ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnea is common among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and may contribute to poor cardiovascular outcomes. However, obstructive sleep apnea is largely unrecognized in this population. We sought to identify the clinical predictors of obstructive sleep apnea among patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: Consecutive patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were recruited from a tertiary University Hospital and were evaluated using validated sleep questionnaires (Berlin and Epworth) and overnight portable monitoring. Ninety patients (males, 51%; age, 46±15 years; body mass index, 26.6±4.9 kg/m2) were included, and obstructive sleep apnea (respiratory disturbance index ≥15 events/h) was present in 37 patients (41%). RESULTS: Compared with the patients without obstructive sleep apnea, patients with obstructive sleep apnea were older and had higher body mass index, larger waist circumference, larger neck circumference, and higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation. Excessive daytime sleepiness (Epworth scale) was low and similar in the patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea, respectively. The only predictors of obstructive sleep apnea (using a logistic regression analysis) were age ≥45 years (odds ratio [OR], 4.46; 95% confidence interval [CI 95%], 1.47-13.54; p = 0.008) and the presence of atrial fibrillation [OR, 5.37; CI 95%, 1.43-20.12; p = 0.013]. CONCLUSION: Consistent clinical predictors of obstructive sleep apnea are lacking for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which suggests that objective sleep evaluations should be considered in this population, particularly among elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. .
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/complications , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/diagnosis , Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology , Body Mass Index , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/physiopathology , Predictive Value of Tests , Reference Values , Risk Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Surveys and Questionnaires , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/etiology , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/physiopathology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
A respiração de Cheyne-Stokes é uma forma de respiração periódica na qual apnéias e hipopnéias se alternam com períodos de hiperpnéias que apresentam um padrão crescendo e decrescendo de volume corrente. Esta revisão enfoca as causa e conseqüências da respiração de Cheyne- Stokes em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva na qual a prevalência é extremamente alta e varia entre 30 a 50%. Vários fatores foram implicados na gênese da respiração de Cheyne-Stokes, incluindo baixo debito cardíaco e hipoxia recorrente. Hiperventilacão e baixos níveis de CO2 arterial (PaCO2), que quando abaixo do limiar de apnéia desencadeiam apnéia central são os mecanismos fisiopatológicos chave na gênese da respiração de Cheyne-Stokes. Hiperventilação está associada com congestão pulmonar, e a respiração de Cheyne-Stokes tem uma tendência maior de ocorrer durante o sono, quando o centro respiratório é dependente principalmente do controle químico. A respiração de Cheyne-Stokes está associada a quedas recorrentes da saturação de oxigênio e ao despertar do sono, com oscilações recorrentes na freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial, aumento da atividade simpática e risco aumentado de taquicardia ventricular. A respiração de Cheyne-Stokes é um marcador independente de mau prognostico e provavelmente participa de um ciclo vicioso que contribui para a deterioração cardíaca.