ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens causing maxillofacial infection in patients,and provide evidence for rational use of antimicrobial agents in clinical practice.Methods Specimens of patients infected with oral and maxillofacial infection in a hospital between January 2012 and December 2016 were performed microbial culture,pathogens were identified and performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing,distribution of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance were analyzed.Results Of 882 patients with maxillofacial infection,male and female accounted for 32.20％ and 67.80％ respectively;35.38％ and 32.65％ of patients aged ～40 years and ～60 years respectively;a total of 145 strains were isolated,88(60.69 ％) of which were gram-negative bacteria,mainly Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa;56 (38.62 ％) of which were gram-positive bacteria,mainly Staphylococcus aureus.Resistance rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae to 16 kinds of an timicrobial agents were a11＜50％,resistance rates to imipenem and meropenem were the lowest,both were 3.45％,1 1 strains were extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing strains;resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 10 kinds of antimicrobial agents were all＜40％.Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible to tigecycline,linezolid,and vancomycin,resistance rate to penicillin was the highest (66.67％),resistance rate to oxacillin was 20.83％.Conclusion The main pathogens causing oral and maxillofacial infection are gram negative bacteria,different pathogens have different antimicrobial resistance,antimicrobial agents should be used rationally during clinical treatment according to antimicrobial susceptibility testing result.
ABSTRACT
Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is defined as a mild brain trauma resulting in a short loss of consciousness and alteration of mental status. It may also occasionally develop persistent and progressive symptoms. It has been confirmed that MTBI causes changes of anatomic structures in central nervous system and biomarkers in the body fluid. However, there is no sufficient research on relevance among threshold for the brain injury, individual vulnerability and duration of disturbance of consciousness. Furthermore, there are no reliable diagnostic methods to establish whether a blow to the head is sufficient to cause the brain injury. This review provides references for biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and blood associated with TBI. It also provides application status and potential prospects for further assessment and diagnosis of MTBI.