An ethical evaluation index system for clinical approval of medical technology in China: A structural equation model study / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To construct a quantitative ethical evaluation index system for the clinical approval of medical technology in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and first-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on a structure equation model (SEM), higher-order CFA and normalisation were used to establish an ethical evaluation index system for the clinical approval of medical technology. Data were processed in SPSS 13.0 and Lisre l5.3.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 52 third class indices, 15 second class indices, and 3 first class indices in this ethical evaluation index system. The weight of each index was calculated by normalisation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This study developed a three-level ethical evaluation index system, comprising 70 indices, for the clinical approval of medical technology.</p>

Detection of Multi-drug Resistant Acinetobacter Lwoffii Isolated from Soil of Mink Farm / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

There were 4 Acinetobacter lwoffii obtained from soil samples. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains to 16 antimicrobial agents was investigated using K-B method. Three isolates showed the multi-drug resistance. The presence of resistance genes and integrons was determined using PCR. The aadA1, aac(3')-IIc, aph(3')-VII, aac(6')-Ib, sul2, cat2, floR, and tet(K) genes were detected, respectively. Three class 1 integrons were obtained. The arr-3-aacA4 and blaPSE-1 gene cassette, which cause resistance to aminoglycoside and beta-lactamase antibiotics. Our results reported the detection of multi-drug resistant and carried resistant genes Acinetobacter lwoffii from soil. The findings suggested that we should pay close attention to the prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacterial species of environment.

Effective Ingredients of Yangjing Zhongyu Decoction Regulated Androgen Biosyntheses by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Porcine Granulose Cells / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the molecular mechanism of Yangjing Zhongyu Decoction (YZD) n-butanol extracts (ZDC) and ethyl acetate extracts (YSYZ) in reducing androgen in porcine granulose cells by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Porcine granulose cells were isolated and cultured. They were inoculated by MAPK inhibitor PD98059 at different concentrations, and then they were divided into the blank control group (0), 1, 3, 10, and 25 micromol/L groups. After 24-h culture the cytochrome P450c17a (CYP17) mRNA expression level was detected using Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. Contents of androgen (testosterone) in the supernate were detected using RIA and optimal PD98059 concentration screened. After intervened by 10 micromol/L PD98059 for 24 h, the culture solution was intervened by effective ingredients of with or without YZD or YSYZ at various concentrations (0, 1 , 5, 25, 50 mg/mL) at various time points (3, 6, 18, 24 h). Expression levels of p-ERK1/2, c-Fos and CYP17 were detected by Western blot. Testosterone content in the supernate was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ten pLmol/L PD98059 could obviously decrease p-ERK1/2 protein expression and increase CYP17 mRMA expression, and elevate testosterone content in the supernate (P < 0.05). ZDC and YSYZ at 25 ng/mL could increase p-ERK1/2 protein expression and c-Fos levels, and reduce CYP17 protein expression, and lower testosterone content in the supernate after 6-h intervention (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Effective ingredients of YZD could reduce androgen production in porcine granulose cells through increasing activities of MAPK.</p>

Effect of Yangjing Zhongyu Decoction on mRNA and protein expression of PCNA, StAR, and FSHR in ovarian granulosa cells cultured by excess androgen / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of Yangjing Zhongyu Decoction (YZD) on mRNA and protein expression of PCNA, StAR, and FSHR in ovarian granulose cells (GCs) cultured by excess androgen.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ovarian GCs from porcine follicles were isolated and cultured in vitro. Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) or YZD was added in the GCs treated by excess testosterone propionate. Totally 48 h later mRNA and protein expression of PCNA, StAR, and FSHR were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Excess androgen inhibited mRNA and protein expression of PCNA, StAR, and FSHR of GCs. FSH and YZD could antagonize inhibition of excess androgens, and promote mRNA and protein expression of PCNA, StAR, and FSHR in GCs.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>YZD could antagonize the inhibition of excess androgen on mRNA and protein expression of PCNA, StAR and FSHR in GCs. Thus, we inferred that YZD could improve the follicle dysplasia by promoting mRNA and protein expression of PCNA, StAR and FSHR in GCs.</p>

Outbreak of dengue Fever in central China, 2013 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

In 2013, the first dengue fever (DF) outbreak in central China was reported in the central of Henan province, northern temperate regions, although they have been sequentially recorded in Southern China. 106 suspected DF cases were reported and 73 patients were confirmed dengue virus type 3 (DEN-3) infections. 62/392 (15.8%) local health persons showed DEN antibodies positive. To this day Henan is the northernmost province in China which has been reported about outbreak of DF and what is important is that it warns us the endemic range of DF has been expanded geographically in China.

