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In 1963, the successful replantation of severed limbs in China was firstly reported in the world, and it opened a new era of microsurgery. In the past 60 years, Chinese microsurgery scholars had created numerous world firsts. Microsurgery is an advantage and characteristic clinical subject in China. We should continue to innovate and correctly position the clinical application of microsurgery technology, constantly expand the business space, serve the grass-roots level, educate new people, develop technologies and techniques, improve skills, strengthen communication.
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Conventional wisdom holds that the central nervous system (CNS) does not have lymphatic vessels or lymphatic circulation, and it lacks lymphatic pathways to clear brain metabolites. However, with the development of study in intracranial clearance, it has been discovered that there are lymphatic systems in CNS, including glymphatic pathway and it meningeal lymphatic vessels. It further reveals the exchange system between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF). It also closely relates to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, age-related changes of brain, traumatic brain injury, circulatory diseases and tumors. In the past 10 years, the research in CNS has been a hot spot in life sciences. This article aims to explain the research progress from the aspects of the discovery of glymphatic system, anatomical structure and function, and relationship with Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Chinese Journal of Microsurgery, based on the premise of doing well in the prevention and control of COVID-19 pandemics, shall keep on driving on the inheritance and innovation, carry forward the spirit of microsurgery, give full play to the advantages of microsurgery technology and improve the level of surgical repair and reconstruction, as well as try new ways for academic communications and give full play to the roles of an academic platform for a professional magazine; Clinical Orthopaedic Microsurgery(internal communication), the internal journal of editorial office, is the "showcase in China" to highlight and disseminate the achievements in microsurgery, focus on the support for the Chinese young microsurgeons who work in the front-line of medical services, provide a platform effectively for the young microsurgeons in China to actively participate in the Sino-English literary exchange, and truly "publish the papers on the land of our motherland".
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In and from year 2020, we will work on an enthusiastic initiative: to make the Chinese Journal of Microsurgery a world leading sci-tech journal by executing our new mission "inheritance, innovation, unity, cooperation and internationalization" . Two special columns will be created: World Masters in Microsurgery and Pioneers of Microsurgery in China. We will start to compile a bilingual Bibliographic Index of Literatures in Microsurgery in China (Chinese and English), and publish a commemorative album which includes all the successive members of the editorial boards of the Chinese Journal of Microsurgery. A new academic and communicational forum will be established through a series of academic seminars held by the Chinese Journal of Microsurgery. In addition, we will start professional training programs for the surgeons and junior surgeons who work in the first-line of care in microsurgery, assist and enable them to participate international academic events and build/establish cooperation with their international counterparts. In line with international standards, we will apply bilingual titles and abstracts of articles in both Chinese and English, and add English interpretations/translations to all the references listed in Chinese. We will continue to keep our best work to make our journal being listed by the Medline hence to fulfil international involvement.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This study aims to identify the effects of corticotomy-assisted orthodontic premolar intrusion andevaluate the changes of root resorption and the alveolar bone.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Both sides of the mandible of eight male Beagle dogswere randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The third (P3) and fourth (P4) premolars were intruded withboth mini-screw implant anchorage (MIA) and corticotomy on the experimental side. By contrast, P3 and P4 were intrudedwith MIA alone on the control side. During pre-operation and after 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of orthodontic force applications,cone beam computed tomography was performed on every dog. The distance of tooth intrusion and root resorption of furcation, as well as the apex and height changes of the alveolar bone were measured and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The intrusion distanceof premolars on the experimental side was greater than that on the control side (P < 0.05). The root of furcation and apex onboth sides occurred in root resorption, and the root resorption of the apex on the experimental side was lighter than that onthe control side after 12 weeks of force application (P < 0.05). The alveolar bone height decreased, and the height reductiondistance on the experimental side was greater than that on the control side after 8 and 12 weeks of force application (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Corticotomy accelerates orthodontic molarintrusion and reduces root resorption.</p>
