the leaves of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus was determined by complex enzyme method. Results The main influence factor was temperature,follows byα-amylase, neutral protease and cellulase according to orthogonal analysis.The best condition was as follows: dose of cellulase, neutral protease and α-amylase was 2%, 0. 5% and 3%, respectively, extract at temperature of 30 ℃for 10 min. Under this condition, the extraction rate of hyperoside in the leaves of Acanthopanax senticosus was 0.52%. Conclusion As compared with the traditional technics, compound enzyme increases the productivity of hyperoside.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the correlation between metabolic tumour volume (MTV) and microvessel density (MVD) and blood-borne metastasis in colorectal carcinoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-six patients with CRC conformed by pathology underwent PET-CT examination before operation. SUVmax and MTV were obtained by PET VCRA software. The blood vessels were identified with CD34 immunohistochemical staining, and the MVD was recorded. The correlation between SUVmax and MTV with histological differentiation, T stage, MVD and blood-borne metastasis was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The SUVmax, MTV and MVD in patients with blood-borne metastasis were 5.15 ± 5.41, (22.99 ± 18.63) cm³ and 14.17 ± 3.63, and were 10.65 ± 3.79, (16.95 ± 11.82) cm³ and 11.27 ± 3.69, respectively, in patients with non-blood-borne metastasis. The differences of SUVmax, MTV and MVD between blood-borne metastasis and non-blood-borne metastasis patients were statistically significant (all P > 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis found that there was no linear correlation between SUVmax and MVD, and the SUVmax was not statistically significant between high and low MVD groups (t = 0.919, P = 0.364). But there was a linear correlation between MTV and MVD (r = 0.621, P = 0.000), and the MTV was statistically significant between high and low MVD groups (t = 3.567, P = 0.001). The receiver-operating characteristic curves showed that MTV could be used to predict blood-borne metastasis of CRC, and the best cutoff value for MTV was 14.975 cm³, and the sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value were 85.7%, 54.5%, 72.3% and 64.2%, respectively. There were no significant relationships between SUVmax, MTV, MVD, blood-borne metastasis and histological differentiation (P > 0.05). With the increased T stage, the MTV, MVD and the probability of blood-borne metastasis were also increased (all P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There are correlations between MTV and MVD and blood-borne metastasis in CRC. The risk of blood-borne metastasis in patients with MTV > 14.975 cm³ is higher, and needs to take more effective intervention.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Colorectal Neoplasms , Diagnostic Imaging , Pathology , Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 , Microvessels , Pathology , Multimodal Imaging , Neoplasm Staging , Neoplastic Cells, Circulating , Positron-Emission Tomography , ROC Curve , Radiopharmaceuticals , Sensitivity and Specificity , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
This study was aimed to optimize the extraction process of double-marker components for Arctium lappa L. The central composite design and response surface methodology was used. According to 3 main factors, the extraction rates of arctiin and arctigenin was used as evaluation indexes. Multiple linear regression and two-order polynomial equation were used. The binomial fitting model was performed in the optimization of arctiin and arctigenin extraction technology. The results showed that the indentified optimized extraction technology of arctiin and arctigenin was 70% ethanol, 24-fold, ultrasonic solvent extraction for 15 minutes. It was concluded that this technology was able to extract large amount of arctiin and arctigenin, which provided experiment evidences for arctiin and arctigenin preparation. It also provided references for the development and utilization of arctiin and arctigenin.
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Objective To investigate the effects of supreme laryngeal mask airway (SLMA) and endotracheal intubation on the elderly hypertensive patients treated with knee arthroplasty. Methods Forty cases of elderly hypertensive patients ASA Ⅰ-Ⅲ treated with knee arthroplasty in our hospital were selected and randomly divided into laryngeal mask airway group (group LMA)and endotracheal intubation (group TT),20 cases for each group.The same protocol for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia was used.After the patients entering,the changes of SpO2 and ECG were performed continuous noninvasive monitoring and SBP,DBP and HR were performed con-tinuous invasive monitoring.SBP,DBP and HR of two groups were recorded at different time points:before anesthesia induction (T0 ,based value),at intubation immediate (T1 ),5 mins after intubation (T2 )and 1 5 mins after intubation (T3 ).At the same time,the content of cortisol (Cor),atrial natri-uretic peptide (ANP)and the concentration of epinephrine (E)and norepinephrine (NE)were meas-ured at the corresponding time points above.Results Compared with T0 ,SBP and DBP at T1-T3 in group LMA were decreased(P <0.05 or P <0.01);SBP and DBP at T1 in group TT were increased while decreased at T2 ,T3 ,HR at T1 were increased(P < 0.05 or P < 0.01 ).Compared with group LMA,SBP and DBP at T1-T3 and HR at T1 ,T2 in group TT were increased (P <0.05 or P <0.01). Compared with T0 and group LMA,the content of E,NE and Cor at T1-T3 increased(P <0.05 or P <0.01).The level of ANP in both groups at T1-T3 were higher than those at T0 ,and group TT were higher than group LMA(P <0.01).Conclusion Compared to endotracheal intubation,SLAM can ef-fectively reduce the stress reaction of elderly hypertensive patients treated with general anesthesia in knee arthroplasty.