Genome sequences of coxsackievirus B5 isolated from viral encephalitis patients in Henan province, 2011 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the complete genome sequences of two coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) isolated in Henan province, 2011.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Specimens were collected from viral encephalitis patients and followed by viral isolation on them. RNA were extracted from positive isolates and the amplified products were sequenced. The full-length genomes of them were acquired by assembling the fragments, using DNAStar 5.01 software while phylogenetic analysis were performed with Mega 5.05 and other software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The genomes RNA of 03001N and 17Y showed 7408 bp and 7404 bp long, and the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions were 747 bp, 743 bp and 103 bp, 103 bp, respectively. BLAST analysis of these two isolates, based on the complete genome, showed 97% identity, with both of them having the highest similarity(98%, 99%)to the CVB5 strain isolated from Henan in 2010 rather than other CVB5 strains. Coding regions of both isolates were 6558 bp, code for a polyprotein of 2185 amino acids (aa) and both of them showed 99% amino acid identity. Phylogenetic tree in VP1 region showed that the two isolates belonged to the same clade with other strains isolated from all over the country in the past years, except for some CVB5 strains isolated from Henan and Shandong province in 2009 that formed the other cluster.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It seemed that more than one group of CVB5 were circulating in Henan province and these two isolates appeared the main epidemic strains circulating in the past years.</p>

Effects of Yangling Zhongyu Decoction on the secretion of ovarian granule cells in polycystic ovarian syndrome rat model / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effects of Yangjing Zhongyu Decoction (YJZYD) on the serum estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), ovarian follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1), steroid hormone acute regulator protein (StAR) mRNA expressions in female rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty PCOS rats were equally divided into 5 groups, i. e., the control group (C, normal PNA rats), the model group (M), the low dose YJZYD group (Y1), the medium dose YJZYD group (Y2), and the high dose YJZYD group (Y3), 10 in each. The levels of serum hormones were detected using radioimmunoassay. The morphological changes of the ovary were observed using HE method. The expressions of FSHR, IGF-1, and StAR mRNA were detected using RT PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with Group C, serum T and 17-OHP significantly increased (P < 0.01), E2 significantly decreased (P < 0.01), the expressions of FSHR, IGF-1, and StAR mRNA significantly decreased in Group M (P < 0.01). Compared with Group M, the serum T level significantly decreased (P < 0.01), 17-OHP decreased (P < 0.05), and E2 significantly increased in Group Y3 (P < 0.01). The expressions of FSHR, IGF-1, and StAR mRNA increased in Group Y1, Y2, and Y3. The increase was most obvious in Group Y3 (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>YJZYD could lower the hyperandrogenemia of PCOS rats. It also could increase the ovarian expressions of FSHR, IGF-1, and StAR mRNA, improve the ovarian functions, and promote the follicular development.</p>

Epidemic characteristics and viral antibody level among healthy people of Japanese B encephalitis in Henan province in 2010 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the epidemic characteristics and viral antibody level among healthy people of Japanese B encephalitis (JE) in Henan province in 2010.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 433 selected JE cases in Henan province in 2010 were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method. Xinyang and Luoyang were selected as survey sites in 2010.12 administrative villages were randomly selected from both cities. As the investigation objects, 519 healthy people from the two cities were randomly selected by eight age groups:less than one year old, 1 - 2 years old, 3 - 4 years old, 5 - 6 years old, 7 - 14 years old, 15 - 19 years old, 20 - 59 years old, and above 60 years old. A total of 1008 samples of blood specimens were collected both in May and November, and JE viral antibody was detected by micro-cytopathic effect neutralization test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence rate of JE was 0.46/100 000 (433/94 130 434) in Henan province in 2010.97.69% (423/433) of the patients were found between July and September, and 81.06% (351/433) were distributed in Nanyang, Xinyang, Luoyang, Zhumadian and Zhoukou city. Children aged 0 to 14 years were the primarily affected group (82.22%, 356/433), the people above 15 years old accounted for 17.78% (77/433) of whole cases in Henan province, but the same group accounted for 65.79% (50/76) of whole cases in Luoyang city, which obviously higher than the percentage in Henan province (χ(2) = 79.57, P < 0.05). Most patients were scattered children in Henan province, accounting for 58.89% (255/433). In Luoyang city, most patients were peasants, accounting for 44.74% (34/76). The antibody positive rate of JE among health people above 15 years old in Luoyang city was 48.94% (46/94), which was lower than it in Xinyang city at 97.78% (88/90). The difference showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 55.42, P < 0.05). The antibody positive rate among healthy people under vaccination was 50.41% (61/121), which was obviously higher than that among people without vaccination, at 16.67% (6/36) in Luoyang city. The difference showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 12.92, P < 0.05). The antibody positive rate among healthy people under vaccination was 67.11% (51/76) in Xinyang city, which was obviously higher than that among people without vaccination, at 46.39% (45/97). The difference showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 7.40, P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The incidence of JE showed seasonal and regional characteristics, there were differences among ages and occupations. The difference was consistent with the difference in viral antibody level among health people in Henan province and Luoyang city.</p>

