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ABSTRACT The development of hemodialysis (HD) membranes has substantially advanced in the last decade. This has resulted in the manufacturing of medium cut-off membranes (MCO) whose internal architecture is based on greater pore size and a smaller diameter, thus promoting the clearance of particles of greater size as well as retrofiltration. Multiple studies have proven their efficacy in the clearance of uremic mid-sized molecules such as β2-microglobulin, free light chains, and some interleukins; this clearance is far superior with MCO membranes when compared with high-flux HD, and similar to that obtained with online hemodiafiltration. This review summarizes the results of the most relevant clinical studies of this membrane in terms of uremic toxin clearance, as well as the features of some clinical outcomes such as quality of life and hospitalizations.
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Abstract Background: Since the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, patients with chronic kidney disease vulnerable to suffering more severe COVID-19 disease and worse outcomes have been identified Objectives: Our study's aim was to determine the incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients of hemodialysis (HD) units in Mexico and to describe the availability of confirmatory testing Methods: This study was multicentric study of 19 HD units, conducted between March 2020 and March 2021 Results: From a total of 5779 patients, 955 (16.5%) cases of suspicious COVID-19 were detected; a SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction test was done in only 50.6% of patients. Forty-five percentages were hospitalized and 6% required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). There was no significant difference in mortality between confirmed (131/483) and suspicious (124/472) cases (p = 0.74). The percentage of patients in need of hospitalization, IMV, and deceased was greater than in the rest of the study population Conclusions: The study revealed that 49.4% of the cases were not confirmed, a worrisome observation given that this is a highly vulnerable population (higher probability of contagion and worse outcomes), in which 100% of patients should have a confirmatory test
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ABSTRACT Initial reports suggested that kidney involvement after coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) infection was uncommon, but this premise appears to be incorrect. Acute kidney injury can occur through various mechanisms and complicate the course of up to 25% of patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in our Institution, and of over 50% of those on invasive mechanical ventilation. Mechanisms of injury include direct kidney injury and predominantly tubular, although glomerular injury has been reported, and resulting from severe hypoxic respiratory failure, secondary infection, and exposure to nephrotoxic drugs. The mainstay of treatment remains the prevention of progressive kidney damage and, in some cases, the use of renal replacement therapy. Although the use of blood purification techniques has been proposed as a potential treatment, results to date have not been conclusive. In this manuscript, the mechanisms of kidney injury by COVID-19, risk factors, and the mainstays of treatment are reviewed.
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Resumen Introducción: La tuberculosis es un problema de salud pública; su control requiere diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno. Xpert MTB/RIF® es una tecno logía diagnóstica basada en PCR en tiempo real, detecta el Complejo Mycobacterium tuberculosis y la susceptibilidad a rifampicina. Objetivo: Determinar la contribución del Xpert MTB/RIF y su costo-efectividad en la detección de tuberculosis y la resistencia a rifampicina en muestras respirato rias al compararlo con métodos de diagnóstico no moleculares Materiales y Métodos: Se analizaron 1.574 muestras de pacientes con sospecha de tuberculosis pulmonar que fueron procesadas para microscopía con coloración fluorescente de auramina-rodamina, Xpert MTB/RIF y cultivo en BACTEC MGIT 960. Los resultados obtenidos se compararon entre los métodos no moleculares y los moleculares para la detección de M. tuberculosis y susceptibilidad a rifampicina y se realizó un análisis comparativo de costos y costo efectividad. Resultados: 19,2% de las muestras fueron positivas por alguna de las técnicas usadas. Xpert MTB/RIF detectó M. tuberculosis en 90,4% del total de muestras positivas con un índice Kappa de 0,77 (IC95%: 0,74-0,82) comparado con el cultivo. La resistencia a rifampicina por Xpert fue 8,1%, sensibilidad 94,1% (IC95%: 73,0-99,0%), especificidad 98,4% (IC95%: 95,5-99,5%) y Kappa de 0,88 (IC95%: 0,76-1,00). La razón incremental de costo efectividad (RICE) fue menor en Xpert MTB/RIF comparada con el cultivo. Conclusión: Xpert MTB/RIF es una prueba eficiente y costo efectiva en la detección de casos de M. tuberculosis en muestras pulmonares comparado con los mé todos de diagnóstico basados en cultivo, sin embargo y a diferencia del Xpert MTB/RIF, estos pueden aportar en el diagnóstico con el aislamiento de especies de micobacterias no tuberculosas y la susceptibilidad a isoniazida y otros medicamentos.
