Morphological and histological changes in placenta of hypertensive and gestational diabetic women

To correlate the morphological and histo-pathological changes in placenta observed in normal, diabetic and hypertensive pregnancies. A cross sectional study. This study was carried at the department of Gynae and Obs Taluka hospital Hala, and Basic health unit Hala from 1[st] January, 2014 to 30[th] June, 2014. For this experimental study statistical analysis was carried on SPSS-11.0 version. Total 90 cases studied were divided in three equal groups. All placentae were processed through stages for final histo-pathological examination. The study showed that discoid shape were significantly less 4[13.3%] in hypertensive as compared to 16 [53.3%] diabetic and normal placentae [p<0.01], bilobed in 6 [20.0%] diabetic placenta. In hypertensive placenta 15[50%] had central attachment of umbilical cord, diabetic 22 [73.3%] and normal 30[100%]. Central thickness [Mean +/- S.D +/- SEM] of hypertensive placenta 2.2 +/- 0.58 +/- 0.11 were significantly less [p<0.01] as compared to normal placenta 3.0 +/- 0.03 +/- 0.01 but diabetic placenta 3.8 +/- 1.15 +/- 0.21 were significantly high [p<0.01] as compared to hypertensive and normal placenta. Gestational diabetes and hypertension had significant t-test that causes morphological changes in placenta that affects fetal and maternal wellbeing. This study is helpful for those who are concerned for mother and child health

Effects of diclofenac sodium on renal parenchyma and prevention by vitamin-E in adult albino rats

To determine the preventive role of Vitamin E on renal parenchyma after given of Diclofenac Sodium in albino rats. Experimental Study This study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy Baqai Medical University and Muhammad Medical College, Mirpurkhas from June 2011 to November 2011, For this experimental study, 30 albino rats were taken. They were divided into three groups ; A, B and C. The animals in group-A given normal saline 10 ml/kg per day. Group-B received diclofenac sodium 2 mg/kg per day and group-C receives diclofenac sodium 2mg/kg/day dissolved in distilled water with vitamin-E 2 mg/kg/day dissolved in olive oil administered half an hour before the diclofenac sodium by feeding tube per day for 2 weeks. On day 15 all animals were sacrificed with deep ether anesthesia. Their kidneys were removed, fixed in 10% formalin. Representative blocks were taken and embedded in liquid paraffin. For routine histological examination 5 micro m thick section cut by microtome and stained with H and E, PAS and silver methenamine. Renal histology was done under light microscope to see the proximal and distal tubular diameter and count. No significant [P>0.05] changes were observed in the histopathology of kidney tissues of the groups A and C rats. The group B significantly [P<0.001] affected the histopathology of kidney. It may be concluded that diclofenac sodium produces changes in kidney, which may be attributed to ischaemia induced by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis resulting in tubular necrosis in albino rats simultaneous administration of vitamin-E partially protect the morphological and histological changes induced by diclofenac sodium

Consequences of gestational diabetes mellitus on plancentae in rural area of Sindh

To determine the changes in placentae in pregnant ladies suffering from pregnancy induced gestational diabetic mellitus. A cross sectional study. Sampling was done of the patients from the OPD's of Taluka hospital Hala and basic health unit Hala old, with collaboration of department of Anatomy, Baqai Medical University, Karachi from Jan-2011 to June 2011. Placentae were preserved in 10% formalin of Merck Company and studied macroscopically as well as microscopically. These features include shape, size, and site of attachment of umbilical cord, central thickness and diameter [in centimeter, diameters] and weights [in grams] of fully developed placentae. Microscopic feature will include infarction, placental haemorrhage, villous edema, hyper vascularity and increase production of syncytial epithelial knots. Central thickness [Mean +/- S.D +/- SEM] diabetic placenta 3.8 +/- 1.15 +/- 0.21 were significantly high [p<0.01] as compared normal placenta. In diabetic placenta [Mean +/- S.D +/- SEM] of diameter 34.5 +/- 7.93 +/- 1.45 and weight 1478.8 +/- 699.6 +/- 127.7 were significantly [p<0.01] high as compared to normal placenta diameter 21.1 +/- 3.37 +/- 0.62, weight 557.8 +/- 33.85 +/- 6.18. Gestational diabetes causes significant morphological changes in placenta that affects fetal and maternal wellbeing. This study is helpful for those who are concerned for mother and child health

