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Objective:To understand the reported incidence level, change of the trend, epidemic characteristics and spatial clustering of scrub typhus in Nanjing, to explore key seasons, populations and areas for prevention and control, and to guide formulation of scientific and precise prevention and control strategies and measures.Methods:The reported data of scrub typhus in Nanjing from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2020 were collected in the "Infectious Disease Surveillance System" from Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The reported incidence level and change of the trend were analyzed, and the seasonal, population and spatial distribution characteristics were described. Global spatial autocorrelation analysis was carried out by ArcGIS 10.3 software, and the spatial clustering scanning was carried out by using FleXScan 3.1.2 software.Results:A total of 192 cases of scrub typhus were reported in Nanjing from 2011 to 2020. Median annual reported incidence was 0.21/100 000 (0.12/100 000 - 0.49/100 000). Totally 87.5% (168/192) of cases were reported from October to November, and the peak occurred in November (57.8%, 111/192). Among these cases, males accounted for 64.1% (123/192); and the median age was 59 years old (6 - 84 years old). The groups ≥60 years old and 45 - 59 years old accounted for 47.9% (92/192) and 31.2% (60/192), respectively, which accounted for 79.2% (152/192) in all groups. Farmers accounted for 43.8% (84/192), household chores and unemployed people accounted for 16.7% (32/192), retired persons accounted for 15.6% (30/192) and workers accounted for 6.8% (13/192), which accounted for 82.8% (159/192) in all occupations. The top four areas in the total number of reported cases were Jiangning District (23.4%, 45/192), Luhe District (22.9%, 44/192), Gulou District (10.4%, 20/192) and Jiangbei New Area (8.9%, 17/192), which accounted for 65.6% (126/192) in all districts. According to global spatial autocorrelation analysis, Moran's I = 0.34 ( Z = 5.90, P < 0.001). FlexScan 3.1.2 software scanned and detected two spatial clusters areas, the first-class of cluster area covered three streets in Jiangning District, one street in Yuhuatai District and two streets in Pukou District [restricted log likelihood ratio ( RLLR) = 26.91, P < 0.001]. The second-class of cluster area included six townships/streets in Luhe District and four streets in Jiangbei New Area ( RLLR = 26.48, P < 0.001). All the cluster areas were agriculture-related. Conclusions:The reported incidence level of scrub typhus in Nanjing is low and stable which belongs to a typical autumn epidemic area. The middle-aged and elderly population is the key population and the agriculture-related area is key area. It is suggested that scrub typhus should be included in the management of statutory or regional key infectious diseases in Nanjing. Additionally, training on diagnosis and treatment technology and information report management of scrub typhus need to be carried out, and comprehensive prevention and control interventions such as health education, personal protection, rodent prevention and control and vector control should be strengthened and implemented in the high incidence season.
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Objective@#To understand the relationship between eye strain and eye health behavior in college students learning at home during the period of COVID-19 epidemic, and to provide a scientific reference for improving the hygiene of using eyes among the college students.@*Methods@#A cross sectional study and stratified cluster sampling was used to select 2 671 college students from 8 colleges in Anhui Province during the March 1st to July 1st in 2020, and an online questionnaire was survey included general information,eye strain,and daily eye health behavior.@*Results@#The prevalence of eye strain in college students was 69.64%. Multivariable Logistic regression analysis showed that eye strain was correlated with gender, myopia, siesta habit, staying up until 2:00 am, and the use of eye liquid, with OR values(95% CI ) were 0.64(0.53-0.76), 1.77(1.42- 2.20 ),0.71(0.59-0.86), 1.39(1.17-1.65), and 2.18(1.71-2.79), respectively. There was no correlation among daily outdoor activity time, daytime reading time and the occurrence of eye strain( P >0.05).@*Conclusion@#During the period of COVID-19 epidemic, eye strain among college students is common. The daily eye health behavior is related to the occurrence of eye strain. Under the special learning context, eye care measures should be encouraged specifically.
