Clinical application of Chinese Nanjing persistent vegetative state scale / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#It is a challenge to characterize the consciousness level of patients with severe disturbance of consciousness and predict their prognosis effectively for Chinese doctors. We aimed to investigate the psychometric property and the diagnostic practicality of severe disturbance of consciousness by Chinese Nanjing persistent vegetative state scale (CNPVSS) which was first set up in 1996 and modified in 2001 and 2011.@*METHODS@#The concurrent validity, inter-rater consistency and diagnostic accuracy of CNPVSS and Chinese version of coma recovery scale-revised (CRS-R) were investigated by assessment of 380 patients with severe disorders of consciousness.@*RESULTS@#Total scores of the CNPVSS were correlated significantly with that of the CRS-R, indicating acceptable concurrent validity. Sub-scale analysis showed moderate to high inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability. CNPVSS was superior to CRS-R on the diagnosis sensitivity. The CNPVSS was able to distinguish 65 patients in emergence from minimal consciousness state who were misclassified as in minimal consciousness state (MCS) by the CRS-R, and it could also distinguish two patients in MCS who were misclassified as in vegetative state by the CRS-R.@*CONCLUSION@#The CNPVSS is an appropriate measurement and is sensitive to distinguish the MCS patients from the VS patients.

Effect of acupuncture at different time points on kidney function and oxygen free radical metabolism in rats with simulated weightlessness / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effects of pre-acupuncture and immediate acupuncture on kidney function and oxygen free radical metabolism in rats with simulated weightlessness.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty male clean-grade Wister rats were randomly divided into a normal control group, a model group, a pre-acupuncture group and an immediate acupuncture group, 5 rats in each one. The rats in the normal control group did not receive any treatment but free activities for 4 weeks. The rats in the rest groups received 4-week tail suspension to establish the model of simulated weightlessness. One week before the tail suspension, the rats in the pre-acupuncture group were treated with electroacupuncture at "Shenshu" (BL 23), "Pishu" (BL 20) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) for 30 min per treatment, once a day for 7 days. The rats in the immediate acupuncture group received tail suspension and acupuncture at the same time; during the tail suspension, the electroacupuncture was applied at "Shenshu" (BL 23), "Pishu" (BL 20) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) for 30 min per treatment, once every other day for 14 days. The colorimetric method was used to measure the content of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum as well as activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and content of malonaldehyde (MDA) in renal tissue in each group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal control group, the content of BUN in the model group was increased significantly (P<0.01), the activity of SOD and GSH-PX in nephridial tissue was significantly reduced (both P<0.01), and the content of MDA was increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the content of BUN in the pre-acupuncture group and immediate acupuncture group was significantly reduced (P<0.01, P<0.05), the activity of GSH-PX in the pre-acupuncture group was obviously increased (P<0.05) and the content of MDA in the immediate acupuncture group was increased significantly (P<0.01). Compared with the immediate acupuncture group, the content of MDA in the pre-acupuncture group was lower (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The pre-acupuncture and immediate acupuncture both have the capacity to improve the kidney function and anti-oxygen free radical injury in rats with simulated weightlessness, however, the capacity to increase the protection ability of the kidney and eliminate free radical in the pre-acupuncture group is superior to that in the immediate acupuncture group, which is likely to be related with improving antioxidant ability of kidney.</p>

Effect of simulated microgravity and its associated mechanism on pulmonary circulation in rats / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of Simulated Microgravity and its Associated Mechanism on Pulmonary Circulation in Rats).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rat tail-suspension model was used to simulate the physiological effects of microgravity and changes in pulmonary blood vessel morphology, pulmonary arterial and venous blood pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary vasomotoricity, as well as the regulation of pulmonary circulation by cytokines produced and released by the lung of rats were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The walls of pulmonary blood vessels of rats were thickened, and the pulmonary artery was reconstructed with increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The pulmonary blood vessels of rats became more prone to dilation as contractions increased. Rat epithelial Adrenomedulin gene transcription and protein expression were upregulated. The level of basic fibroblast growth Factor of rat was also elevated.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Findings from the present study on rats revealed that the microgravity can affect pulmonary blood vessel structure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and pulmonary blood vessel self-regulation and cytokine production.</p>

