ABSTRACT
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoscale vesicles secreted by Gram-negative bacteria. As a unique bacterial secretion, OMV secretion can help bacteria maintain the outer membrane stability or remove harmful substances. Studies have shown that local separation of outer membrane and peptidoglycan layers led by abnormalities in outer membrane protein function, abnormal structure or excessive accumulation of LPS, and erroneous accumulation of phospholipids in the outer leaflet, which can all lead to bacterial outer membrane protrusion and eventually bud formation of OMVs. Since OMVs are mainly composed of bacterial outer membrane and periplasmic components, the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on their surface can trigger strong immune responses. For example, OMVs can recruit and activate neutrophils, polarize macrophages to secrete large amounts of inflammatory factors. More importantly, OMVs can act as adjuvants to induce dendritic cell (DC) maturation to enhance adaptive immune response in the body. At the same time, OMVs are derived from bacteria, which make it easy to modify. The methods by genetic engineering and others can improve their tumor targeting, give them new functions, or reduce their immunotoxicity, which is conducive to their application in tumor therapy. OMVs not only induce apoptosis or pyroptosis of tumor cells, but also regulate the host immune system, which makes OMVs themselves have a certain killing effect on tumors. In addition, the tendency of neutrophils to inflammatory tumor sites and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps enable OMVs to target tumor sites, and the suitable size and the characteristic that they are easily taken up by DCs give OMVs a certain lymphatic targeting ability. Therefore, OMVs are often employed as excellent drug or vaccine carriers in tumor therapy. This review mainly discusses the biological mechanism of OMVs, the regulatory effects of OMVs on immune cells, the functional modification strategies of OMVs, and their research progress in tumor therapy.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prognostic factors for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)in patients under 40 years of age.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinicopathological data of 148 young patients with NSCLC were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to analyze the relationship between prognostic factors and survival time.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The patients were followed-up for 6 - 148 months, and the follow-up rate was 100%. In the whole group, 122 patients died and 26 cases were surviving. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 54.7%, 10.4% and 5.6%, respectively. The median survival time (MST) was 14.7 months. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that Karnofsky performance status (KPS), clinical stage, treatment modality and serum CEA were related with prognosis (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that KPS, clinical stage, treatment modality and serum CEA were independent prognostic factors (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>KPS, CEA, clinical stage and treatment modalities are independent prognostic factors in young NSCLC patients.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols , Therapeutic Uses , Carcinoembryonic Antigen , Blood , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung , Blood , Drug Therapy , Pathology , Radiotherapy , General Surgery , Combined Modality Therapy , Follow-Up Studies , Karnofsky Performance Status , Lung Neoplasms , Blood , Drug Therapy , Pathology , Radiotherapy , General Surgery , Neoplasm Staging , Pneumonectomy , Methods , Proportional Hazards Models , Retrospective Studies , Survival RateABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the feasible age limits in Chinese elderly patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of 507 patients with NHL who were admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) from January 1990 to December 2007 were retrospectively analyzed. They were further followed up by reviewing medical records or by phone. The deadline of follow-up was October 2008.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 5-year/8-year overall survival (OS) rates were 64.6%/45.7%, 53.0%/ 44.1%, 32.8%/17.5%, 40.0%/22.8%, and 19.8%/0, respectively, in patients aged < 60 years, 60-64 years, 65-69 years, 70-74 years, and > or = 75 years. The OS rate was significantly different between patients aged > or = 75 years and other age groups, and between patients aged 65-70 years and patients younger than 60 years (P < 0.05). Only age, serum albumin, and hemoglobin affected the survival status in elderly NHL patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Sixty-five years can be regarded as the age limit in Chinese NHL patients.</p>