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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 151(10): 1344-1360, oct. 2023. tab, ilus, mapas
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1565652

ABSTRACT

El cáncer seguirá siendo uno de los mayores desafíos para la salud pública a nivel local y mundial. Actualmente, en nuestro país, el cáncer es la principal causa de muerte. Gracias al enorme conocimiento acumulado en las últimas décadas sobre las bases celulares y moleculares del cáncer, se ha desarrollado la oncología de precisión, un enfoque que permite dirigir de manera cada vez más precisa el tratamiento farmacológico en función de los exámenes de diagnóstico. Para ello se utilizan tecnologías avanzadas, como la secuenciación de próxima generación. Es imprescindible implementar estas tecnologías en los sistemas sanitarios actuales y futuros para optimizar el arsenal de estrategias para el control del cáncer. En esta revisión, se discuten algunos alcances de la oncología de precisión, especialmente aplicada a tumores sólidos. Se aborda el estado del arte de los biomarcadores mínimos necesarios para el diagnóstico de este importante grupo de neoplasias, la situación local en cuanto a las capacidades tecnológicas instaladas en el territorio nacional ya sea con fines de investigación o diagnóstico, y el potencial impacto sanitario que tendría la aplicación de todo este conocimiento práctico al servicio de las personas con cáncer, tanto en el sector público como privado.


Cancer will remain one of the most significant challenges for public health, locally and globally. Currently, cancer is the leading cause of death in our country. Thanks to the enormous knowledge accumulated in recent decades on the cellular and molecular bases of cancer, precision oncology has been developed, an approach that allows for increasingly precise pharmacological treatment based on diagnostic tests. Advanced technologies such as next-generation sequencing are used for this purpose. It is essential to implement these technologies in current and future health systems to optimize the arsenal of strategies for cancer control. This review discusses some of the achievements of precision oncology, particularly applied to solid tumors. It addresses the state-of-the-art minimum biomarkers required for the diagnosis of this important group of neoplasms, the local situation regarding technological capabilities installed in the national territory, either for research or diagnosis, and the potential health impact of applying all this practical knowledge to serve people with cancer, both in the public and private sectors.


Subject(s)
Humans , Precision Medicine/methods , Neoplasms/diagnosis , Neoplasms/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Chile , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods , Medical Oncology/methods , Medical Oncology/trends
2.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 149(11): 1657-1663, nov. 2021. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389393

ABSTRACT

With or without a COVID19 pandemic, cancer is and will continue to be one of the greatest health challenges on the planet. In Chile, during 2016, this disease was the second cause of death in the country and during 2019, it was the first cause in seven Chilean regions, surpassing cardiovascular diseases. With the advent of precision medicine as a powerful tool for cancer control, it is necessary to have genomic, proteomic, and molecular data in general, ideally on a population scale. This is essential for decision-making, for example in public and private oncology, to be as cost-effective as possible. Chile has a mass of high-quality researchers in cancer. However, until today the investment in research and development is far below the peers in the OECD. In this work we put into perspective the role of precision medicine and omic sciences as essential tools for public health. We offer a brief national diagnosis of the knowledge collected to date by the local scientific community regarding onco-genomic data from our own population. We finally discuss the potential behind the strengthening of this scientific knowledge, aiming to optimize the comprehensive management of cancer.


Subject(s)
Humans , COVID-19 , Neoplasms/therapy , Chile/epidemiology , Delivery of Health Care , Proteomics
3.
Int. j. med. surg. sci. (Print) ; 8(3): 1-11, sept. 2021. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1292528

ABSTRACT

El cáncer constituye la segunda de causa de muerte a nivel mundial y se estima será la primera, superando a las cardiovasculares. El estudio de sus bases moleculares ha permitido el desarrollo de la quimioterapia clásica, como de nuevas terapias biológicas. Si bien estos avances han redundado en un aumento en la sobrevida, no ha impactado en una menor incidencia de los casos. Esto último se debe, en parte, al desconocimiento de los múltiples factores carcinogénicos existentes y los efectos de sus interacciones para cada uno de los tumores. En este sentido, es interesante notar que, en los currículos de las escuelas de salud de las universidades chilenas, el cáncer u oncología como tal, no constituye una cátedra en sí misma, siendo sus contenidos tangencialmente abordados en distintos momentos de la formación; en biología celular, medicina interna y cirugía, entre otros. Con estos antecedentes, el propósito de este trabajo es ofrecer un propuesta sencilla y accesible para los estudiantes, respecto de los contenidos que, a nuestro juicio, son esenciales para comprender las bases biológicas de esta enfermedad y enfrentar con mejores conocimientos el ciclo clínico posterior. A continuación, el lector se encontrará con principios fundamentales de la biología humana normal (como el ciclo celular y el dogma central de la biología molecular), que permiten obtener una visión global de los mecanismos fisiológicos cuya desregulación conlleva a una neoplasia maligna. Luego se entregarán algunas definiciones amplias en relación con los conceptos de neoplasia, tumor benigno y maligno. Para, finalmente, abordar las principales etapas que permiten el desarrollo del cáncer; (i) iniciación, (ii) promoción y (iii) progresión. En esta última, se profundizará por separado, en angiogénesis, degradación de la matriz extracelular, migración y evasión de la respuesta inmune. Este trabajo no aborda materias relacionadas con la hipótesis metabólica del cáncer.


Cancer constitutes the second most common cause of death worldwide and is expected to become the leading one, even above cardiovascular diseases. The understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of cancer has led not only to the proper development of chemotherapy but also of target therapies. Although these advances are related with improved survival rates among cancer patients, it has poorly impacted its incidences. In this regard, the lack of knowledge regarding the impact that the several carcinogenic factors and their interactions have on different types of cancers may explain at least in part the difficulties to reduce incidence rates. However, is worth noticing that in several health schools of chilean universities, cancer does not constitute a formal course, being only partially approached during other courses, such as cell biology, internal medicine, and surgery. Thus, the aim of our work is to provide students a simple and resumed manuscript about essential topics necessary to understand the biological basis of cancer. First, the reader will find some fundamentals about human biology including the cell cycle and the central dogma of molecular biology, which offers an overview of the physiological mechanisms leading to malignant neoplasia. Then, we will provide current definitions of neoplasia, benign and malignant tumors are provided. Finally, the different stages of tumor progression will be approached to allow the understanding of cancer development. These stages include (i) initiation, (ii) promotion, and (iii) progression. For the last one, metastasis, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix degradation, migration, and immune evasion will also be addressed. This work will not consider the metabolic hypothesis of cancer.


Subject(s)
Education, Medical, Undergraduate , Neoplasms/microbiology , Curriculum
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