ABSTRACT
Objective: To understand the epidemiologic characteristics and spatial-temporal distribution of hepatitis E in Shanghai between 2006 and 2016. Methods: The reported incidence of hepatitis E and health facilities' information between 2006 and 2016 were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The geographic information were from Shanghai Surveying and Mapping Institute. The map scale was 1∶750 000. Global and local autocorrelation, and spatial-temporal detection methods were applied to determine the spatial-temporal characteristics of hepatitis E. Software ArcGIS 10.1 was used to analyze global and local spatial auto correlation of hepatitis E spatial clusters. Software SaTScan 9.4.4 was used to conduct scan for exploring the areas of hepatitis E temporal spatial clusters. Results: A total of 6 048 cases of hepatitis E were reported in Shanghai during 2006-2016. The average incidence was 2.14/100 000. Spatial auto correlation analysis indicated that there was significant spatial positive correlations and spatial-temporal clustering of hepatitis E in Shanghai, and the "high-high cluster" was mainly located in the downtown of the city. Conclusion: Understanding the spatial-temporal clustering areas of hepatitis E cases in Shanghai from 2006 to 2016 is important to the reasonable allocation of public health resources and effective prevention and control of hepatitis E.
Subject(s)
Humans , China/epidemiology , Cities , Cluster Analysis , Hepatitis E/epidemiology , Spatio-Temporal AnalysisABSTRACT
To investigate the detection and characterization of micro-vessels within the carotid atherosclerotic plaque using B-flow imaging [BFI] ultrasound with contrast-enhanced ultrasound [CEU] as the reference standard. Between August 2008 and July 2011, 78 patients with carotid atherosclerosis that were admitted at the Department of Ultrasonography in ZhongNan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China underwent standard and BFI examination. Fifty-one patients received both BFI and CEU. We evaluated the relationship between BFI findings, and clinical symptoms in ischemic stroke, or transient ischemic attack patients. The correlation of cerebrovascular symptoms, stenosis, and plaque type on the detection of neovessels by BFI were statistically evaluated using chi2 test [McNemar test]. The agreement of the 2 sonographic methods was assessed by kappa coefficient. The diagnostic efficacy of BFI for carotid atherosclerotic micro-vessel detection was also calculated. The BFI findings of micro-vessel were correlated to patient's symptom. The agreement between BFI and CEU for diagnosis of microvascularization was good [kappa=0.406]. The following was calculated: sensitivity [0.483]; specificity [0.955]; positive predictive value [0.933]; negative predictive value [0.583]; and accuracy of BFI [0.686]. Logistic regression demonstrated a significant association between cerebrovascular events and the presence of BFI signals within carotid plaques [B: 2.422; 95% confidence interval: 1.728-73.407]. Compared with CEU, the BFI is less sensitive, however, it is a valid and practical method for detection of carotid atherosclerotic micro-vessels