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Animals , Dogs , Male , Bicuspid , Bone Screws , Cone-Beam Computed Tomography , Mandible , Root Resorption , Tooth Movement Techniques , Tooth RootABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:Whether the functional mandibular deviation wil cause osteal mandibular deviation and whether the mandibular growth pattern wil change are stil controversial. Vascular endothelial growth factor can increase the endothelial permeability, stimulate endothelial cel mitosis and promote angiogenesis and regulate the formation of bone. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of functional mandibular deviation on the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in condylar cartilage in growing rats. METHODS:Sixty four-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group (n=20) and experimental group (n=40). Each animal in experimental group received a nichrome appliance which was designed by our team. Lower mandible suffered from left functional deviation (2.1±0.3) mm to simulate functional mandibular asymmetry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The number of vascular endothelial growth factor-positive cels in the sagittal posterior deviation region of rats with functional mandibular deviation was less than that in the non-deviation region at 7-28 days after model establishment. The number of vascular endothelial growth factor-positive cels was less in the sagittal central and coronal central deviation region than in the non-deviation region in rats with functional mandibular deviation at 14-28 days after model establishment, but was close to the control group. The number of vascular endothelial growth factor-positive cels was less in the coronal lateral deviation region than in the non-deviation region and control group in rats with functional mandibular deviation at 14-28 days after model establishment. These results indicated that after the mandible functional lateral deviation in adolescent rats, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was different in bilateral condylar cartilage, caused the alterations in osteoblast activity in cartilage, and possibly affected the normal growth and development of rat mandible, suggesting that functional mandibular deviation should be corrected as early as possible.
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Objective To study the effects of case-based learning (CBL) teaching method combined with network on orthodontic postgraduate clinical ability training. Methods Totally 40 ortho-dontic postgraduates were randomly divided into 2 groups (20 per group) named as experimental group (EG) and control group(CG). EG involved in CBL combined with network teaching method,while CG with CBL method only. after 5 teaching cycles,test scores of two groups were analyzed with SPSS 22.0. Results Average scores were (86.60 ±9.71) in EG and (85.45 ±10.79) in CG ,without statistical differences (P=0.73). Pass rate of two groups were 95.00% and 90.00% ,without statistical differences (P=1.00); As for the questionnaire survey, most of the students (90.00%) in EG considered CBL com-bined with network teaching method had no confliction with the clinical time,and helped to carry out in-depth clinical topic discussion. What was more,all of them (100.00%) in EG believed network facilitate their learning. Only part of them (60.00%) in EG thought that they spent a lot of time on reference material preparation. Conclusions Both CBL combined with network teaching method and CBL method can improve the clinical ability of orthodontic postgraduates significantly. However, CBL combined with network teaching method has advantages over time management, knowledge learning and resource sharing.
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<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>With the development of natural orifice trans-luminal endoscopic surgery, studies on transoral video-assisted thyroidectomy in preclinical experiments (e.g., human anatomy and animal trials) were progressing gradually. From 2009 to 2011, embalmed human cadavers were dissected to define the anatomical location, surgical planes, and related neural and vascular structures to create a safe transoral access to the front cervical spaces. Recently, experimental transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy was performed to verify the feasibility of this approach on 15 fresh specimens.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifteen specimens were placed in the supine position with slight neck extension. Endoscopic incision was made on the midline between the Wharton's duct papillae and two other incisions were made on mandibular first premolar buccal mucosa. Sublingual combined bilateral vestibular tunnels were created from oral cavity to the cervical region. The neck subplatysmal working space was insufflated with CO2 at 6-8 mmHg. The bilateral thyroid lobes and central lymph nodes were dissected under craniocaudal view.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Three incisions were made in the oral cavity without any incisions on the body surfaces. The distance from the oral cavity to front neck region was the shortest. Bilateral thyroid lobes and central neck region were fully resected via transoral approach. This approach provided a craniocaudal view, in which retrosternal thyroid gland and lymph nodes were easily accessible. The recurrent laryngeal nerve could be identified safely on the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage. The only structure at risk was the mental nerve. Camera motion was somewhat limited by the maxillary dentition. The volume of harvested thyroid nodule through sublingual tunnel in the fifteen human cadavers was (40 ± 15) cm(3).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The transoral procedure is progressive and innovative which not only gives the best cosmetic result and minimal access trauma but also provides a craniocaudal view.</p>
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Female , Humans , Male , Cadaver , Endoscopy , Methods , Neck Dissection , Methods , Thyroidectomy , Video-Assisted Surgery , MethodsABSTRACT
Objective To explore the application of ROC curve analysis in evaluating the virtual screening of ?-secretase (BACE-1) inhibitors.Methods Virtual screening were performed for BACE-1 inhibitors using different scoring functions (Surflex-score,D-score,G-score,PMF-score,ChemScore),the screening library was composed of 50 BACE-1 inhibitors and 9 950 inactive compounds.Five scoring functions were used for ranking,and application of ROC curve analysis in evaluating the results of ranking.Results Using D-score to rank the database,the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.935.If specificity was considered primarily,more active compound were obtained by Surflex-score;if sensitivity was considered primarily,more active compounds were obtained by D-score.Conclusions ROC curve consists of sensitivity and specificity together,it can be used to set the right threshold after virtual screening to obtain active compounds as many as possible.