Characterization of a novel podoviridae-phage infecting Serratia marcescens isolated in China / 病毒学报

Serratia marcescens jn01 was employed as the host for the isolation of phages from environmental sewage. One strain of phage named SmPjn was purified by picking transparent plaque with 2mm diameter and clear edge on the double-layer agar repeatedly. Electron micrographs indicated that the phage head was icosahedral with head size and tail length of (58 +/- 2.16) x (55 +/- 0.47) nm and (7 +/- 1.25) nm, respectively. On the basis of the morphology, this phage belongs to the family Podoviridae. Host-range determination revealed that the phage was capable of infecting the other two isolates of S. marcescens, P25 and CMCC41002. The optimal multiplicity of infection was 1. A one-step growth curve of SmPjn indicated that the latent period and burst size were estimated at 50 min and 1,125 pfu/cell, respectively . Genomic DNA of SmPjn was above 27kb in size and could be digested by Hind Ill and EcoR I into 11 and 9 visible fragments after electrophoresis, respectively. A novel Podoviridae-phage infecting S. marcescens was firstly reported in China.

Culture, isolation and identification of new bunyavirus in African green monkey kidney(Vero) cells / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To culture, isolate and identify new bunyavirus in Vero cell line.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Samples of 164 new bunyavirus positive by real time RT-PCR detection and well preserved serum specimens were selected from cases of fever, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia syndrome (FTLS) in Xinyang, Henan province in 2009 - 2011. These sera were cultured in Vero cell line and new bunyavirus were detected by observing cytopathic effect (CPE), Real-time RT-PCR, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and thin-section electron microscopy observation. A total of 10 positive PCR products were selected randomly for sequencing and the results were compared with sequence in Genbank.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 164 FTLS serum specimens cultured in Vero cell line, no special CPE were observed and 67 strains (40.85%) were positive detected by Real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic acid similarity of 10 specimens were 97.8% - 100% and there's also a high similarity (> 99%) between specimens and new bunyavirus isolates (Accession No. HQ141600.1). Among 67 positive strains, 58 of them showed specific fluorescence particles by IFA. The viral particles were observed to be spheres with a diameter of 80 - 100 nm by electron microscopy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Vero cell line is suitable for culture, isolation and identification of new bunyavirus.</p>

Edaravone attenuates paraquat-induced lung injury by inhibiting oxidative stress in human type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

BACKGROUND: Edaravone (3-methyl-1-penyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one) is a potent free-radical scavenger and has the antioxidant ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation. The study aimed to examine the effect of edaravone on protecting the acute injury of human type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells (A549 cells) induced by paraquat (PQ) and the change of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD). METHODS: A549 cells were cultured and divided into PQ group (group P), edaravone-treated group (group E) and normal control group (group C). The cells in group P were exposed to paraquat (600 mol/L), and the cells in group E were treated with edaravone (100 mol/L) additionally, and no drug intervention was given to the cells in group C. Real-time monitoring by LSCM was used to detect the cell response and the intracellular dynamic change of ROS level in A549 cells after administration of PQ and edaravone. And the levels of SOD and MDA were detected respectively by biochemistry colorimetry. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. Statistical analysis was carried out with the soft SPSS 16.0. RESULTS: The concentration of intracellular ROS significantly increased when PQ was given to A549 cells. But after administration of edaravone, the concentration of intracellular ROS was decreased. Compared to the PQ group, the levels of SOD in the edaravone group were significantly increased while the levels of MDA were markedly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Paraquat can increase the oxidative stress, and induce the lipid peroxidation of A549 cells. Edaravone has the effect to scavenge reactive oxygen species, and to protect against the PQ-induced lung toxicity.