Abstract Introduction: Tuberculosis is a public health problem its control requires early diagnosis and timely treatment. Xpert MTB/RIF is a real-time PCR based diagnostic technology, detects the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and rifampicin resistance. Objective: To determine the contribution of Xpert MTB/RIF and its cost-effectiveness in the detection of potential positive cases for tuberculosis and resistance to rifampicin in respiratory samples comparatively with diagnostic non molecular methods Materials and Methods: From 2013 to 2015, 1.574 clinical samples of patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis were evaluated by smear microscopy using auramina-rodamina stain, Xpert and culture in liquid medium BACTEC MGIT 960®. Results: 19,2% of the samples were positive for any of the methods used, Xpert detected M. tuberculosis in 90,4% of the positive samples and the concordance between Xpert and cultures had a Kappa index of 0,71 (IC95%: 0,62-0,72). Xpert identified resistance to rifampicin in 8,1% of the clinical samples studied with a sensitivity 94.1% (IC95%: 73,0-99,0%), specificity 98,4% (IC95%: 95,5-99,5%) and Kappa index 0,88 (IC95%: 0,76-1,00). Xpert had an incremental cost effectiveness ratio lower than culture (RICE). Conclusion: Xpert MTB/Rif is efficient diagnostic technique and comparable with culture in cost effectiveness for pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis. However, culture based methods, in contrast to Xpert, may allow the isolation and identification of non tuberculosis mycobacterial species and the possibility to perform susceptibility for other antituberculous drugs.
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El objetivo de la investigación fue comprender los efectos de la escritura autobiográfica en la elaboración de los duelos, la transformación subjetiva y la construcción de la memoria de mujeres víctimas del conflicto armado. Este artículo se concentra en lo relativo a los procesos de duelo. Método: la investigación tuvo un enfoque cualitativo y el método utilizado fue el interaccionismo simbólico; se hizo un estudio de caso con un grupo de mujeres participantes en procesos de escritura autobiográfica; la información se recolectó con entrevistas semiestructuradas, talleres de escritura y selección de textos. Resultados: la escritura auto-biográfica cumple una función positiva en el duelo de las mujeres al contribuir a procesos como: ordenar narrativamente el caos provocado por la violencia, nombrar y trabajar las pérdidas, dotar de sentidos íntimos y sociales al dolor y reconstruir las relaciones con lo perdido, con el mundo y consigo mismas. Conclusión: la escritura es un recurso valioso para avanzar en el duelo, a la manera de un ritual de despedida, ayuda a situar lo perdido en el ámbito de la memoria y a reconstruir la vida contando con la ausencia
The objective of the research was to understand the effects of autobiographical writing on the elaboration of grief, the subjective transformation and the construction of the memory of women victims of the armed conflict. This article focuses on the grief processes. Method: the approach was qualitative, the method was symbolic interactionism; a case study was made with a group of women participating in autobiographical writing processes; information was collected through semi-structured interviews, writing workshops and text selection. Results: Autobiographical writing plays a positive role in women's grief by contributing to processes such as: narrative order of chaos caused by violence, naming and working through losses, giving intimate and social meaning to pain, and reconstruction relationships with what was lost, with the world and with themselves. It is concluded that this kind of writing is a valuable resource to advance in mourning elaboration; in the manner of a farewell ritual it helps to situate the lost in the sphere of memory and to reconstruct life counting on absence
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Humans , Female , Armed Conflicts/psychology , Autobiographies as Topic , Grief , Crime Victims/psychology , Violence Against WomenABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad COVID-19, además de presentar síntomas respiratorios, puede afectar otros órganos como la piel. Al momento, se han descrito cinco variantes clínicas de manifestaciones cutáneas por COVID-19. Pocos reportes abordan el tema de la gravedad de las dermatosis cutáneas de COVID-19 y el pronóstico. OBJETIVO: Describir patrones clínicos e histológicos de dermatosis en pacientes con COVID-19. Pacientes y MÉTODOS: Es una cohorte para pacientes del IMSS-T1 en León, Guanajuato, México, entre septiembre 2020 y enero 2021. Identificamos pacientes con dermatosis asociada a COVID-19 desde su ingreso hospitalario y aquellos que la desarrollaron durante su estancia. Se les invitó a participar para evaluación clínica y toma de biopsia que fueron descritas por un patólogo experto. RESULTADOS: La frecuencia de las dermatosis por COVID-19 fue de 15,7%. Los que desarrollaron las lesiones durante su estancia hospitalaria presentaron mayor morbi-mortalidad (p = 0,001). Las lesiones vaso-oclusivas fueron las más diagnosticadas y asociadas con mayor mortalidad (p = 0,003). Histológicamente el hallazgo más común fue trombosis superficial y profunda (58%). CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes que desarrollaron las lesiones durante su hospitalización y aquellos con lesiones vaso-oclusivas tuvieron la mayor morbi-mortalidad. Las lesiones vaso-oclusivas pueden ser un factor de mal pronóstico en pacientes con COVID-19.
