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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the serum microRNA (miRNA) expression and examine the impact of miRNA expression profiles on T helper type 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cells (Treg) imbalance among patients with cystic echinococcosis, so as to provide insights into the illustration of the mechanisms underlying chronic Echinococcus granulosus infections, and long-term pathogenesis.@*METHODS@#Total RNA was extracted from the sera of cystic echinococcosis patients and healthy controls, and subjected to high-throughput sequencing with the Illumina sequencing platform. Known miRNAs were annotated and new miRNAs were predicted using the miRBase database and the miRDeep2 tool, and differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. The target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted using the software miRanda and TargetScan, and the intersection was selected for Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs with the 20 highest fold changes, miRNAs that targeted genes relating to key transcription factors RORC and FOXP3 that determine the production of Th17 and Treg cells or their important regulatory pathways (PI3K-Akt and mTOR pathways) were matched.@*RESULTS@#A total of 53 differentially expressed miRNAs were screened in sera of cystic echinococcosis patients and healthy controls, including 47 up-regulated miRNAs and 6 down-regulated miRNAs. GO enrichment analysis showed that these differentially expressed miRNA were involved DNA transcription and translation, cell components, cell morphology, neurodevelopment and metabolic decomposition, and KEGG pathway analysis showed that the differentially expressed miRNA were mainly involved in MAPK, PI3K-Akt and mTOR signaling pathways. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs with the 20 highest fold changes, there were 3 miRNAs that had a potential for target regulation of RORC, and 15 miRNAs that had a potential to target the PI3K-Akt and mTOR signaling pathways.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Significant changes are found in serum miRNA expression profiles among patients with E. granulosus infections, and differentially expressed miRNAs may lead to Th17/Treg imbalance through targeting the key transcription factors of Th17/Treg or PI3K-Akt and mTOR pathways, which facilitates the long-term parasitism of E. granulosus in hosts and causes a chronic disease.
Subject(s)
Humans , Echinococcosis/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling , MicroRNAs/metabolism , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics , Th17 Cells , Transcription Factors/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the mortality and influencing factors of hepatobiliary cancer patients using the death data of hepatobiliary malignant tumors of Yangpu District, Shanghai, from 1974 to 2015. Methods Joinpoint regression was used to analyze the mortality trend of hepatobiliary cancer. Age-period-cohort (APC) model was employed to evaluate the effects of age and cohort factors on the mortality rate of hepatobiliary cancer. Results From 1974 to 2015, a total of 9 866 liver cancer deaths were reported in Yangpu District, with a male to female ratio of 2.7:1; and the crude mortality rate and standardized mortality rate were 23.09/100 000 and 18.87/100 000, respectively. A total of 2 173 biliary tract cancer deaths were reported, with a male to female ratio of 1:1.7; and the crude mortality rate and standardized mortality rate were 5.04/100 000 and 3.82/100 000, respectively. Joinpoint regression analysis showed that the standardized mortality rate of liver cancer decreased from 1974 to 2015, while that of biliary tract cancer increased. In APC model, the overall mortality risk of liver cancer and biliary tract cancer increased with the increase of age. The mortality rates of liver cancer and biliary tract cancer were increased in the population born before 1930. The mortality rates of the male liver cancer and the male and female biliary tract cancer were decreased in the population born between 1930 and 1949. The mortality rate of liver cancer was increased in the females born after 1949. Conclusion From 1974 to 2015, the mortality rate of liver cancer has a decreasing trend in Yangpu District, Shanghai, and the mortality rate of male is higher than that of female. The mortality rate of biliary tract cancer shows an increasing trend, and the mortality rate of female is higher than that of male. The mortality rates of liver cancer and biliary tract cancer associated with aging factors have increased. Exposure factors have a consistent effect on liver cancer and biliary tract cancer, which may be related to socioeconomic factors at that time.
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Dengue fever is an acute infectious disease caused by dengue virus , which is mainly endemic in tropical and subtropical regions .Dengue virus can be classified into four serological serotypes ( DV-1 , DV-2 , DV-3 , and DV-4 ) .All of these serotypes are epidemic in China , but the dominant one thereof is DV-1.Since 1978, dengue fever epidemic has been reported almost every year , especially in the severely-afflicted area, Guangdong province , where more than 40 thousand people were infected with dengue fever in 2014 , thus arousing serious public concern .However , even now the public lack the knowledge about dengue fever , thus affecting the effects of prophylactic and control measures for public health.To solve this problem ,this paper introduces and analyzes dengue fever in terms of epidemic distri-bution rules, pathogenic characteristics of virus , clinical features for relevant diseases , prophylactic and control measures for dengue epidemic , etc.
