ABSTRACT
The Aedes aegypti vector for dengue virus (DENV) has been reported in urban and periurban areas. The information about DENV circulation in mosquitoes in Colombian rural areas is limited, so we aimed to evaluate the presence of DENV in Ae. aegypti females caught in rural locations of two Colombian municipalities, Anapoima and La Mesa. Mosquitoes from 497 rural households in 44 different rural settlements were collected. Pools of about 20 Ae. aegypti females were processed for DENV serotype detection. DENV in mosquitoes was detected in 74% of the analysed settlements with a pool positivity rate of 62%. The estimated individual mosquito infection rate was 4.12% and the minimum infection rate was 33.3/1,000 mosquitoes. All four serotypes were detected; the most frequent being DENV-2 (50%) and DENV-1 (35%). Two-three serotypes were detected simultaneously in separate pools. This is the first report on the co-occurrence of natural DENV infection of mosquitoes in Colombian rural areas. The findings are important for understanding dengue transmission and planning control strategies. A potential latent virus reservoir in rural areas could spill over to urban areas during population movements. Detecting DENV in wild-caught adult mosquitoes should be included in the development of dengue epidemic forecasting models.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Aedes/virology , Dengue Virus/classification , Dengue Virus/isolation & purification , Insect Vectors/virology , Colombia , Dengue Virus/genetics , Dengue/transmission , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Viral/isolation & purification , Rural Population , SerogroupABSTRACT
Durante un ultrasonido obstétrico de rutina se deben realizar ciertos planos del corazón en los cuales no es complejo identificar un grupo de anomalías como la persistencia de la vena cava superior izquierda. Cuando se identifica una vena cava superior izquierda aislada, sin otras anomalías del corazón fetal, no existe ninguna repercusión perinatal. Su importancia radica en que un grupo considerable de estos casos se acompaña de cardiopatías congénitas y anomalías anatómicas y cromosómicas. En este artículo se describen nueve casos de vena cava superior izquierda persistente, al igual que las anomalías del corazón asociadas, como también las alteraciones extracardiacas encontradas.
Certain heart fetal planes must be realized during a routine obstetric ultrasound in order to identify a group of anomalies such as the persistency of the left superior caval vein. When an isolated left superior venal vein is identified without any other anomaly of the fetal heart, it does not have any perinatal repercussion. Its importance lies in the fact that a considerable number of these cases are associated with a high incidence of congenital heart diseases and anatomic and chromosomal abnormalities. This article reports nine cases of persistency of the left superior caval vein as well as the associated heart abnormalities and the extra-cardiac alterations found.
Subject(s)
Coronary Sinus , Echocardiography , Vena Cava, SuperiorABSTRACT
Las taquiarritmias son las alteraciones del ritmo cardiaco más comunes en el feto que pueden generar complicaciones fatales. En general, se recomienda tratamiento cuando son persistentes. Los medicamentos más usados para el tratamiento de esta arritmia en los fetos son digoxina, flecainida, sotalol y amiodarona. Si bien son efectivos, su aplicación en los fetos se fundamenta en las características mecánicas y no electrofisiológicas, con riesgo de generar arritmias fatales o de más difícil control. El fenómeno pro-arritmogénico y los efectos secundarios, comprometen también a las gestantes. La hipotensión y arritmias como el flutter auricular, exigen una vigilancia comprometida. Es importante considerar un medicamento más seguro que pueda ser útil en las formas más simples y comunes de taquiarritmias del feto...
Tachyarrhythmias are common alterations of cardiac rhythm in the fetus that may generate fatal complications. In general, when they are persistent, treatment is advised. The more used drugs for the treatment of this arrhythmia in fetuses are digoxin, flecainide, sotalol and amiodarone. Even though they are effective, its use in fetuses is based on mechanical and not in electrophysiological characteristics, with the risk of generating fatal arrhythmias or some of more difficult control. The pro-arrhythmogenic phenomenon and the secondary effects involve also the pregnant women. Hypotension and arrhythmias such as auricular flutter demand a compromised vigilance. It is important to consider a safer drug that may be useful in the simpler and more common forms of fetal tachyarrhythmias. Objetivo: to show by means of a clinical case and by revision of relevant articles, that propanolol can be part of the group of drugs for the treatment of fetal supraventricular tachycardia. A series of alternatives have been imposed with adequate results; nevertheless, these are exigent in its knowledge and control and definitely not exempt of risks. Our objective is to show that propanolol is still an alternative for specific cases of tachyarrhythmias in fetuses, isolated or combined with other drugs.