Toxicity of isoniazid [INH]; role of biochemical monitoring tests and history of weakness. the management of pulmonary tuberculosis in placebo controlled study

To compare the untoward effects of isoniazid [inh] and placebo as an anti-tuberculosis therapy in tuberculosis patients. Study Prospective study. Free T.B Clinic, Muhammad Medical College Hospital Mirpurkhas Sindh. Period: June 2007 to Dec 2007. Patients, Method and Patients were selected with filling of consent forms from free T.B Clinic. Prospective study of adverse effects of INH Isoniazid in tuberculosis treatment. It is concluded like other anti-biotics, Isoniazid must be carefully, mentioned in combination therapy of Anti-Tuberculosis Therapy. The major side effects are those giving rise to serious health hazards, require discontinuation of the drug and referral to chest physician

Attitude of mothers regarding use of low osmolar oral rehydration solution [ORS] in diarrhea. an experience in rural area of Sindh

To assess the knowledge and attitude of mothers regarding use of low osmolar Oral Rehydration Solution [ORS] in diarrhea and to find out the causes of under use of ORS and knowledge regarding ORS. Cross sectional study. Pediatric OPD civil hospital Badin with collaboration of Department of Pharmacology and therapeutics Mohammad Medical College Mirpurkhas patient and method. 100 children of age 6 months to five years with various degrees of dehydration were enrolled in study. A questionnaire was given to mothers. It was a prospective, cross sectional and descriptive study conducted at Peadiatric OPD civil hospital Badin with collaboration of Department of Pharmacology and therapeutics Mohammad Medical College Mirpurkhas. 100 children of age 6 months to five years with various degrees of dehydration were enrolled in study. A questionnaire was given to mothers. A proforma was designed for question and answers. Data was analyzed. 100 children were enrolled, out of which 55 [55%, 28.0 +/- 16.02] were under 2 years of age, 45 [45%, 23.0 +/- 13.13] were under 5 years of age, 62 [62%, 31.50 +/- 18.0] were males, 38 [38%, 19.50 +/- 11.11] were females. 70 [70%, 35.01 +/- 18.53] children were brought to OPD by mothers. 30[30%, 15.50 +/- 8.80] were brought by parents. 60[60%, 30.50 +/- 17.46] attendants were uneducated and 40[58%, 20.50 +/- 11.69] educated. 58[58%, 29.50 +/- 16.89] children had duration of illness 1-3 days. 42[42%, 21.50 +/- 12.27] children has >3days. 35[35%, 18.0 +/- 10.25] 15.50 +/- 8.80] had only loose motion and 6[6%, 3.50 +/- 1.87] with blood in stool. Out of 100 only 22[22%, 11.50 +/- 6.49] children were given ORS and 78[78%, 39.50 =/-22.66] were not given ORS. Only 16[16%8.50 +/- 4.76], mothers knew the proper way to prepare the ORS. The P-value of all variables were not significant in table no one, but P-value significant in table two statistically. This study showed that there is insufficient use of ORS in rural areas of Sindh and those who use it do not know the proper way to prepare and serve it, As majority of mothers were uneducated and did not have knowledge regarding ORS use in diarrhea false belief and non availability were other reasons for under use of ORS. This needs to work harder in rural areas of Sindh, to educate mothers regarding use of ORS and recognition of signs of dehydration and initial home care. This task can easily be performed this needs cooperation of NGO and active participation of by lady health workers if they are fully committed and supported