BACKGROUND: COVID-19 disease, besides presenting respiratory manifestations, can affect other organs such as kidneys, gastrointestinal system, heart, and skin. So far, five clinical variants of dermatoses have been described. Few reports discuss the severity associated with the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 and the prognosis. AIM: To describe the clinical and histopathological patterns of dermatoses in patients with COVID-19 infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study conducted in patients admitted to "IMSS T1" in Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico from September 2020 to January 2021. We identified those with COVID-19 dermatosis from the moment they were admitted; and those who developed them during hospitalization. Patients were invited to participate for a clinical evaluation and biopsy. The biopsies were described by an expert pathologist. RESULTS: The frequency of dermatological lesions was 15.7%. Those who developed dermatosis during their hospital stay presented higher mortality (p = 0.001) and severity of COVID-19 (p = 0.001) Vasoocclusive lesions were the most frequent in the hospital setting, and were associated to higher mortality (p = 0.003). The most frequent histopathological feature was superficial and deep thrombosis (58%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who developed dermatologic lesions during hospitalization and those with vaso-occlusive dermatoses had higher morbi-mortality. Vaso-occlusive lesions could be considered as a poor prognostic factor.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Skin Diseases/pathology , COVID-19/pathology , Prospective Studies , Hospitalization , Length of StayABSTRACT
RESUMEN El objetivo del artículo es reflexionar acerca de las condiciones que harían posible pensar la precariedad del vivir como forma de contraconducta y de repolitización de la vida en el neoliberalismo. La metodología adoptada fue de carácter documental. Los resultados: (1) el neoliberalismo rompe la política al exaltar la figura del sujeto como empresario de sí mismo; (2) es necesario comprender lo precario en sus tres dimensiones: la precariedad, la condición precaria y la precarización como estrategia de gobierno y (3) lo precario aparece como punto afirmativo para la repolitización de la vida. Conclusiones: proponemos la noción de política desde la condición precaria, la cual requiere de tres movimientos y conlleva cinco tareas específicas de parte de los individuos que se comprometen con ella.
ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to reflect on the conditions which would make it possible to think of a precarious life as a form of counter-behavior and repoliticization of life in neoliberalism. The methodology used was documentary in nature. Results include: (1) neoliberalism breaks politics by highlighting the subject as an entrepreneur of the self; (2) it is necessary to understand the three dimensions of precariousness and (3) the precarious appears as an affirmative point for the repoliticization of life. Conclusions: we propose the notion of politics from the condition of precariousness, which requires three movements and entails five specific tasks on the part of the individuals who commit to it.
RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre as condições que fariam possível pensar a precariedade da vida como forma de contraconduta e de repolitização da vida no neoliberalismo. A metodologia adotada é de natureza documental. Os resultados: (1) o neoliberalismo quebra a política ao exaltar a figura do sujeito como empresário dele próprio; (2) é preciso compreender o precário nas suas três dimensões: a precariedade, a condição precária e a precarização como estratégia de governo e (3) o precário aparece como ponto afirmativo para a repolitização da vida. Conclusões: propomos a noção de política desde a condição precária, ela precisa de três movimentos e implica cinco tarefasespecíficas por parte dos indivíduos que se comprometem com ela.
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Resumen: La pandemia del SARS-CoV-2 representa un riesgo especial para los pacientes en hemodiálisis crónica por su estado de inmunosupresión, edad avanzada y coexistencia de comorbilidades importantes, en particular patología cardiovascular, diabetes mellitus y otras. Adicionalmente, esta población constituye un conglomerado cerrado ya que los pacientes acuden a tratamiento con regularidad y permanecen horas en los lugares de tratamiento, expuestos a una posible adquisición de la infección. El hecho de acudir necesaria y regularmente a su tratamiento impide que permanezcan en aislamiento domiciliario y con exposición potencial en el traslado. Las presentes recomendaciones resumen las intervenciones propuestas por tres organizaciones internacionales, a las que se agregan algunas sugeridas por expertos nacionales, con el objetivo de identificar precozmente a los pacientes y personal de la salud en riesgo para disminuir el riesgo de infección.
Abstract The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is of hich risk for patients on chronic hemodialysis due to their immunosuppressed state, advanced age, and the coexistence of significant comorbidities, in particular cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and others. Additionally, they constitute a closed conglomerate since they come to treatment regularly, spending hours in the treatment places, exposed to a possible acquisition of the infection. Finally, going to their treatment regularly prevents them from remaining in home isolation and with potential exposure. These recommendations summarize the interventions proposed by three international organizations and add some suggested by national experts, with the aim to early identify the patients and health personnel at risk and reducing the risk of infection.
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Humans , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Renal Dialysis , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/therapy , Pandemics/prevention & control , Betacoronavirus , Primary Prevention , Algorithms , Disinfection , Patient Education as Topic , Early Diagnosis , Personal Protective Equipment , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19ABSTRACT
El presente artículo informa acerca del estudio cuyo objetivo fue reconocer las formas de subjetivación de mujeres que tienen una vida de pareja en la que usan las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). El enfoque metodológico fue cualitativo y el método usado fue el biográfico narrativo. Participaron 7 mujeres, con las cuales se hicieron una serie de entrevistas semiestructuradas tanto individuales como en pareja. Resultados: se pueden observar dos problematizaciones emergentes de la utilización de las TIC: la exhibición de la intimidad y los usos alternos de estas tecnologías; algunas de las participantes se subjetivan críticamente cuando hacen un uso reflexivo de las TIC. Conclusiones: la práctica crítica produce unas formas de subjetivación resistencial, lo cual tiene como condición que ellas se mantengan en una posición agonística continua; además, las prácticas subjetivadoras no pueden entenderse por fuera de la creación de formas de vida no hegemónicas que interroguen las tecnologías en mención y los usos que se hacen de ellas.