A prevalence study on mild cognitive impairment among the elderly populations of Mongolian and Han nationalities in a pastoral area of Inner Mongolia / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics and distribution of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in elderly populations from Mongolian and Han nationalities living in the pastoral areas of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China.Methods According to the MCI clinical diagnostic criteria from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th revised edition (DSM-Ⅳ ) by American Psychiatric Association,the individuals under study were at the age of 55 or over,with Mongolian or Han ethnicities and living in the pastoral area of Inner Mongolia.Results The crude MCI morbidity rates of Mongolian and Han of the study populations in the pastoral area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China was 19.48％ (1782/9146)and the standardization morbidity was 18.98％.The crude MCI morbidity rates of both Mongolian and Han cthnicities were 17.46％ (the standardization morbidity was 16.99％) and 20.60％ (the standardization morbidity was 19.98％ ),respectively.There showed a significant positive correlation between the crude morbidities and age,also significantly increasing with the latter.In the Mongolian population,the morbidity increased from 12.17％ at the age 55-59 to 27.78％ at 85 while in the Han population,the morbidity increased from 15.50％ at the age 55-59 to 23.53％ at 85.In both the populations of Mongolian and Han,there was a statistically difference found between the morbidities of MCI ( x2=13.229,P=0.000).The morbidity was higher in Hans than in the Mongolians.However,there was no statistically significant difference noticed between the morbidities of MCI in the Mongolian males and females ( x 2 =2.376,P =0.123 ).There was statistically significant difference found between the morbidities of MCI in the Han males and females,with females having higher risk than males (x2=24.470,P=0.000).Conclusion The morbidity of MCI in the elderly Mongolian and Han populations from the pastoral area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China was considered to be quite high and correlated to age and gender.

Effects of systolic blood pressure and low density lipoprotein on carotid plaques / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the different effects of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and low density lipoprotein on carotid plaques (LDL-C).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 101 510 serving and retired workers of a company who participated in the health examination in 2006-2009, 5852 participants were selected as study subjects by stratified random sampling according to the age and sex ratio. These subjects took their health examination in 2010-2011 including the carotid ultrasound. Finally, 5361 eligible participants with complete data were included in the analysis. The detection and weighted rates of carotid plaques were calculated for four groups: normal SBP and LDL-C group (3524 subjects), normal SBP and high LDL-C group (356 subjects), elevated SBP and normal LDL-C group (1308 subjects) and elevated SBP and high LDL-C group (173 subjects). The effects of different baseline SBP and LDL-C on detection rates of the carotid artery plaques were analyzed by logistic regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The detection rate of carotid plaques in normal SBP and LDL-C group, normal SBP and high LDL-C group, elevated SBP and normal LDL-C group, elevated SBP and high LDL-C group was 33.7% (1186/3524), 41.3% (147/356), 64.8% (847/1308), 68.8% (119/173) (χ(2) = 425.75, P < 0.05) and the weighted detection rate was 36.0%, 42.0%, 64.5% and 68.3% respectively. For men, the detection rate was 44.2% (877/1985), 51.1% (97/190), 70.6% (657/930), 71.3% (82/115) (χ(2) = 194.02, P < 0.05) and the weighted detection rate was 31.2%, 36.1%, 49.8% and 50.3% respectively. For women, the detection rate was 20.1% (309/1539), 30.1% (50/166), 50.3% (190/378), 63.8% (37/58) (χ(2) = 180.17, P < 0.05) and the weighted detection rate was 30.9%, 46.3%, 70.3%, and 88.1% respectively. After adjusted for other risk factors, the OR (95%CI) value was 1.37 (1.05 - 1.78), 2.05 (1.74 - 2.43) and 2.12 (1.45 - 3.12) for normal SBP and high LDL-C group, elevated SBP and normal LDL-C group and elevated SBP and high LDL-C group respectively compared with normal SBP and LDL-C group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Elevated SBP and high LDL-C were risk factors of the carotid artery plaques. Compared with high LDL-C, elevated SBP may add a higher risk for carotid plaques.</p>

