ABSTRACT
To solve the serious problem of stem and leaf shading in the middle and late stage of traditional flat planting of Codonopsis pilosula, this study analyzed the effects of different stereoscopic traction heights on the photosynthetic characteristics and growth of C. pilosula and explored the optimal traction height to improve the yield and quality of C. pilosula. The experiment designed three stereo-scopic traction heights [H1(60 cm), H2(90 cm), and H3(120 cm)] with natural growth without traction as the control(CK). The results showed that the increase in stereoscopic traction heights broadened the growth space of stems and leaves of C. pilosula, enhanced the ventilation effect, significantly increased the average daily net photosynthetic rate of C. pilosula, promoted the absorption of intercellular CO_2, decreased the transpiration rate, and reduced the evaporation of water. Moreover, it effectively avoided the problem of weakened photosynthesis, maintained the carbon balance of individual plants, and promoted the growth and development of the C. pilosula roots. In terms of the seed yield of C. pilosula, it was ranked as H2>H1>H3>CK. To be specific, H1 increased by 213.41% compared with CK, H2 increased by 282.43% compared with CK, and H3 increased by 133.95% compared with CK. The yield and quality of C. pilosula were the highest in the H3 treatment group, with the fresh yield of 6 858.33 kg·hm~(-2), 50.59% higher than CK, dry yield of 2 398.33 kg·hm~(-2), 76.54% higher than CK, and lobetyolin content of 0.56 mg·g~(-1), 45.22% higher than CK. Therefore, the stereoscopic traction height has a great influence on the photosynthetic characteristics, yield, and quality of C. pilosula. Particularly, the yield and quality of C. pilosula can be optimized and improved in the traction height treatment of H3(120 cm). This planting method is worth popularizing and applying in the cultivated management of C. pilosula.
Subject(s)
Codonopsis , Traction , Photosynthesis , Plant Leaves , Plant RootsABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the high-efficiency and high-quality seedling raising method of <italic>Codonopsis pilosula</italic>. Method:In the main production area of <italic>C. pilosula</italic> in the Tanchang county，Gansu province，after the soil was fumigated with dazomet （containing 98% methylisothiocyanate）， four varieties of <italic>C. pilosula</italic> seedlings were raised. The dynamic change in growth and differences in quality and yield of <italic>C. pilosula</italic> seedlings after emergence were regularly determined. Result:① The soil enzyme activity was first inhibited and then restored by soil fumigation，which increased the root length of <italic>C. pilosula</italic> seedlings by 9.8%. Besides， the field growth indexes such as plant height，plant width，stem length，stem diameter，number of branches，number of nodes，number of leaves， and fitted leaf area increased in varying degrees，and the plant height showed an "S"-shaped growth trend. "Gandang No.1" and "Gandang No.2" grew better than "Weidang No.1" and "Tanchang control". ② Fumigation reduced the incidence rate of <italic>C. pilosula</italic> root in the field by 4.9%，and the incidence rates of "Gandang No.1" and "Gandang No.2" were significantly lower than those of "Weidang No.1" and "Tanchang control". ③ Fumigation increased the total number of <italic>C. pilosula </italic>seedlings by 6.15×10<sup>5</sup> plants·hm<sup>-2</sup>，of which the number of primary seedlings increased by 45.3% and that of secondary seedlings increased by 42.2%. ④ Fumigation increased the seedling yield of <italic>C. pilosula</italic> by 42.4%. It showed the most significant effect on the yield of "Gandang No.2"，which increased by 61.8%， and the weakest effect on the yield of "Gandang No.1"，which increased by 15.4%. ⑤ Comprehensive analysis showed that the quality and yield of <italic>C. pilosula</italic> seedlings in the fumigation area were better than those in the non-fumigation area. Conclusion:The results showed that soil fumigation showed a promoting effect on the seedling yield of <italic>C. pilosula</italic> in spite of different effects achieved in terms of different varieties.