This article reports on the study whose objective was to recognize the forms of subjectivation of women who have a life as a couple in which they use information and communication technologies (ICT). The methodological approach was qualitative, and the method used was the narrative biographical. Seven women participated, with whom a series of semi-structured interviews were carried out, both individually and in pairs. Results: two emerging problematizations in the use of ICT can be observed: the exhibition of privacy and the alternative uses of these technologies; some of the participants become critically subjective when they make thoughtful use of ICT. Conclusions: critical practice produces forms of resistance subjectivation, which has as a condition that they remain in a continuous agonistic position. Furthermore, subjectivating practices cannot be understood outside of the creation of non-hegemonic life forms that interrogate the mentioned technologies and their uses.
Subject(s)
Humans , Agonistic Behavior , Women , Information Technology , FemininityABSTRACT
Resumen En el 2017, el Sistema de Información Estadístico, Delincuencial, Contravencional y Operativo ;SIEDCO; de la Policía Nacional ;PONAL;, una de las principales fuentes de información de criminalidad del país, experimentó dos cambios importantes en la consolidación de sus cifras de criminalidad. El primero fue la integración al SIEDCO de los registros administrativos de denuncias del Sistema Penal Oral Acusatorio ;SPOA; de la Fiscalía General de la Nación ;FGN;. El segundo fue la implementación de "¡ADenunciar!", un aplicativo que permite a los ciudadanos interponer algunas denuncias a través de internet. Estos cambios han generado variaciones importantes en las series de datos que miden la criminalidad registrada en el país, las cuales impiden la comparabilidad de las cifras de criminalidad en los últimos años en el país. El objetivo de este documento es explicar cómo se llevó a cabo la integración y agregación de información de criminalidad, y cuál fue su efecto en el cotejo de cifras estadísticas a través del tiempo. El método utilizado en este documento es descriptivo con un enfoque cuantitativo, realizando un análisis estadístico de las cifras consolidadas del SIEDCO y otras fuentes de información complementarias que permiten caracterizar la integración y agregación de información. Los resultados del análisis muestran que el incremento registrado en las cifras de criminalidad es producto de la integración de información y no necesariamente de aumentos en la criminalidad. Asimismo, este avance en la integración y agregación de información de criminalidad fue el resultado de la sinergia interinstitucional entre la Policía Nacional y la Fiscalía General de la Nación, que permitió la unificación de información y la provisión de un mecanismo facilitador de la denuncia ciudadana.
Summary In 2017, the Information System ;SIEDCO; of the National Police ;PONAL;, one of the main sources of criminality information in the country, experienced two important changes in the consolidation of its crime figures. The first, was the integration into SIEDCO of the administrative records of complaints of the Attorney General's Office ;FGN; Criminal System ;SPOA;. The latter was the implementation of the "¡ADenunciar!" ("ReportACrime!") app, an application that allows citizens to file some complaints through the FGN's Internet webpage. These changes have generated important variations in the series of data that measure the criminality registered in the country, which prevent the comparability of crime figures in recent years in the country. The objective of this document is to explain how the integration and aggregation of criminality information was carried out, and what was its effect on the collation of statistical figures over time. The methodology used in this document is descriptive with a quantitative approach, performing a statistical analysis of the consolidated figures in the SIEDCO information system and other complementary sources of information that allow for characterizing the integration and aggregation of information. The results of the analysis show that the increase registered in the figures of criminality is the product of the information integration and not necessarily increases in criminality. Likewise, this advance in the integration and aggregation of crime information was the result of the interinstitutional synergy between the National Police and the Attorney General's Office, which allowed the consolidation of information and the provisioning of a mechanism to facilitate citizens reporting crime.
Resumo No ano 2017, o Sistema de Informação Estatístico, Delinquencial, Contravencional e Operativo ;SIEDCO; da Policia Nacional ;PONAL;, uma das principais fontes de informação da criminalidade do país, teve duas mudanças importantes na consolidação de suas cifras de criminalidade. A primeira foi a integração ao SIEDCO dos registros administrativos de denúncias do Sistema Penal Oral Acusatório ;SPOA; da Fiscalia Geral da Nação ;FGN;. A segunda foi a implementação de "¡ADenunciar!", um aplicativo que permite aos cidadãos interpor algumas denúncias por meio da internet. Essas mudanças têm gerado variações importantes nas séries de dados que medem a criminalidade registrada no país, as quais impedem a comparabilidade das cifras de criminalidade nos últimos anos no país. O objetivo deste documento é explicar como se desenvolveu a integração e a agregação de informação da criminalidade, e qual foi seu efeito no cotejo de cifras estatísticas ao longo do tempo. O método utilizado neste documento é descritivo com uma abordagem quantitativa, realizando uma análise estatística das cifras consolidadas do SIEDCO e outras fontes de informação complementarias que possibilitam caracterizar a integração e agregação da informação. Os resultados da análise mostram que o incremento registrado nas cifras de criminalidade é produto da integração de informação e não necessariamente de aumentos na criminalidade. Assim mesmo, este avanço na integração e agregação da informação da criminalidade foi o resultado da sinergia interinstitucional entre a Policia Nacional e a Fiscalia Geral da Nação, que permitiu a unificação da informação e a provisão de um mecanismo facilitador para a denúncia cidadã.