Therapeutic window for local mild hypothermia in patients with acute cerebral infarction / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To determine the effect of local mild hypothermia on patients with acute cerebral infarction and ascertain its optimal therapeutic window. Methods According to the time receiving treatment, 114 patients with acute cerebral infarction were divided into group A (≤6 h), group B (6-24 h) and group C (≥ 24 h). Then, each group was subdivided into 2 groups at random: treatment group (A1, B1, C1) and control group (A2, B2, C2). Patients in the control group were subjected to such conventional therapy as anti-platelet aggregation. Patients in the treatment group were treated with local mild hypothermia (33-35 ℃ body-core temperature) for 48 h besides conventional therapy. Clinical outcomes were assessed by the National institutes of health stroke scale (NIHSS) on admission and 7, 14,30 d after treatment. Furthermore, we detected the serum level of nitrogen monoxidum (NO) and superoxide dismutasc (SOD) on admission, and 7 and 14 d after treatment. Results Compared with the control group, treatment group enjoyed significantly decreased scores of NIHSS 7, 14 and 30 d after treatment and significantly decreased level of NO 7 and 14 d after treatment (P＜0.05), but obviously increased SOD vitality 7 and 14 d after treatment (P＜0.05). No significant differences in terms of NIHSS scores, level of NO and SOD vitality were noted between group C1 and group C2 at each time point (P＞0.05). Group Al and group B1 had obviously lower scores of NIHSS than group C1 on the 7th, 14th and 30th d of treatment, and had significantly lower level of NO and obviously increased SOD vitality as compared with group C1 on the 7th and 14th d of treatment (P＜ 0.05), and group A1 enjoyed its advantage.Conclusion Early local mild hypothermia therapy can improve neurological function in patients with acute cerebral infarction. The mild hypothermia induced within 6 h may be optimal therapeutic window;mild hypothermia induced at 6-24 h is less effective and that above 24 h is non-effective.

Progress of study on treatment of Alzheimer's disease with active ingredients of Chinese herbal medicines / 中国中西医结合杂志

In order to advance the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with active ingredients of Chinese herbal medicines and the research on these ingredients and their effective targets in treating the disease, the relative representative literatures published in recent years were reviewed and summarized in this paper.

Fingerprinting of Fuzhisan by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and evaporative light scattering detector / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a method for fingerprinting of Fuzhisan (FZS, a traditional Chinese medicinal preparation) using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-UV/ELSD) to allow simultaneous determination of 5 major constituents in the preparation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>HPLC-UV/ELSD analysis was performed on water AlltechC18 column (5 microm, 4.6 mm x 250 mm) with a mixture of acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% acetice acid water (B) as the mobile phase. The solvent A gradient for elution was 0, 12%; 25, 20%; 30, 20%; 75, 30%; 105, 40%; 120, 80%; 130, 12%, with the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min; and the column temperature at 30 degrees . The detective wavelength was 335 nm, drift tube temperature was 80 degrees , pressure of nebulizer gas was 25 psi. The similarities between the HPLC-UV/ELSD fingerprints of the 12 extracts were calculated using similarity evaluation software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The fingerprint of FZS was established and the 5 major constituents were identified. The complementarity between the fingerprints of UV and ELSD was analyzed, showing good correlation between 12 batches of FZS.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The method for fingerprinting can simultaneously characterize the main chemical constituents in FZS and allows stable, effective and comprehensive quality control and evaluation of FZS for a single sample.</p>

Observation on therapeutic effect of eye-needling combined with medication for treatment of ophthalmoplegia / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the therapeutic effect of eye-needling combined with medication for treatment of ophthalmoplegia and explore the possible mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and twenty cases were randomly divided into a treatment group and a control group. According to etiological factors, the control group were treated with medication and the treatment group with the medication plus eye-acupuncture at main point ocular muscles. Changes of the rima oculi, the range of ocular movement and the dialopia angle after treatment were recorded and statistically analyzed in the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total effective rate was 93.4% and the cured rate was 54.1% in the treatment group, and 74.6% and 18.6% in the control group, with significant difference between the two groups (P < 0. 01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Eye-needling combined with medication has an obvious therapeutic effect which is better than simple medication for ophthalmoplegia.</p>

A case of overlapping Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>There is no report on Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (BBE) patients in China. We here report the first case of BBE in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical features, results of electromyography, electroencephalography (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination were studied to clarify the characteristics of this syndrome.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A 44-year-old man presented himself at our inpatient department with somnolence and dizziness as his initial symptoms. He developed multiple cranial nerves paralysis especially internal and external ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and tetraparesis within 1 week. His condition rapidly deteriorated, and he experienced coma. Electromyography showed indications of peripheral nerve dysfunction, electroencephalography revealed loss of basic rhythm, MRI demonstrated high-intensity abnormalities on T(2)-weighted images of medulla oblongata, and CSF albuminocytological dissociation was defined abnormally as high protein. Ten months later, he almost completely recovered.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>BBE, fisher syndrome (FS) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) are similar clinically; BBE and FS were proposed to be the variant of GBS.</p>