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@#Objective To provide anatomic basis for sensation restoratiou of distally based island flap pedicled with nutrient vessels of superficial peroneal nerve by use of lateral sural cutaneous nerve. Methods The origin, course and distribution rule of lateral part sensory nerve of leg were dissected and observed in 40 antisepticized adult cadaveric limbs. Results ①Lateral sural cutaneous nerve originated from common peroneal nerve 7cm above apex of fibular head, descended short distance along common peroneal nerve, then passed through pepliteal fascia to facies lateralis cruris,along the way it sent out 1-3 terminal branches, which distributed over the skin of Ⅰ , Ⅱ area in the posterior lateral leg. ②Superficial peroneal nerve originated from common peroneal nerve 1.9cm below apex of fibular head, descended forward between peroneus longus and fibula, then descended between peroneus longus and peroneus brevis, and sent out branches to the two muscles. The nerve bole (pure sensory nerve branch) descended straight between peroneus brevis and anterior cmral intermuscular septum, at the juncture between Ⅱ、Ⅲ area in facies lateralis eruris, passed through deep fascia to subcutaneous tissue, then sent out medial dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot and intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve of foot, which distributed over the skin of dorsum of foot and Ⅲ area in facies lateralis cmris. Conclusion It may be available in sensation restoration of distally based island flap pedicled with nutrient vessels of superficial peroneal nerve through anastomosis of lateral sural cutaneous nerve bole with sensory nervous ramification of recipient site.
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BACKGROUND: The neurons in the medial septum (MS), vertical and horizontal limbs of diagonal band of Broca (vDB and hDB) in the basal forebrain contain rich androgen receptors (ARs) and estrogen receptors (ERs) by which androgen and estrogen can act dramatically on the neurons in the basal forebrain, subsequently affecting learning and memory processes.OBJECTIVE: To qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the effects of androgen replacement therapy on the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-positive and nestin-positive neurons in the MS, vDB and hDB of castrated adult male rats.DESIGN: A randomly controlled study on experimental animals.SETTING: Department of Anatomy and Brain Research Laboratory of Zhngshan Medical College of Sun Yat-sen University.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed at Department of Anatomy and Brain Research Laboratory of Zhongshan Medical College of Sun Yatsen University from June 2001 to June 2002. Totally twenty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups with seven rats in each group: androgen replacement therapy for 4 weeks following 24 hours of castration (ART1), androgen replacement therapy for 2 weeks following 2 weeks of castration (ART2), vehicle replacement therapy for 4weeks following 24 hours of castration (VRT), sham-operated group (Sham).INTERVENTIONS: ① ART1 group: The castrated rats received subcutaneous injection of testosterone proprionate (25 mg/kg) dissolved in 100 μL of sterile sesame oil every other day from 10:30 am to 11:00 am for 14 times (4 weeks). ② ART2 group: The castrated rats received subcutaneous injection of testosterone proprionate with the same dosage and method as ART1 group for 7 times (2 weeks). ③ The rats in VRT group received subcutaneous injection of 100μL of sterile sesame oil for 14 times (4 weeks) by the same regime as described above. ④ Rats in Sham group only received sham-operated treatments, and testes were intact and lived for 4 weeks.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Morphology and counts of NOS-positive and nestin-positive neurons were observed in the MS, vDB and hDB with immunohistochemical method at various time points.RESULTS: Data of totally 28 rats were involved in the final analyses. ①Morphological features of both NOS-positive and nestin-positive neurons in the MS, vDB and hDB were not significantly changed among four groups. ② The number of NOS-positive and nestin-positive neurons in the MS and vDB of VRT group were significantly higher than those of Sham group (P＜ 0.05 or 0.01), whereas the numbers of the NOS-positive and nestin-posi-tive neurons in the MS and vDB of ART1 and ART2 groups was significantly lower than those of VRT group (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01), which nearly reached the levels of sham group (P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: Androgen replacement therapy produces no significant effects on the morphological features of NOS-positive and nestin-positive neurons, but the therapy can selectively decrease the numbers of NOS-positive and nestin-positive neurons in different subregions of the basal forebrain, which may be closely related to androgen downregulation of expressions of NOS and nestin by ARs-mediated mechanisms, thereby producing complex effects on learning and memory processes.