Subject(s)
Social Sciences , Comparative Study , Colombia , CrimeSubject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Antiphospholipid Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Leriche Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Thrombosis/diagnosis , Antiphospholipid Syndrome/complications , Antiphospholipid Syndrome/drug therapy , Antibodies, Antiphospholipid , Leriche Syndrome/complications , Leriche Syndrome/drug therapyABSTRACT
RESUMEN El presente artículo analiza el proceso de disciplinarización de las psicociencias y la manera como ellas se han insertado en las prácticas del gobierno de los sujetos en occidente. El método que guio el proceso investigativo fue histórico-crítico fundamentado en la genealogía foucaultiana. Conclusiones: el modelo médico ha obsedido a las psicociencias a tal punto que estas han mantenido una fuerte preocupación por corporalizar la vida psicológica (incluida la enfermedad mental). Estas ciencias se disciplinaron a partir de las preocupaciones de la biopolítica de las poblaciones, razón por la que se convirtieron rápidamente en saberes coadyuvantes del gobierno de los sujetos y las sociedades. El psicoanálisis densificó la familia, la historia personal y el espacio psicológico de las personas a través de la noción de mundo interno. Las psicociencias en el siglo XX, fueron cruzadas por la tensión alrededor del mundo interno y del espacio psi. Estas disciplinas científicas se han constituido en las fuentes más importantes de sistemas de verdad y normatividad en lo referente a lo humano y la subjetivación en la cultura occidental.
SUMMARY This paper is an analysis of the disciplinarization process of the psychosciences and the manner in which they has been embedded into the practices of the governance of the subjects in western civilization. This research was conducted using a historical and critical approach based on Foucauldian genealogy. Conclusions: the medical model has influenced the psychosciences to the point of causing them to be strongly concerned with giving a corporeal form to psychological life. These sciences became disciplines as a result of the concerns of the biopolitics of the people. For this reason, they quickly became supporting knowledge for the governance of the subjects and societies. Psychoanalysis densified family, personal history and the psychological space of people through the notion of internal world. The psychosciences of the twentieth century were influenced by the tension regarding the internal world and the psychological space. These scientific disciplines have become the most important source for the truth and regulation systems in the matters concerning humanity and subjectivation in western civilization.
Subject(s)
Humans , Psychology , Government , PsychoanalysisABSTRACT
Resumen Se analiza la incidencia de la tecnología en el delito de pornografía infantil en Colombia, 2013-2015, en especial en el uso del teléfono móvil inteligente y las redes sociales en su comisión, mediante el análisis de información administrativa contenida en las bases de datos de la Policía Nacional (PONAL), relacionadas con los artículos 218 y 219A del Código Penal colombiano. El método: utilizado fue exploratorio descriptivo, con enfoque cuantitativo. Los resultados: evidenciaron un pronunciado incremento de denuncias en el año 2015 (574 % y 385 % con respecto a los años 2013 y 2014, respectivamente), caracterizado porque la etapa de la vida en la que se encuentran la mayoría de menores los hace proclives a ser víctimas de pornografía infantil y sus demás modalidades, situación que es aprovechada por predadores sexuales que están al acecho, en busca de víctimas con bajos niveles de autoprotección digital. En la comisión del delito son determinantes la internet, los teléfonos móviles inteligentes y las redes sociales, en razón a su uso inocente por parte de las víctimas y malintencionado por los victimarios. El combate del delito genera retos educativos orientados a empoderar a los menores, con el acompañamiento de padres de familia y centros educativos previamente capacitados.
Abstract The influence of technology in child pornography offenses in Colombia, 2013-2015 is analyzed, particularly in the use of mobile smartphones and social networks in the commission of these crimes, through the analysis of administrative information contained en the National Police (PONAL) databases relating to articles 218 and 219a of the Colombian Criminal Code. The method: used was of a descriptive exploratory nature, with a quantitative approach. The results: evidenced a sharp rise of complaints in 2015 (574 % and 385 % with respect to years 2013 y 2014, respectively), where the main feature is that the stage of life lived by most minors characterizes them as more prone to become victims of all forms of child pornography, this situation being taken advantage of by sexual predators lurking in search of victims with low digital self-protection levels. In the carrying out of these crimes, the internet, mobile smartphones, and social networks are determining factors because of their innocent use by the victims and malicious utilization by the perpetrators. Combating cybercrime creates educational challenges oriented towards the empowerment of minors accompanied by previously trained parents or family heads and education centers.
Resumo Analisa-se a incidência da tecnologia no crime de pornografia infantil na Colômbia, 2013-2015, em especial no uso do telefone móvel inteligente e das redes sociais na sua comissão, por meio da análise da informação administrativa contida nos bancos de dados da Policia Nacional (PONAL), relacionadas aos artigos 218 e 219a do Código Penal colombiano. O método: usado foi exploratório descritivo, com enfoque quantitativo. Os resultados: demonstraram um aumento pronunciado de denúncias em 2015 (574% e 385% com respeito aos anos 2013 e 2014, respectivamente), caracterizado porque a etapa da vida da maioria de menores faz que sejam suscetíveis a ser vítimas do pornografia infantil e as outras modalidades, situação alavancada pelos predadores sexuais que estão à espreita, na busca das vítimas com níveis baixos de auto-proteção digital. No momento de cometer o crime a Internet, os telefones móveis inteligentes e as redes sociais são determinantes, por motivo do seu uso inocente por parte das vítimas e do mal-intencionado pelos vitimários. O combate do crime gera desafios educativos orientados a empoderar aos menores, com o acompanhamento dos pais da família e dos centros educativos capacitados previamente.