Correlation between neuronal injury and Caspase-3 after focal ischemia in human hippocampus / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Cerebral ischemia is a significant clinical problem, and cerebral ischemia usually causes neuron injury such as apoptosis in various brain areas, including hippocampus. Cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease (Caspases) are fundamental factors of apoptotic mechanism. Caspase-3 inhibitors show effect in attenuating brain injury after ischemia. But all the results were from animal models in research laboratories. This study aimed at investigating the correlation between the change of ischemic neuronal injury and Caspase-3 post-ischemia in human hippocampus.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We selected and systematized 48 post-mortem specimens from 48 patients, who died of cerebral infarction. Morphological change was firstly analyzed by observing hematoxyline/eosin-staining hippocampal sections. The expression of Caspase-3 was investigated using the methods of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) method was used to clarify the involvement of Caspase-3 in neuron death. The loss of MAP 2 (MAP-2) was applied to judging the damaged area and degree of neuronal injury caused by ischemia.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the CA1 sector of hippocampus, Caspase-3 immunostaining modestly increased at 8 hours [8.05/high-power field (hpf)], dramatically increased at 24 hours (24.85/hpf), decreased somewhat after 72 hours. Caspase-3 mRNA was detectable at 4 hours (6.75/hpf), reached a maximum at 16 hours (17.60/hpf), faded at 72 hours. TUNEL-positive cells were detectable at 24 hours (10.76/hpf), markedly increased at 48 - 72 hours. The loss of MAP-2 was obviously detected at 4 hours, progressed significantly between 24 and 72 hours; MAP-2 immunoreactivity was barely detectable at 72 hours. Before 72 hours, the Caspase-3 evolution was related with the upregulation of TUNEL and the loss of MAP-2. The positive correlation between Caspase-3 mRNA and TUNEL was significant at the 0.05 level (correlation coefficient was 0.721); the negative correlation between Caspase-3 mRNA and MAP-2 was significant at the 0.05 level (correlation coefficient is 0.857). In the early stage (before 72 hours), the staining of Caspase-3 mRNA and immunohistochemistry was predominantly present in cytoplasm; the staining of TUNEL was predominantly localized in nucleus. At 4 - 16 hours, most neurons in hippocampal CA1 areas had relatively normal morphology; at 24 - 48 hours, neurons showed apoptotic morphology; at 72 hours, most cells showed significantly pathological morphology.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There exist a time-dependent evolution of neuronal damage after hippocampal ischemia in human brain, which was characterized by its close correspondence to Caspase-3.</p>

Analysis of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism in Chinese patients with Alzheimer's disease / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify an interaction between the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism and risk of Alzheimer's disease.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The study included 117 healthy controls, 85 patients with Alzheimer's disease in a Northeastern Chinese population of Han nationality. Genotypes were determined by a polymerase chain reaction amplification of the intron 2 fragment, harbouring a variable number of short tandem nucleotide sequences. Amplification products were separated on a 2% agarose gel.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The allele 2 frequency was 27% in healthy controls, and 21% in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Thus for allele 2 as well as for all other alleles, genotypes, or carriage rates, no significant differences compared with controls.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>No association of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism with Alzheimer's disease was identified in this population. It is also possible that the increased risk and disease modifying effects are caused by linkage disequilibrium with other genomic variants in other nearby genes.</p>