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To promote the combination of basic medical education and clinic medical edu-cation,we carried out the exploration on stomatological human anatomy course linked up with imi-tative oral clinic teaching.The evaluation to the effect of the teaching methods showed that it could induce the stomatological students to apply the theory to the clinic practice,consolidate their mas-tery and understanding of stomatological human anatomy and train their ability to acquire knowledge actively.
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OBJECTIVE: In recent years, available evidence from basic and clinical research on Alzheimer disease(AD) suggests that oxidation stress is involved in the occurrence and development of AD, and that antioxidant treatment can improve the intelligence of patients with AD and delay age-dependant cognitive dysfunction. Although results of basic and clinical research on the therapeutic effects of antioxidants on AD are inconsistent, a large number of available data suggest that these studies are of significance. Basic pharmacological studies on natural antioxidant TA99 series indicate that they are promising novel drugs for AD. Thereby, this study made a review of their experimental basis in the treatment of AD and existing problems.DATA SOURCES: Related articles published between January 1991 and December 2004 were searched by the computer in Medline database with such key words as Alzheimer disease, antioxidant, Ginkgo biloba extract, TA9901,acetylcholine, and senescence-accelerated mouse in different combinations and with the language limited to English. Meanwhile, related articles were alsosearched in CDMA \Wanfang database with the same key words in Chinese.STUDY SELECTION: Literature involving intervention group and control group were screened in the first trial, and then non-randomized trials were excluded and the rest were searched for the full text.DATA EXTRACTION: Of the 24 basic and clinical randomized and non-randomized trials on antioxidants in the treatment of AD collected, 17 accorded with the inclusion criteria and the other 7 were excluded.DATA SYNTHESIS: Intervention in the 17 trials emphasized the pathogenesis of AD from amyloid β proterin(Aβ) synthesis, gathering to senile plaque formation, and the enhancement of Aβ gathering and neuronal apoptosis by peroxidative injuries of free radicals. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted: the effect of Aβ on neurons of different regions was observed with cell culture; transmission electromicroscope and sulfrin T (Th-T) fluorescence assay, Fuliye-transform infrared(FT-IR) spectrum apparatus, electron magnetic resonance(EPR), and round spectrum were used to detect the inhibitory effect of TA99 series on Aβ gathering and fibroplasia in vitro, as well as the influence on Aβ gathering in vivo. Senescence accelerated mouse (SAM) -P/8 was adopted to establish AD model and behavioral studies such as Morris water maze were used to investigate their effect on learning and memory. Meanwhile, the clearance of intracerebral amyloid granular deposition due to TA99 was also observed with hexamic argent staining. The effects of TA series on Aβ target and possible mechanism were fully revealed, and basic pre-clinical data collection was almost completed.CONCLUSION: TA9901 plant extractions have been proved to inhibit Aβ gathering and fibrosis, and improve learning and memory of SAM-P/8 rats. Moreover, TA9902 prepared by TA9901 combined with EGb761, another synergic herb, has an obvious anti-neurotoxic effect by inhibiting Aβ gathering, fibrosis and secondary structural changes. Further pharmacological research is needed and will have a promising prospect.