Control of hypertension; efficacy and safety of losartan and atenolol alone and in combination

To compare the efficacy and tolerability of Losartan and Atenolol in alone and combination in treatment of hypertension. Comparative study. Medical out patients department of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi from January 2007 to June 2007. There were 60 patients previously untreated with mild and moderate essential hypertensions were registered for study. The selected patients were divided into three groups. Group A was given atenolol, Group B was given Losartan, and Group C was given both drugs. The target blood pressure was 120-140/80-90 mmHg. There were 42 males and 18 females with age range 25-65 years. The mean baseline score of groups A, B and C were showed systolic blood pressure 182 +/- 19, 174 +/- 20 and 168 +/- 12 respectively. The diastolic blood pressure was 104.5 +/- 11, 102.5 +/- 9 and 104.5 +/- 10 respectively. The difference in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was not significant statistically as P=0.06 and 0.76 respectively. After 4 months of treatment with atenolol, systolic blood pressure decreased to 147 +/- 17, and diastolic blood pressure fell to 87 +/- 4. Losartan decreased systolic blood pressure 138 +/- 13 and diastolic blood pressure 87 +/- 4 in 4 months of treatment. The combined therapy decreased systolic blood pressure 115 +/- 4.6 and diastolic blood pressure 75 +/- 4.7. The effect of treatments on systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significantly different as [p<0.001] and [p 0.036] respectively. Side effects observed in 2 [10%] patients from group C, 8 [40%] in group A and 4 [20%] in group B. Combination therapy proved more effective in controlling hypertension than mono therapy and also fewer side effects. Patients showed better control on combination therapy as compared to mono therapy. Losartan proved a little better in controlling hypertension then atenolol and was more expensive. Patients showed better results with combination therapy for hypertension compared to individual drug

Toxicological profile of typical and atypical anti-psychotic drugs in psychotic disorders

To evaluate the safety of antipsychotic drugs in psychotic patients. Randomized, comparative and categorical study. This study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi collaboration with Sir Cows Jee Jehangir Institute of Psychiatry Hyderabad and duration of study 1[st] Nov. 2007 to 3[rd] Jan. 2008. Patients were selected from OPD, Male and Female wards of Sir Cows Jee Jehangir Institute of Psychiatry Hyderabad. Total two hundreds patients were enrolled in the study out of them 192 patients continue through out study and eight lost follow up the study. The side effects were noticed according to UKU side effect scale. Same criteria was followed for both drugs in the study, assessments was done on the 07, 14, 28 and 42 days. Adverse effect of two drugs presented rigidity and tremors were the most common adverse effect in halopenridol 14.6% and 12.5% and in Risperidone 4.2% and 4.2% respectively. Overall Risperidone in our study proved efficacious and economical drug in psychotic patients. On the other hand haloperidol was also effective and cost effective but produced more side effects. Overall Risperidone in our study proved less toxic and cost effective drug in psychotic patients, on other hand halopendol was also effective and economical drug but should be more side effects

Toxicity of aminoglycoside [streptomycin] in the management of tuberculosis in placebo controlled study

The study was planned with an aim to identify the toxicity of streptomycin in the treatment of Tuberculosis. It's early an easy detection, establishment of existing damage without the use of sophisticated, costly and time consuming methods and also to assess the existing popular modalities of treatment. This prospective study was carried out in the Chest Ward and OPD JPMC Karachi and duration of twelve weeks. Patients were selected from chest ward and OPD of JPMC. Prospective randomized study of adverse effects of Streptomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis was done. It showed that like other antituberculous drug the streptomycin must be careful to use in combination therapy in the treatment of tuberculosis. The major side effects were those giving rise to serious health hazards, and required discontinuation of the drug. Minor side effects caused relatively little discomfort and often responded to symptomatic or simple treatment but occasionally persisted for the entire duration of drug treatment. In fact tuberculosis drugs are relatively toxic and side effects are not uncommon but most of them do not warrant drug withdrawal