Subject(s)
Psychology , Child Abuse , Crime Victims , EroticaABSTRACT
Resumen: Objetivo: Describir la metodología y los resultados del levantamiento de la Encuesta Nacional de Niños, Niñas y Mujeres en México (ENIM 2015). Material y métodos: La ENIM 2015 es una encuesta probabilística con muestreo polietápico, estratificado y por conglomerados, con representatividad regional, por estratos rural y urbano, y para la población indígena. Se aplicaron cuestionarios para obtener información sobre el hogar, mujeres de 15 a 49 años, niños y niñas menores de cinco años y niños y niñas y adolescentes de 5 a 17 años. Resultados: La tasa de respuesta en hogares y en mujeres fue de 94%; se obtuvo información de 10 760 hogares y 12 110 mujeres; para los niños y niñas y adolescentes y niños y niñas menores de cinco años, estos valores fueron de 98%, 11 607 y 8 066, respectivamente. Conclusión: El diseño probabilístico de la ENIM 2015 permite generar indicadores que se pueden desagregar en cinco regiones, para los estratos rural y urbano y para la población indígena, así como una línea base para 15 indicadores de los ODS.
Abstract: Objective: To describe the methodology and the implementation survey results from National Survey of Children and Women Mexico's (ENIM 2015). Materials and methods: The ENIM 2015 is a probability survey with multistage, stratified and cluster sample, with regional, rural and urban strata, and indigenous population representation.We applied questionnaires to get information from the household, women aged 15 to 49 years, children under five years and children and adolescents aged 5-17 years. Results: The response rate for households and women was 94%, obtaining information from 10 760 households and 12 110 women; while for children and adolescents and children under five years was 98%, 11 607 and 8 066, respectively. Conclusion: The ENIM 2015 probabilistic design allows generate indicators that can be stratified into five regions, rural and urban strata and from indigenous population, as well as a baseline for 15 indicators of the ODS.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Surveys and Questionnaires , Health Surveys/methods , Rural Population , Family Characteristics , Rural Health , Urban Health , Population Groups , MexicoABSTRACT
Introducción. El dengue es la enfermedad de más rápida propagación en el mundo y una permanente amenaza para la salud pública mundial, con aproximadamente 2,5 millones de personas en alto riesgo de infección. Ante la gravedad del cuadro de la enfermedad a nivel nacional y mundial, es necesario generar nuevas metodologías de predicción útiles para la adopción de decisiones en salud pública. Objetivo. Caracterizar los casos notificados de dengue entre el 2009 y el 2013 en el departamento del Valle del Cauca y presentar la metodología para elaborar canales endémicos en el caso del dengue. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, utilizando la base de datos secundaria de las fichas de notificación, y se caracterizaron los casos de dengue entre el 2009 y el 2013. Se elaboraron dos canales endémicos, uno mediante promedios móviles y el otro con suavización exponencial. Resultados. Se evidenció que la tendencia del dengue en el departamento del Valle del Cauca es positiva, lo que indica que en los últimos cinco años se ha incrementado el número de casos, aunque se observa una variación importante que podría explicarse por el ciclo de tres años que se inicia a partir del primer periodo epidemiológico del año. Conclusión. La elaboración del canal endémico del dengue en el Valle del Cauca evidenció la importancia de aplicar estas metodologías de vigilancia en las situaciones de interés en salud pública. Como se observó en los resultados, hubo años en los que el número de casos fue muy bajo y otros en los que la epidemia alcanzó cifras muy elevadas.
Introduction: Dengue is the fastest spreading disease in the world and a permanent threat to global public health. It is a viral illness for which approximately 2.5 million people are at high risk of infection. Given the severity of the disease at national and global levels, new predictive methodologies need to be generated to facilitate decision-making in public health. Objective: To characterize cases of dengue reported from 2009 to 2013 in Valle del Cauca department, Colombia, and to establish a methodology to develop endemic channels that can be applied to this event. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study. Notification forms were used as a secondary database to characterize dengue cases from 2009 to 2013. Two endemic channels were developed, one using running means and the other through exponential smoothing. Results: Dengue in the department of Valle del Cauca showed a positive tendency, indicating that the number of cases had increased in the last five years. An important variation was observed that could be explained by a three-year cycle beginning in the first epidemiological period of the year. Conclusion: The development of the dengue endemic channel for Valle del Cauca illustrates the importance of applying these monitoring methodologies to events of public health interest. As can be seen from the results, there were some years in which the number of cases was very low and others in which the epidemic reached very high levels.
Subject(s)
Dengue/epidemiology , Disease Notification , Aedes , Colombia , Dengue Virus , Endemic Diseases , Public HealthABSTRACT
El desarrollo del delito de minería ilícita tiene amplia incidencia en el incremento de los índices de violencia en municipios mineros de Colombia, como se deduce de la presente investigación, que se realizó con el objetivo de explicar el impacto de la minería ilícita en la convivencia y seguridad ciudadana en los citados municipios. Método. La investigación fue de tipo mixto, de alcance exploratorio descriptivo, constituida por una muestra de 129 funcionarios públicos y particulares, distribuidos en 42 municipios de diez departamentos. Los resultados se analizaron desde la teoría integradora del delito, y revelan altos niveles de deterioro de la convivencia y seguridad ciudadana en municipios con vocación minera, evidenciados por elevadas tasas de homicidio, lesiones personales y extorsión, situación que es aprovechada por los grupos armados organizados al margen de la Ley para perpetuar las espirales de violencia y subdesarrollo en las áreas donde delinquen.