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Objective::Astragali Radix is an important medicinal and edible herb. To achieve standardized cultivation of Astragali Radix and improve cultivation results, Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus was cultivated with a row spacing of 30 cm and different plant spacing (8, 10, 12, 14, 16 cm) in a test base of Longxi County, Gansu Province. Method::The growth and development dynamics of green strains and the yield and quality of medicinal materials were measured, and the comprehensive evaluation of membership function was used to determine the rational transplanting density and explore the standard production technology of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus. Result::The transplanting topping had a significant effect on the growth and development of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus under the condition of the row spacing of 30 cm. With the increase of topping, the biomass of astragalus on the ground decreased, and the ratio of root to shoot increased, but the yield of medicinal material per unit area decreased. The appearance traits were improved as the transplant density decreased. Under the row spacing of 14 cm, the content of astragaloside and calycosin-7-glucoside were the highest. Under the row spacing of 8-16 cm, the content of root extract of Astragali Radix was better than the Chinese Pharmacopoeia standard. The comprehensive evaluation index of each plant spacing treatment was 14 cm>16 cm>10 cm>8 cm>12 cm in turn. Conclusion::Combined with the comprehensive evaluation of yield and economic benefit, the optimal transplanting plant spacing and row spacing were 30 cm×14 cm (with the density of 238 100 strains/hm2). Under this density, A. membranaceus var. mongholicus grows vigorously, with thick stems, big root crowns, a high yield and high quality.
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Objective:To study the quality grading standards of Rheum palmatum seedlings. Method:The quality indicators,such as fresh weight,root length,root diameter,number of lateral roots and seedling lesions,of 80 R. palmatum seedlings from different producing areas in Gansu Provincial Real Estate District were detected,and the K-mean cluster analysis results of each data were used as reference basis for dividing the seedling quality level. Result:The fresh leaf weight,root length and root diameter were used as the main grading indicators to classify the rhubarb seedlings into four grades. Specifically,the extra-large seedlings have a plant weight >30.0 g,the root diameter>2.3 cm,and the root length >30.0 cm,with lateral roots,buds intact,no lesion,wounds. The first grade seedlings have a plant weight ≥ 25.0 g,root diameter ≥ 2.1 cm,root length ≥ 25.0 cm,with no lateral root of more than 3 mm in diameter,bud intact,disease-free spots and wounds. The second grade seedlings have a plant weight ≥ 20.0 g,roots ≥ 1.8 cm,root length ≥ 20.0 cm,with no lateral roots with a basal diameter of more than 4 mm,complete buds,no lesion,wounds. The third grade seedlings have a plant weight ≥ 15.0 g,root thickness ≥ 1.5 cm,root length ≥ 15.0 cm,with a few lateral roots,intact buds,no lesion,wounds. Conclusion:Among the 80 samples of R. palmatum seedlings collected,the second and third grade seedlings accounted for 68.8% . The different grades of R. palmatum seedlings were transplanted as herbs after field processing. In terms of the fresh yield,the first grade > extra-large seedling > the second grade > the third grade seedlings, and in the plant twitch rate,extra-large seedlings > the first grade > the second grade > the third grade seedlings. Therefore,the first and second seedlings are recommended standardized production,rather than extra-large seedlings.
ABSTRACT
Tanchang county is the distribution of wild medicinal plant resource-rich region, in order to ascertain Tanchang county Codonopsis pilosula wild resources and reserves of the status quo, according to the fourth national Chinese medicine resources survey technology solutions, using sets of plots and investigating combined route survey method, the county wild C. pilosula var. modesta and C. pilosula resources were investigated by a comprehensive survey designed to reveal the distribution of the county's wildlife resources and herbs C. pilosula reserves. The results showed that in Tanchang county seven ecological zones 53 plots, wild C. pilosula distributed in there were 6 ecological zones 11 plots, accounting for 85.71% of the survey area, wild C. pilosula var. modesta was found only in an ecoregions plots, overlapping with C. pilosula region, accounting for 14.29% of the survey area. C. pilosula herbs reserves were calculated as about 461.85 t, economic capacity of 254.02 t, annual amount of acceptance 25.40 t. C. pilosula var. modesta herbs reserves were calculated as 67.75 t, economic capacity of 36.16 t, acceptance annual amount 3.62 t. The total ash C. pilosula was 3.25%, alcohol-soluble extract was 63.86%, while the C. pilosula var. modesta total ash was 3.69%, alcohol-soluble extract was 68.32%. C. pilosula is suitable for broad range, but wild resource is scarce, C. pilosula var. modesta is suitable for relatively narrow scope, and wild resource is scarce, it is recommended to strengthen the protection of wild resources and the rational development and utilization.