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BACKGROUND: It has been demonstrated that amyloid-beta 42 protein (Aβ42) immunization in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer disease(AD)can induce specific Aβ42 antibody, clear Aβ from the brain, and thereby improve spatial learning and memory. It has been a promising treatment strategy for AD.OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of Aβ42 and its subunit vaccines immunization on spatial learning and memory of APPSWE transgenic mice.DESIGN: A randomized controlled experiment with mice as subjects.SETTING: The brain research laboratory of the anatomy department in a the medical college of a univeristy.MATERIALS: The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Animal Center and the Anatomy Department of Sun Yat-sen University from April 2003 to February 2004. Thirty-two APPSWE transgenic mice of 5 months old were bought from Taconic Company, USA. The second generation of mice were successfully reproduced in the Anatomy Department. These mice were randomly assigned into four groups: control group, Aβ42 group, Aβ1-15group, and Aβ36-42 group. Each group contained 8 in each group.INTERVENTIONS: Aβ42 and its subunits combined with MF59 adjuvant were subcutaneously injected for fundamental immunity and then applied in nasal mucosa for intensified immunization. The immunization period was 8 months. Y-maze was used for behavior test before immunization and Morris water maze was used after immunization.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Spatial learning and memory, mean escape latency, times of passing through the platform point, swimming distance percentage of the first quadrant, and swimming distance percentage of the 20% marginal area.RESULTS: The correct reaction times in Y-maze behavior test were 7.50 ±0. 81, 7.06 ±0.71, 7.19 ±0.91, and 7.50 ±0.86 respectively in the control, Aβ42, Aβ1-15, Aβ36-42 groups and there was no significant difference ( P ＞ 0. 05) . After immunization, the mean escape latencies in 8 units of localized navigation test were(67.3 ±2. 8) s, (23.6 ± 1.6) s, (26.4 ±2.0) s,and (36.5 ± 2.2) s. The results in three experiment groups were different from that in control group and there was no difference between the three experiment groups ( P ＞ 0. 05 ) . The mean times of passing through the platform point in the 4 groups were 0.71 ±0.29, 8.14 ± 1.37, 7.28 ± 1.34,and 3.29 ± 0. 67. Swimming distance percentage of the first quadrant in the4 groups were(24.3 ±2.9)%, (50.6±11.6)%, (49.9±9.3) %,and(35.4±7.0)% and the swimming distance percentages of 20%marginal area were (46.4 ± 7.3 ) %, ( 11.6 ± 3.9) %, ( 14.4 ± 2. 6) %, and (25.8 ± 3.3)%. The mice in three experiment groups showed increase in the times of passing through platform point, swimming distance percentage of the first quadrant, and decrease in distance percentage of 20% marginal area compared with control group. The results in three experiment groups were no significantly different( P ＜ 0. 05).CONCLUSION: Immunization with A342 and its subunits can effectively ameliorate impairment of spatial learning and memory in APPSWE transgenic mice.