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Objective To analyze the incidence of gallbladder cancer in Qidong City from 1993 to 2012 . Methods The clinical data of gallbladder cancer from January 1993 to December 2012 for patients with census registration in Qidong were sorted out from the cancer registration center in Qidong . Annual percent change ( APC ) models were applied to describe the annual percent changes of disease incidence and the standardized incidence trend over time.The incidence was standardized with the age structure of standard population from a national census taken in 2000 . Results A total of 493 new cases were diagnosed from 1993 to 2012 , occupying 0 .81%of new-onset malignant tumors for the same period . The crude incidence rate of gallbladder cancer was 2 .41/100 000 population and the standardized incidence thereof was 1 .42/100 000 population .Both the crude incidence and the standardized incidence thereof increased on a yearly basis from 1993 to 2012 ( APC=12 .83; APC =12 .04 ) while the annual crude incidence thereof for females increased faster than that for males ( APC=14 .51; APC=10 .60 ) . Old people aged 65 years and above were a high-risk group for gallbladder cancer , occupying 63 .49%of the incidence thereof for all ages . Conclusion The incidence of gallbladder cancer increases in Qidong , Jiangsu province of China on a yearly basis from 1993 to 2012 , with the incidence thereof for females increasing faster than that for males .
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Objective To analyze the incidence of gastric cancer in Qidong , Jiangsu Province from 1993 to 2012 and analyze the harmful levels and the clinical characteristics thereof , thus providing bases of implementing the prevention , research and control measures for gastric cancer . Methods The clinical data of gastric cancer from January 1993 to December 2012 for patients with census registration in Qidong were sorted out from the cancer registration center in Qidong .The annual percent change ( APC) model was used to analyze the trend over time for the incidence of gastric cancer .The incidence was standardized by utilizing the standard population age composition based on the nationwide census in 2000 . Results A total of 8 272 new cases of gastric cancer were diagnosed in Qidong from 1993 to 2012, and the median age for these patients was 67.92(57.50-76.00).Among them, 5 269 were male cases and the median age for these male patients was 67.25(57.75-74.75);3 003 were female cases and the median age for these female patients was 69.16(57.00-77.91).The annual average for the crude incidence rate of gastric cancer was 40.37/100 000, and the standardized incidence rate thereof was 25.22.37/100 000.The crude incidence rate of gastric cancer decreased significantly from 1993 to 2002(for the crude incidence rate thereof , APC=-1.59, t=-4.6, P<0.01);the crude incidence rate of gastric cancer increased significantly from 2002 to 2007(for the crude incidence rate thereof , APC=-8.88, t=-5.3, P<0.01).Both the standardized incidence rate of gastric cancer and the crude incidence rate thereof had the same trend for the period from 1993 to 2002 as well as the period from 2002 to 2007.The crude incidence rate of gastric cancer rose with the growth of ages(for male patients, APC=734.8, t=-511.2, P<0.01; for female patients, APC=43.6, t=17.9, P<0.01).The crude incidence rate of gastric cancer reached a climax for both males and females of the age group between 75 and 80. Conclusion The incidence of gastric cancer was relatively high in Qidong from 1993 to 2012;the male and the old-aged groups are high-risk groups .
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Objective To analyze the incidence of colorectal cancer ( CRC) for patients with census registration in Qidong , Jiangsu Province . Methods The clinical data of CRC for patients with census registration in Qidong were sorted out from the cancer registration center in Qidong , Jiangsu province .The incidence was standardized by utilizing the standard population age composition based on the nationwide census in 2000 .The annual percent change ( APC) model was used to analyze the trend over time for the incidence of CRC . Results A total of 4 648 new cases of CRC were diagnosed in Qidong from 1993 to 2012 , of which 2 328 were male cases and 2 320 were female cases .The crude incidence rate for CRC was 23 .00/100 000 and the APC for the standardized incidence rate for CRC was 14 .13/100 000 , with the incidence thereof for males significantly higher than that for females ( P<0.001).The incidence rate of CRC for seniors aged over 50 rose quickly .From 1993 to 2012 , the average annual increase rate of the incidence for CRC was 5 .1%and the average annual increase rate of the standardized incidence therefor was 5.0%in Qidong. Conclusion The incidence of CRC increases in Qidong on a yearly basis from 1993 to 2012 , with the incidence thereof for males being significantly higher than that for females .
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Objective To analyze the incidence of lung cancer in Qidong , Jiangsu Province of China from 1993 to 2012 . Methods The clinical data of lung cancer from 1993 to 2012 for patients with census registration in Qidong were sorted out from the cancer registration center in Qidong .The annual percent change ( APC) model was used to analyze the trend over time for the incidence of lung cancer .The SAS 9.4 software and the Joinpoint Regression Program 4.3.1.0 were used to implement data analyses . Results A total of 11 895 new cases of lung cancer were diagnosed in Qidong , Jiangsu province from 1993 to 2012 .Among them , 8 629 were male cases and 3 266 were female cases and the median age for these patients was 68 .41 .The crude incidence rate for lung cancer for males was 90 .06/100 000 , which was significantly higher than that for females, i.e., 29.94/100 000(Poisson distribution test, P<0.01). The standardized incidence rate of lung cancer for male was 52 .92/100 000 , which was significantly higher than that for females, i.e.18.52/100 000(Poisson distribution test, P<0.01).The APC for the crude incidence rate for lung cancer was 6 .1 from 1993 to 2012 and the APC for the standardized incidence rate for lung cancer was 5 .5 . Conclusion The incidence of lung cancer increases in Qidong on a yearly basis from 1993 to 2012, with the incidence thereof for males being significantly higher than that for females .