Surveillance of healthy people's Japanese encephalitis neutralizing antibody in some areas of Henan Province / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the prevalence characteristics and influence factors of Japanese encephalitis (JE) neutralizing antibody in healthy people.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Xinyang and Luoyang is the two cities in Henan Province. In 2010, healthy people of these two cities were selected by random sampling method to eight age groups: less than one year old, 1 -2 years old, 3 -4, 5 -6, 7 -14, 15 -19, 20 -59,and above 60 years old, their blood specimens were collected in May before JE infection and in November after JE infection, then followed with epidemiological investigation for JE neutralizing antibody by MCPENT.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>519 healthy people were surveyed, 1008 effective blood specimens were collected and tested. The JE neutralizing antibody positive rate was 59.52% in men, and 67.39% in male, these two rates had no statistical significance (chi2 = 3.41, P > 0.05). The JE neutralizing antibody was 58.66% in May, and 61.20% in November, these two rates had no statistical significance (chi2 = 0.68, P > 0.05). The JE neutralizing antibody positive rate of 0 - 14 years old age group was 55.19% in Xinyang, and 45.03% in Luoyang,these two rates had no statistical significance (chi2 = 3.53, P > 0. 05). The JE neutralizing antibody positive rate of above 15 years old age group is 97.78% in Xinyang,and 48.94% in Luoyang, these two rates had statistical significance (chi2 = 55.42, P < 0.05). The JE neutralizing antibody positive rate of JE vaccination was 56.85%, and 38.35% in no JE vaccination, these two rates had statistical significance (chi2 = 10.88, P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The JE neutralizing antibody positive rate was showing significant differences in people above 15 years old between Xinyang and Luoyang. The JE neutralizing antibody positive rate was showing significant differences between JE vaccination and no vaccination. Xinyang and Luoyang City, recommended strengthening the 0 - 14 year-olds immunized, and at the same time, exploring and paying attention to JE immunization strategy of people above 15 years old in Luoyang.</p>

Different serological tests for syphilis in 1,808 specimens / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To identify the advantages and disadvantages of the rapid plasma reagin test (RPR), chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test (TPPA) for detecting syphilis. Methods A total of 1,808 serum specimens were detected by RPR and CLIA; the negative specimens as detected by CLIA and by RPR were redetected by TPPA. Results There were 170 syphilis patients among the 1,808 patients. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of RPR were both significantly lower than those of CLIA and TPPA (P0. 05). However, the negative predictive value of RPR was significantly lower than that of CLIA (P0. 05), however, the positive predictive value of CLIA was significantly lower than that of TPPA (P<0. 05). Biologically false positive results could be found for all the 3 methods and false negative results could be found for RPR and TPPA (P<0. 05). Conclusion CLIA and TPPA are superior to RPR in diagnosing syphilis. The procedure of diagnosing syphilis may need to be adjusted, and syphilis should be diagnosed by combining the medical history, symptom and lab results.

Apoptotic mechanism of WJH-6, a novel polyamine conjugate, on K562 and HL-60 cells / 药学学报

In the present study, the apoptotic mechanism and polyamine transporter recognition of WJH-6, a novel polyamine conjugate, were investigated in K562 and HL-60 cells. The cytotoxicity of WJH-6 was assessed by MTT assay; cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry; the protein expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, Bid and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were evaluated by high content screening (HCS) analysis; the protein expression of cytochrome c was measured by Western blotting. The results showed that WJH-6 could be recognized and transported by polyamine transporter (PAT). Furthermore, WJH-6 was able to inhibit K562 and HL-60 cells proliferation and induce apoptosis. This apoptotic effect was relative to MMP loss, cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytoplasm and the activation of Caspase-8, Caspase-9, Caspase-3 and Bid. These results suggested that WJH-6-induced K562 and HL-60 cells apoptosis was related with mitochondrial damage.