Effects of protein tyrosine kinase, protein tyrosine phosphatase and protein kinase C on the apoptosis of arsenic trioxide treated NB4 cells and human cortex neurons / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) and protein kinase C (PKC) on apoptosis and observe the changes of cytosolic calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) treated human leukemia cells NB4 and cortex neurons.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>[Ca(2+)]i of NB4 cells and cortex neurons was probed with Fluo-3/AM, its changes were assayed with laser confocal microscopy in real-time after As2O3 treatment at different concentrations, the effects of PTK and PTP and the activation of PKC on these changes with confocal microscopy and phosphorus radioisotope assay. DNA ladders of NB4 cells and cortex neurons after exposed to As2O3 were observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>As2O3 at 1 micromol/L could remarkably increase the [Ca(2+)]i of NB4 cells but had no effects on neurons. Vanadate, a kind of PTP inhibitor, could promote the increase of [Ca(2+)]i treated by 2, 5, 10 micromol/L As2O3 in a dose-dependent manner. The mean total increase rates at 240 seconds after exposed to As2O3 at different concentrations were (6.5 +/- 2.3)%, (21.7 +/- 2.1)%, (49.2 +/- 2.5)% for NB4 cells, and (6.7 +/- 2.1)%, (19.4 +/- 2.5)%, (52.3 +/- 2.7)% for cortex neurons, respectively. Genistein, a kind of PTK inhibitor, could decrease the increase of [Ca(2+)]i treated by 2, 5, 10 micromol/L As2O3 in a dose-dependent manner. The mean total inhibited rates at 240 seconds after As2O3 treatment at different concentrations were (6.7 +/- 2.9)%, (25.6 +/- 2.5)%, (52.2 +/- 3.5)% for NB4 cells, and (7.8 +/- 3.1)%, (18.1 +/- 2.8)%, (51.3 +/- 3.3)% for cortex neurons, respectively. The activation of PKC began to increase as exposed to As2O3 at 1 micromol/L for 3 h, and kept rising continuously in NB4 cells and at 24 h DNA ladders emerged. However, none of the above results was found in human cortex neurons, but when exposed to 2 micromol/L As2O3, the activation of PKC and DNA ladders did emerge in neurons.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of PTK and PTP participated in nonspecific apoptosis signal transduction pathway related to As2O3, and accompanied with PKC activation. The [Ca(2+)]i elevation was closely related to increased PKC activation. There existed difference in dose tolerances to As2O3 between NB4 cell and cortex neurons.</p>

The effects of simulated microgravity on pulmonary arteries and aortae / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>Through studying local regulatory mechanisms in pulmonary arteries (PA) and thoracic aortae (TA) under simulated microgravity (SM), to collect some data for the researches of adaptive mechanisms in pulmonary and systemic arteries and for the mechanisms accounting for orthostatic intolerance after SM.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cardiopulmonary circulatory function during 7-day 6 degrees head down bed rest (HDT) in male young volunteers was measured with a XXH-2000 pulmonary circulation and cardiac function instrument. - 30 degrees C tail suspended (TS) rats were used as the model to simulate the physiological effects of M. The PA and TA changes of vasoreactivity were respectively observed by vitro vessel rings perfusion.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The changes in volume of PA and pulmonary vein during a cardiac cycle and the preload in left cardiac ventricle in men increased significantly in the initial HDT. The super-regulatory phenomena appeared in both pulmonary and systemic circulation, but earlier and more obviously in pulmonary circulation than systemic circulation during 96-144 h. The dilatory reactivity in TS7 PA increased significantly, tended to decrease in TS14. The dilatory reactivity of TA in TS7 had a significant increase, had a slight increase in TS14. The contractile reactivity of PA decreased slightly in TS7 from CON, and were attenuated significantly in TS14. The contractile reactivity of TA in TS14 decreased significantly. The responsiveness to KCl, phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside in VEC- removed PA had no differences among all groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The differences in changes between pulmonary and systemic arteries under SM could be an important sign of depressed local regulatory function, which might be mainly due to dilatory function in VEC and contribute to the occurrence of orthostatic intolerance after SM.</p>

Time-dependent changes of astrocytes and CD31-marked microvessels in human cerebral infarction / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To observe the time-dependent changes of astrocytes and microvessels in the ischemic core and surrounding areas.Methods Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)was measured by HE,and CD31 by immunohistochemistry as markers in post-mortem specimens from ten patients,who died of cerebral infarction.Results Each section of the infarcted brains was divided into four areas (the area 0-3).GFAP expressed a little in area 0 and 1,increased in a time-dependent manner in area 2 and 3;CD31 die not expressed in area 0,expressed a little in the area 1,and increased in area 2 and 3 continuously.Conclusions The proliferation of astrocytes and microvessels may play a significant role in the process of restoration after cerebral infarction.

Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the perihematomal tissues in human hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage and its significance / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the perihematomal tissues in human hypertensive,intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and brain edema formation following ICH.Methods Paraffin-embedded brain tissues of 39 human fatal cases of ICH from the perihematomal tissues,1—3 cm away from the margin of the hemorrhagic lesion,as well as tissues from the corresponding area at the opposite side as controls,were stained with HE and immunohistochemistry staining.The expressions of MMP-9 and ICAM-1 in the pefihematomal tissues were analyzed with the SPSS 11.5 system.Results ①With MMP-9 immunohistochemical staining positive capillaries in the perihematomal tissues were identified at 2 h ((1.2? 0.8)/HP).The number of MMP-9 positive capillaries began to rise at 5—10 h ((4.1?0.8)/HP) reaching the peak at 45—48 h ((10.6?1.4)/HP,P