The evolution of illicit mining offenses has wide influence on the increasing violence indices in mining municipalities in Colombia, as deducted from the present research carried out with the objective of explaining the impact of illegal mining on coexistence and citizen security in the cited municipalities. Method. Research was of a mixed type, with a descriptive exploratory scope, composed by a sample of 129 public and private officers distributed into 42 municipalities belonging to 10 departments. Results were analyzed from the integrating theory of crime, and they revealed high deterioration levels for coexistence and citizen security in municipalities with a mining vocation, as evidenced by high homicide rates, personal injuries and extortion, this situation being well exploited by illegal armed groups to perpetuate violence and underdevelopment spirals in the areas where they commit their offenses.
O desenvolvimento do crime da mineração ilícita tem ampla incidência no aumento dos índices da violência em municipalidades mineiras da Colômbia, como se deduz da pesquisa atual, que foi feita com o objetivo de explicar o impacto da mineração ilícita na convivência e na segurança cidadã nas municipalidades mencionadas. Método: A pesquisa foi de tipo misturado, de alcance exploratório descritivo, constituído por uma amostra de 129´funcionários públicos, distribuídos em 42 municipalidades de dez departamentos. Os resultados foram analisados da teoria integradora do crime, e revelam níveis altos da deterioração da convivência e da segurança cidadã nas municipalidades com vocação mineira, demonstrada pelas elevadas taxas do homicídio, os ferimentos pessoais e a extorsão, situação que é alavancada pelos grupos armados organizados à margem da lei para perpetuar as espirais da violência.
Subject(s)
Social Sciences , Colombia , Crime , Criminal LawABSTRACT
The occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dogs from the municipality of Natal, RN, Brazil, was determined. Information about the presence of these coccidia in this species was not known. Blood samples were collected from 29 domiciled dogs which inhabit areas that surround two important protected areas of Atlantic Forest (Parque da Cidade and Parque das Dunas) and another 73 dogs that were sacrificed due to Leishmania spp. infection, in Center for Control of Zoonosis (CCZ) for the municipality of Natal. It was only possible to obtain information about the gender of dogs that live in the parks area. The presence of antibodies against each parasite was determined by indirect Fluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT), with a cutoff of 16 for T. gondii and 50 for N. caninum. Of the 102 dogs examined, 13 (12.7%, 95% CI 7.0-20.8%) were T. gondii positive and three (2.9%, CI 0.6-8.4%) for N. caninum. Association between: localities of obtaining samples (parks x CCZ) and sex of animals, with the occurrence of antibodies against each of the parasites, was determined by the Fisher exact test. For T. gondii association was found with males (p = 0.027) and dogs living close to parks (p = 0.008) had higher rates of infection. Associations were not observed in relation to N. caninum.
A ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e anti-Neospora caninum foi determinada em cães do município de Natal, RN, onde informações sobre a presença destes coccídios nessa espécie não era conhecida. Para tanto, foram utilizados 29 cães domiciliados, que habitam áreas que circundam duas importantes Unidades de Conservação de Mata Atlântica presentes no município (Parque da Cidade e Parque das Dunas), e outros 73 cães que foram sacrificados no Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Natal por serem positivos a Leishmania spp. Somente em relação aos cães que vivem próximos aos parques foi possível a obtenção de informações sobre o sexo dos animais. A presença de anticorpos contra cada um dos coccídios foi determinada com a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta com ponto de corte de 16 para T. gondii e 50 para N. caninum. Dos 102 cães examinados, 13 (12,7%, IC 95% 7,0-20,8) foram positivos para T. gondii e 3 (2,9%, IC 0,6-8,4%) para N. caninum. Associação entre: localidades de obtenção das amostras (parques x CCZ) e sexo dos animais com a ocorrência de anticorpos contra cada um dos parasitos, determinada através do teste exato de Fisher, foram positivas para T. gondii, com os machos (p = 0,027) e cães que habitam próximos aos parques (p = 0,008) apresentando maiores taxas de infecção. Associações não foram observadas em relação a N. caninum.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Antibodies, Protozoan/isolation & purification , Dogs/immunology , Neospora/isolation & purification , Toxoplasma/isolation & purification , Leishmania/isolation & purification , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/veterinaryABSTRACT
Problema: Se analizó la incidencia del factor humano en la accidentalidad vial en el territorio colombiano, y se identificó evidencia empírica para la formulación de política pública del tránsito. Metodología: El diseño es descriptivo-correlacional. Instrumentos: cuestionario de comportamiento para conductores y motociclistas (D.B.Q.) y encuesta tipo Likert. Muestra no probabilística intencional: 16.322 personas (8.631 conductores de automotores, 5.133 motociclistas y 2.558 peatones, pasajeros y acompañantes). Resultados: a) conductores con nivel educativo superior inciden en menos accidentes; b) peatones con menor nivel educativo inciden en mayores conductas riesgosas; c) las mujeres tienen actitud positiva y perciben eficacia de campañas en prevencion; d) estilos de conducción iracundo, ansioso, riesgoso y de alta velocidad cometen más infracciones y accidentes; e) desobedecer señales de tránsito, la principal causa de accidentalidad; f) agresividad, hostilidad y estrés en el tránsito son factores que aumentan la probabilidad de accidente; g) campañas de prevención no están siendo captadas por la población más afectada. Conclusiones y recomendaciones: Los factores de accidentalidad vial guardan correspondencia con el Triángulo de Seguridad Vial establecido por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas factor humano preponderante en la accidentalidad. Lineamientos de política pública fundamentados en procesos educativos y corporativos tendientes a disminuir la accidentalidad por lo general no se concibe aplicada a la seguridad pública. Por ello, se presenta la inteligencia criminal como una disciplina que se ocupa de anticipar los riesgos criminales contra la seguridad pública. Esto permitiría disminuir la incertidumbre durante la toma de decisiones y calcular los daños contra la seguridad pública, que se pretende prevenir.