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In recent years, the incidence of stroke in young adults, especially ischemic stroke, has been increasing worldwide. Due to its high disability, high mortality, and high recurrence, it has brought a serious burden to society and families. The common causes of ischemic stroke in young adults include large artery atherosclerosis and small vessel occlusion, while the rare causes such as patent foramen ovale, hereditary cerebral small vessel disease, cerebral artery dissection, moyamoya disease, vasculitis, and cryptogenic stroke also account for a high proportion. Its pathogenesis is complex, and diagnosis and treatment are difficult. This article reviews the latest research progress of the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke in young adults.
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Objective@#To examine the associations between suicide and self-injury behavior with psychological adaptability of college students, so as to provide the basic information for prevention of suicide and self-injury behavior.@*Methods@#A sample of 825 college students completed a self-report questionnaire that measured sociodemographic characteristics, anxiety, depressive symptoms, resilience, self-compassion, and forgiveness.@*Results@#Among 825 college students, the prevalence rates of suicidal ideation, suicidal plan, suicidal preparation, and suicidal action were 9.9%, 3.5%, 2.5%, 1.8% respectively. The rate of self-injury was 11.8%. Compared with the group with low scores of forgiveness dimension, high score of forgiveness was the protective factor of suicidal psychological behavior (OR=0.26) and self-injury (OR=0.31) (P<0.05). Compared with the score of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale in each scale of mental resilience, low score was the risk factor of self-injury (OR=2.11), while high score was the protective factor of suicidal mental behaviors (OR=0.51) (P<0.05). Compared with the middle scores of the self-compassion scale and hearland forgiveness scale, the low scores were the risk factors for suicidal psychological behavior (OR=1.66, 2.28), while the high scores were the protective factors for suicidal psychological behavior (OR=0.33, 0.44) and self-injury (OR=0.35, 0.39) (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Psychological resilience, self-compassion and forgiveness are significantly correlated with suicide and self-injury, suggesting that colleges and universities should pay close attention to the mental health status of college students and help them reduce the incidence by improving their self-psychological adjustment ability.
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Integrins are cell adhesion receptors, which consists of several transmembrane glycoproteins. They are widely distributed on the cell surface and involved in signal transduction pathways. As a heterodimer, each integrin is composed of one α subunit and one β subunit. Integrins are mainly expressed on lepidopteran hemocytes and involved in cell immune response. The full-length cDNA sequence of BmIntegrin β2 was obtained by PCR and RACE, including 2 434 bp. BmIntegrin β2 was predicted to be a transmembrane protein. The BmIntegrin β2 expression profile was detected by qRT-PCR at L4D3 or L5D3 larval stage, and it was highly expressed in hemocyte and hematopoietic organ. Anti-BmIntegrin β2 polyclonal antibody was generated following prokaryotic expression, protein purification and animal immunization, which is highly specific and effective for recognizing BmIntegrin β2 protein through Western blotting. The results of plasmatocytes adhesion experiment showed that BmIntegrin β2 plays an important role on the adhesion and spreading of plasmatocytes to foreign surfaces. This study provides a foundation for further research of the biological function of BmIntegrin β2 gene.
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Integrins are transmembrane glycoproteins, closely related to many physiological and pathological processes. In order to explore its role in silkworm, by PCR and Rapid-amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technology, the full-length cDNA of Bmintegrin β1 in silkworm was acquired. The domain was predicted by domain prediction website. Phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze its evolutionary relationship. By prokaryotic expression system, protein purification method and immunizing mouse, the antibody against Bmintegrin β1 recombinant protein was obtained. The spatial-temporal expression profile of Bmintegrin β1 was investigated by semi quantitative PCR and Western blotting. Then we identified all 3 different spliceosomes, and they shared a common open reading frame of 2 502 bp, encoding 833 amino acids. Bmintegrin β1 contained all the classic domains of the integrin family, such as Integrin-B-tail, transmembrane domain etc. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Bmintegrin β1 was close to the homologous proteins from Heliothis assulta and Danaus plexippus. In order to understand the function of Bmintegrin β1 further, we generated the antibody. In addition, Western blotting demonstrated that the antibody recognized the Bmintegrin β1 recombinant protein. Then, semi quantitative PCR and Western blotting results showed that Bmintegrin β1 was widely expressed in most of tissues, among of them, it's exhibited the highest expression level in hemacyte. Overall, this study provides a foundation for the study of silkworm integrin family.
