ABSTRACT
Objective The influenza monitoring results in Huzhou city were analyzed to understand the characteristics of influenza pandemic and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of influenza. Methods The influenza-like cases(ILI)were collected from two sentinel hospitals in Huzhou according to the protocol of The National Influenza Surveillance Program. Pharynx swab samples of the ILI were taken randomly for the test of influenza virus. Results Among 5 322 788 patients who went to the sentinel hospitals in Huzhou from 2011 to 2017, 185 010 were ILI. The percentage of ILI was 3.48% and there was a slowly rising trend in ILI% of month from 2011 to 2017(trend χ2 = 2 970.93, P < 0.001). Winter /spring and summer seasons marked the peaks in influenza epidemics. Patients were mostly children under 14 years old(accounting for 89.1%). In a total of 11 490 throat swabs collected from ILI, 1 975 were tested to be positive for influenza virus(positive rate 17.19%). These included A type H3N2, 1 008; A type H1N1, 350; B type, 614(160 Victoria type, 238 Yamagata, 216 unclarified B type), and 3 mixed type. The correlation between positive rate of influenza nucleic acid test and ILI% is statistically significant(r = 0.40, P < 0.001). Conclusion The incidence peaks of influenza in Huzhou are mainly in the winter /spring and summer periods. The influenza is mainly occurs in young people under 14 years old and the main type virus is A(H3N2). The prevalence of influenza B and H1N1 occurs at intervals. There is a positive correlation between influenza activity and ILI%.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) has a strong ability to induce and promote the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the BMP-2 effect on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on an injectable nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan (nHA/CS) composite scaffold. METHODS: (1) Experiment 1: Passage 3 BMSCs were divided into two groups and cultured with the nHA/CS scaffold or cultured alone. Cell counting kit-8 was used to detect cell proliferation at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days of culture. (2) Experiment 2: Passage 3 BMSCs were seeded onto the nHA/CS scaffold and cultured in culture medium containing BMP-2 or not. Alkaline phosphatase activity in cells was detected at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 days of culture. Cell counting kit-8 was used to detect cell proliferation at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days of culture. Alizarin red staining was used to observe the osteogenic differentiation of cells at 1 and 2 weeks of culture. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Experiment 1: With the prolongation of culture time, the absorbance values in the two groups were gradually increased, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. At 7 days of culture, the BMSCs adhered tightly to the scaffold surface. (2) Experiment 2: With the prolongation of culture time, the alkaline phosphatase activities in the two groups were gradually increased, and moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activity in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group at different culture time (P < 0.05). The absorbance values in the two groups were also gradually increased, and the value in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group at different culture time (P < 0.05). At 1 and 2 weeks of culture, the number of calcified nodules was higher in the experimental group than the control group. To conclude, BMP-2 has a promotion role in the proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs cultured on the injectable nHA/CS scaffold.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the situation of malaria epidemic and the course of prevention and control,and to summarize and promote the experience of malaria elimination. Methods The data of malaria prevention measures of different stages in Huzhou City from 1950 to 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. Results Huzhou City went through three serious malaria epidemics during the past 60 years:1954 to 1955,1962 to 1963 and early 1970. The highest incidence rate was 13 981. 76 / 1 00,000 in 1963. Since standard treatments(including anti - relapse treatment)were carried out and anti - mosquito facilities had improved,the average annual incidence rate in the 70 s declined gradually. From 1980 to 1989,Huzhou City set up 15 - 30 longitudinal monitoring stations which covered 70% villages and towns. In 1989,the City passed the fundamental evaluation of malaria eradication. The average annual incidence rate from 1990 to 2009 was 0. 37 / 1 000,000,and 48. 95% were imported cases. After 2010,Huzhou City had no local malaria case,and all cases reported were imported from 2010 to 2015. Conclusion A remarkable effects of the targeted control measures have been made at different stages in Huzhou City. In order to consolidate the achievements,we should strengthen the monitoring of floating population,timely and effective treatment of imported cases.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study a local hospital reported acute gastroenteritis in a boarding school on its source of infection, mode of transmission and risk factors of the infection. Methods A suspected case was defined as who had developed diarrhea (≥3 times/day) or vomiting among teachers or students of the school, during April 19-30, 2010. A confirmed case was from a probable case plus tested positive for norovirus in stool specimens by using RT-PCR. Stool specimens of cases and environmental specimens were collected for laboratory diagnosis. In a ease-control study, we compared exposures to sources of bottled water, consumption of bottled water, and hygienic habits of 220 probable or confirmed cases from April 21-23 in the peak of the outbreak, together with another 220 controls, with frequency-matched by school grade. Results 20.3% of the 1536 students but none of the teachers developed the disease. 98.6% of the cases (n=217) and 85.5% (n=188) of the controls had drunk bottled water in the classroom (ORM-H= 12.3,95%CI: 3.7-40.9). 47.9% (n= 104)of the cases and 41.5% (n=78)of the controls had drunk unboiled bottled water in classroom (ORM-H=3.8,95%CI: 1.5-9.6). 47.9% (n=104) of the cases and 48.4% (n=91) of the controls had drunk bottled mixed water (boiled and unboiled) in the classroom (ORM-H=2.8, 95%CI: 1.1-7.0).Stool specimens from 3 cases and one bottle of uncovered bottled water in classroom showed positive of having norovirus genotype Ⅱ. Coliforms was cultured much higher rates than standard deviations in the bottled water. The factory making the bottled water was not licensed or having strict disinfection facilities. Conclusion Bottled spring water contaminated by norovirus was responsible for this outbreak.