Problem: The influence of the human factor on accident rates in the Colombian territory was analyzed, and empirical evidence was identified for the formulation of public traffic policy. Methodology: The design is descriptive-correlational. Instruments: A behavior questionnaire (the D.B.Q.) for car drivers and motorcyclists, and a Likert-type survey. An intentional non-probabilistic sample: 16,322 individuals (8,631 vehicle drivers, 5,133 motorcyclists and 2,558 pedestrians, passengers, and accompanying persons). Results: a) drivers with a higher educational level have a lower impact on the accident rate; b) pedestrians with a lower educational level exhibit more risky behaviors: c) women have a poenfusitive attitude and perceive the effectiveness of prevention campaigns; d) angry, anxious, risky and high-speed driving result in more traffic offenses and accidents; e) disobeying traffic signs is the main cause of accidents; f) aggressiveness, hostility and stress are factors tending to increase the likelihood of traffic accidents; g) prevention campaigns are not being heard by the more affected population. Conclusions and recommendations: The accident rate factors correspond to the Road Safety Triangle established by the UNO human factor prominent in accident levels. Public policy guidelines based on educational and corporative processes leading to reduce the accident rate.
Problema: A incidência do fator humano na acidentalidade rodoviária no território colombiano foi analisada e a evidência empírica para a formulação da política pública do tráfego foi identificada. Metodologia: O projeto é descritivo-correlacional. Instrumentos: questionário do comportamento para os motoristas e os motoqueiros (D.B.Q.) e pesquisa tipo Likert. Amostra intencional não-probabilística: 16.322 pessoas (8.631 condutores de automotores, 5.133 motoqueiros e 2.558 pedestres, passageiros e companheiros). Resultados: a) os condutores com nível educativo superior incidem em menos acidentes; b) os pedestres com nível educativo menor incidem em maiores condutas de risco; c) as mulheres têm uma atitude positiva e percebem a eficácia das campanhas na prevenção; d) os estilos de dirigir enfurecido, ansioso, riscoso e da alta velocidade contribuem a cometer mais infrações e acidentes; e) para desobedecer sinalizações rodoviárias, a causa principal da acidentalidade; f) a agressividade, a hostilidade e o stress no tráfego são os fatores que aumentam a probabilidade do acidente; g) as campanhas da prevenção não são captadas pela população afetada. Conclusões e recomendações: Os fatores da acidentalidade rodoviária correspondem ao Triângulo da Segurança Rodoviária estabelecido pelas Nações Unidas fator humano preponderante na acidentalidade. Diretrizes da política pública baseadas em processos educativos e corporativos tendentes a diminuir a acidentalidade.
Subject(s)
Humans , Criminology , AccidentsABSTRACT
El presente artículo tiene por objetivo describir el estado actual de las publicaciones en revistas de Psicología a nivel nacional respecto del tema migratorio, particularmente de la salud mental en población infanto-juvenil inmigrante. Para ello se revisaron 1.094 artículos publicados en seis revistas de Psicología en Chile durante el periodo 2003-2013. Se encontraron 26 artículos referidos a temas migratorios, los que posteriormente fueron clasificados según: tipo de investigación, proyecto asociado, apoyo institucional, nivel de análisis, población objetivo, y contexto del estudio. Los resultados indican una baja tasa de publicación en temas migratorios, y la inexistencia de artículos sobre inmigración y salud mental infanto-juvenil. Finalmente, se enfatiza en la necesidad de publicaciones en Psicología que aborden la temática, contemplando dimensiones socioculturales en sus análisis...
This paper aims to describe the current state of the national publications in journals of Psychology respect to the subject of immigration, particularly mental health in infant-juvenile immigrant population. In order to do so, 1.094 articles published in six journals of Psychology in Chile during the period 2003-2013 were reviewed. Twenty-six articles on immigration were found, which were subsequently classified by: type of research, associated project, institutional support, level of analysis, targeted population, and context of study. The results indicate a low rate of publication on the subject of immigration issues, and the lack of articles on immigration and infant-juvenile mental health. Finally, it is emphasized the need for publications in Psychology to address immigration, considering socio-cultural dimensions in their analysis...