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Objective To study the effect of functional mandible shift on mandible development in pubertal rats.Methods Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats at the age of 28 d were randomly divided into experimental group (n=24) and control group (n=24).Maxillary occlusal splints were designed to simulate mandible shift in experimental group.Six rats in each group were killed after 7,14,21,and 28 days,respectively.Right and left mandibles were removed for X-ray radiography and localizing points.Distance between the points was measured with an image analyzer.Results Fourteen days from experiment,the length parameters of the non-shifted mandible(Cd-Me,Co-Me,Go-Me)were significantly higher than those of the shifted mandible length in rats of experimental group(P
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AIM: To clarify if TA9901, a natural antioxidants, could inhibit the formation of ?-amyloid(A?) fibril when A? 1-40 were injected into cerebral cortex of rat brain, and explore the mechanism of action of TA9901 on Alzheimer disesse. METHODS: Twelve Wistar rats (250-300 g) were randomly divided into four groups ( n=3 ). (1) control group; (2) TA9901 treatment group (ip. 100 mg?kg -1 ?d -1 ); (3) Vitamin E(VE) treatment group (ip. 100 mg?kg -1 ?d -1 ); (4) PBS group. 5 ?L 0.2% A? 1-40 was immediately injected into the right side of the deep cerebral cortex of control, TA9901 and VE group rats. The animals were sacrificed at the seventh day after the injection. The sections of the rat brain that contained the injected field were examined with transmission electron microscopy and Congo red staining with polarized microscopy. RESULTS: Many depositions of high electron density were observed by electron microscopy in the field where A? 1-40 was injected. They are intimately intermingled with macrophages and astrocytes. In the field, about 10nm fibrillar structures were observed that appeared similar to the fibrils seen in senile plaque (SP) of the brain of Alzheimer disease (AD). The fields in control and VE group contained richer A? fibrils than that in TA9901 group. After the sections stained with Congo red, A? 1-40 aggregation demonstrated intense birefringence under, indication the formation of amyloid fibrils. In TA9901 group, there was a weak birefringence.CONCLUSIONS: TA9901 can inhibit the fibril formation of A? that was injected into deep cerebral cortex of rat brain, this indicates primarily that TA9901 may be a potential therapeutic drug to interfere with the progression of amyloidgenesis in AD.
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AIM:To gain the molecular mechanism of active ingredients of EGb 761(ginkgo flavones and ginkgo lides) for the inhibition against A?_(1-42) aggregation and fibrogenesis.METHODS:Circular dichroism spectra(CD) and FI-IR were used to curve-fit and analyze the change in A?_(1-42) second structure under A? aged condition and intervention of ginkgo flavones and ginkgo lides.RESULTS:Analysis that was made of 1700-1600 m(-1) amide-Ⅰ-band and curve fitting indicated that after 30 min to 72-incubation,increase of ?-sheet in A?_(1-42) by(18.5%),but the reduction of ?-sheet by(50.95%) and(36.09%) in 72 h incubation with ginko flavones and ginkgo lides,respectively.And increase of ?-turn by(56.56%) and(46.56%) in sane condition.CONCLUSION:Obviously,?-sheet turned into ?-turn.-CH_2 and-CH groups of ketones and alkanes engaged in A?_(1-42) molecular change.
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AIM: To investigate the mechanism by which TA9902 inhibits the formation of amyloid ?-peptide (A?) fibrils. METHODS: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study the secondary structure changes on aging A? in vitro. RESULTS: The content of ?-pleated sheet were 46.53% in the condition of A? aged alone for 30 min. When A? aged alone for 72 h, the content of ?-pleated sheet increased about 19.4% and produced a shift of random coil toward ?-pleated sheet. TA9902 induced a significant decrease in the content of ?-pleated sheet (36.09%). CONCLUSION: TA9902 effectively diminishes the ?-pleated structural content. The effect of TA9902 on the secondary structure of aged A? is associated with inhibition of A? aggregation and fibril formation.
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0 05), but there were significant differen t between the positive rates with APPSWE gene (P
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AIM: To observe the humoral immune response in adult rhesus monkey induced by A? 1-15 vaccine. METHODS: 5 adult male rhesus monkeys were injected intramuscularly with A? 1-15 vac cine at baseline and at week 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22. The titer and IgG isotypes of the antibody against A? 1-42 in the serum were measured with ELISA. The specificity of the antibody against A? 1-42 was determined by Wester n blotting. The A? plaques in Tg2576 transgenic mouse brain were stained with t he antisera using immunohistochemistry method. RESULTS: At the eighth week after the vaccination, antibody against A? 1-42 bega n to develop significantly i n the serum. The titers of the antibody increased following vaccine boosted and reached 1: 3 840 at the twenty-fourth week, then decreased after the terminat ion o f inocunation. The IgG1 was accounted for the highest level in the antisera pool . The antibody against A? 1-42 showed high specificity. The A? plaques in Tg2576 transgenic mouse brain were labeled with the antisera. CONCLUSION: A? 1-15 vacci ne could induce vigorously specific humoral immune responses in adult rhesus mon key.