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The enzyme-inhibitor model and the sugar tolerance mouse model were used to evaluate the relationship between the inhibition rate of enzyme activity and concentration of Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. chinensis Rousi polysaccharide (HRP). The inhibitory patterns of enzyme and dose-dependent effects of HRP's effect on blood glucose using acarbose tablets as control were also examined. The mechanism underlying hypoglycemic effects of HRP was discussed. The results showed: in the enzyme-inhibitor model, the inhibitory activity of different concentrations of HRP (9.80, 19.60, 39.20, 78.40, 156.80 and 312.50 mg x L(-1)) on alpha-glucosaminidase (AG) inhibitory activity were 6.62%, 18.02%, 33.26%, 48.23%, 62.11%, 76.31%, 90.12%, IC50 was 31.59 mg x L(-1). The inhibitory rate of 25.00 x 10(3) mg x L(-1) acarbose tablets was only 64.87%, and IC50 was 10.75 x 10(3) mg x L(-1). In the sugar tolerance mouse model, different doses of HRP (240, 480, 960 mg x kg(-1)) tended to decrease levels of blood glucose compared with control group (acarbose tablets 375 mg x kg(-1)) at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min. It's further confirmed that HRP is a kind of competitive inhibitor of AG activity. Its inhibition rate increases with the increase of concentration in normal mice, and it subsequently improves the sugar tolerance showing the effect of reducing blood sugar.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Mice , Blood Glucose , Metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme Inhibitors , Pharmacology , Glucose Tolerance Test , Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors , Hippophae , Chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents , Pharmacology , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Polysaccharides , Pharmacology , Random Allocation , alpha-Glucosidases , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To reveal the quality grade of Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta seedlings from Gansu and provide the scientific basis for establishment of the seedling quality classification standard.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Thirty batches of C. pilosula var. modesta seedlings collected from varied producing area of Gansu were selected as testing materials, the fresh weight of single plant, water content, length of seedling, diameter of seedling, length of bud and number of buds were determined and the grading standard were systemically analyzed by K-Means Cluster.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The C. pilosula var. modesta seedlings could be divided into 3 grades of criteria, i. e. the first-grade seedlings were at least 14.1 g of the fresh weight of seedling, 24.0 cm of length of seedling, 1.17 cm of diameter of seedling; the second-grade seedlings were 14.0-3.5 g of the fresh weight of seedling, 23.9-21.6 cm of length of seedling, 1. 16-0. 68 cm of diameter of seedling; the third-grade seedlings were 3.4-1.9 g of the fresh weight of seedling, 21.5-13.5 cm of length of seedling, 0.67-0.54 cm of diameter of seedling.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Among 30 batches of C. pilosula var. modesta seedlings, 66.7% of the seedlings belonged to the first and the second grades. It suggests that the first and the second grade seedlings should be used in the standard production.</p>
Subject(s)
China , Codonopsis , Chemistry , Classification , Quality Control , Seedlings , Chemistry , ClassificationABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To reveal the allelopathy effect of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus seeds and provide information for the intercrop production.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The A. membranaceus. var. mongholicus seeds were soaked in distilled water for different time (12, 24, 36, 48, 60 h) , and then the seed extracts were used to study their effects on the seed germination, seedling growth and development of two Codonopsis pilosula.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The A. membranaceus var. mongholicus seeds contained some allelopathy compounds. Their soaked liquid had significantly influence on the seed germination and seedling growth of C. pilosula. The seed germination rate, germination power, germination index and vigor index of two C. pilosula calrivar were improved and then inhabited with soaking time elongation. The extract soaking for 24 h significantly improved the germination traits but the extract for 60 h appeared different degrees of inhibiting vigor. The seed extracts soaking ranging between 12 and 60 h all significantly improved the above plant growth of C. pilosula but significant inhibited their radicle growth in length. And with the soaking time elongation the facilitation effect weakened and the inhibiting effect enhanced, especially more significant in the C. pilosula caltivar (Baitiaodangshen).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The A. membranaceus var. mongholicus seeds have allelopathic compounds and the endogenous inhibitor can be extracted when soaked for more than 24 h in water with intact seeds, resulting in improvement of seed germination rate. The C. pilosula could be intercropped in A. membranaceus var. mongholicus field, however, when intercroped it should notice that the intercrop proportion should vary with the caltivar.</p>
Subject(s)
Astragalus propinquus , Chemistry , Codonopsis , Germination , Plant Extracts , Pharmacology , Seedlings , Seeds , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based smoking prevention and control intervention program among elementary school students.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Through two phase cluster sampling, 566 pupils in grade 4 and grade 5 of two schools were assigned to intervention group and control group. One year comprehensive smoking intervention was conducted in the intervention group. The assessment was carried out through three questionnaires: pre- and post-intervention, 6-month after intervention.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After one year intervention, pupils in the intervention group significantly improved their knowledge and attitudes related to tobacco use. The rate of attempting smoking decreased form 7.8% to 2.6% and the rate of passive smoking from 53.6% to 41.8%. The difference between the intervention and control groups was statistically significant. However, several index started to decline at 6-month follow up survey.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The result demonstrated the effectiveness and feasibility of tobacco control in elementary school and the positive effect must be developed.</p>