Optimization of extraction process of Yangjing Zhongyu Decoction by orthogonal test / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the extraction process of Yangjing Zhongyu Decoction and investigate the content change of loganin, paeoniflorin, and ferulic acid in the mixed and seperated decoctions. Methods: Orthogonal design was used to optimize the extraction process. The contents of the three components were determined under the same chromatographic conditions by HPLC. The detective wavelength of loganin and paeoniflorin was 230 nm, and the detective wavelength of ferulic acid was 316 nm. Results: The optimum extraction condition was as follows: six times water, extracting three times, every time for an hour. Conclusion: The optimum process is stable and feasible. The contents of the three components are more improved in the mixed decoction in varying degrees than single decoction.

Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity of naphthalimide polyamine conjugates as antitumor agents / 药学学报

Six naphthalimide polyamine conjugates were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS. Antitumor activities were evaluated in vitro using MTT assay on Leukemia cells (K562), human breast cancer cells (MB-231) and prostate cancer cells (Ln cap cell). The results showed that most of the six compounds were superior to the control (amonafide), 6d, 6e, and 6f exhibited nice selectivity in a screen of hepatoma cells (BEL-7402) and human normal hepatocytes (QSG-7701).

The association of polymorphisms of CDT1 and GMNN gene with the risk of breast cancer in Chinese women: a case-control analysis / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association of polymorphisms of CDT1 and GMNN gene, two important genes participating in DNA replication, with the risk of sporadic breast cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR - RFLP) and the primer-introduced restriction analysis (PIRA)-PCR assay to genotype the CDT1 838G/A and GMNN 387C/A polymorphisms in a case-control study of 427 breast cancer cases and 477 cancer-free controls in a Chinese population.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No significant association of the CDT1 838G/A and GMNN 387C/A polymorphisms with the risk of breast cancer was found (adjusted OR:1.16, 95% CI:0.88-1.54 for CDT1 GA+AA genotypes and adjusted OR:0.90, 95% CI:0.67-1.21 for GMNN CA+AA genotypes). However, in the stratified analyses, a significant association of CDT1 GA+AA genotypes with breast cancer risk among subjects with family history of cancer was found (adjusted OR:2.21, 95% CI:1.20-4.09).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These findings suggest that the CDT1 838G/A and GMNN 387C/A polymorphisms may not play a major role in the etiology of breast cancer, but CDT1 variant may have a potential role only in genetically susceptible women.</p>

Association of two genetic polymorphisms in the 5'untranslated region of exon 2 of the p73 gene and risk of lung cancer / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the relationship between two potential functional polymorphisms in exon 2 of the p73 gene and the susceptibility of lung cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-single stand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) method in 425 histologically-confirmed lung cancer cases and 588 cancer-free controls, frequency-matched by age and sex.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The two polymorphisms were in complete linkage disequilibrium and the frequencies of variant p73 AT haplotype (A4T14) were less commonly seen in the cases (0.225) than in the controls (0.287) (P = 0.0018). Compared with the p73 GC/GC homozygotes, both the AT/AT variant homozygotes and GC/AT heterozygotes were associated with a significantly decreased risk [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.26 - 0.80 and OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.53-0.92, respectively].</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These results suggested that this p73 dinucleotide polymorphism might have had a role to play in the susceptibility of lung cancer.</p>

Association of two exonic genetic polymorphisms in the DNA repair gene XPC with risk of lung cancer in Chinese population / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between two exonic polymorphisms of DNA repair gene XPC and the susceptibility to lung cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Genotypes were determined by the primer introduced restriction analysis-PCR(PIRA-PCR) and the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) approaches, respectively, in 320 histologically-confirmed lung cancer cases and 322 age and sex frequency-matched cancer-free controls.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that individuals carrying at least one 499Val variant allele (Ala/Val + Val/Val genotypes) had a significantly increased risk for lung cancer (adjusted OR=1.54; 95%CI: 1.11-2.14), compared with the wild-type genotype (499Ala/Ala). Furthermore, individuals with both putative risk genotypes had a significantly higher risk (adjusted OR=2.55; 95%CI: 1.45-4.52), compared with those with both wild-genotypes. In addition, a potential super multiplicative gene-environment interaction between Ala499Val genotypes and smoking on lung cancer risk was unveiled. The odds ratios of lung cancer for individuals with both putative risk genotypes were 2.63 (95%CI=1.23-5.62) in nonsmokers and 7.36 (95%CI=3.19-17.0) in smokers, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These findings support the hypothesis that these two XPC variants may contribute to the risk of developing lung cancer.</p>