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Bm04862 is a novel hemocyte-specific gene, which has been identified and cloned through the microarray data in silkworm, Bombyx mori. Initially, we successfully obtained the full-length cDNA sequence of Bm04862 via the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The sequence consists of an open reading frame (ORF) with 819 bp, which could encode 273 amino acid residues. The bioinformatics analysis predicted that Bm04862 was a transmembrane protein. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of Bm04862 was specifically detected in hemocyte and reached a peak at L4M and PP2 stage. Bm04862 was overexpressed in Sf9 insect cells, and the cellular localization indicated that Bm04862 was specifically located in cytoplasm and nuclei membrane. Interestingly, the expression of Bm04862 increas'd dramatically after challenged with Escherichia coli for 24 hours, which predicted its potential role in the innate immune system. Overall, this study could provide the fundamental knowledge for further research.
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Animals , Bombyx , Genetics , Cloning, Molecular , Computational Biology , DNA, Complementary , Hemocytes , Metabolism , Insect Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Membrane Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Open Reading FramesABSTRACT
Objective To explore the cause, clinical feature, rescue measures and prognosis of tracheo-innominate artery fistula (TIF). Methods From January1995 to January 2015, there were 621 patients who were performed tubotomy, and 8 patients had TIF. The diagnosis of TIF were established by surgery exploration or autopsy. Results The interval between tracheostomy and TIF was 8- 78 d. Before TIF, hemoptysis occurred in 4 patients. When TIF occurred, bedside aid was performed and 4 patients quickly died of asphyxia because of massive blood in the trachea. The others lived long enough to reach the operating room. The family of 1 patient refused surgical therapy and he eventually died. Three patients accepted median sternotomy. One patient underwent vascular repair and died after surgery because of infection in repaired area. The other patients accepted ligation of the innominate artery without suction drains in the mediastinum and died after surgery because of re-bleeding due to mediastinal infection. The last one patient underwent ligation of the innominate artery with suction drains in the mediastinum, and was still alive without long-time neurological complications and re-bleeding after a follow-up of 14 months. Conclusion A prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention can save the life of TIF patient. Prevention is very vital because of the high mortality of this disease.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between the carotid intima-media thickness(IMT),the characterization of atherosclerotic plaque as well as the degree of carotid stenosis and ischemic stroke.Methods Tbe patients with first-ever acute ischemic stroke (ischemic stroke group)detected by color Doppler ultrasonogaphy and the outpatients and hospitalized patients without ischemic stroke in the same period(control groupl were collected retrospectively.The demogaphic data,vascular risk factors,and characterization of atherosclerotic plaque were compared between the two groups.Ischemic stroke group was divided into stroke subtype groups according to the TOAST classification.Their characteristics of carotid atherosclerosis were corapared.Restdt,A total of 200 patients with first-ever acute ischemic stroke and 200 patients without ischemic stroke were included in the study.The carotid IMT in the ischemic stroke group WaS sigaificantlv thicker than that in the control group(left side:1.04±0.22 mm vs.0.69±0.13 mm,t=7.34,P<0.01;right side:1.05 ±0.21 mm vs.0.71±0.16 mm,t=7.43,P<0.01).The proportions of the patients with moderate and severe stenosis were significantly higher(moderate stenosis:38% vs.14%,x1=7.64,P<0.01:SCVele stenosis:27% vs,6%,x2=7.93,P<0.01),and the proportion of patients with mild stenosis was no significant difference.The detection rate of carotid plaque in the ischemic stroke group was significantly higher than that in the control group(87.0% vs.31.5%,X2=7.01,P<0.01).The numbers of unstable plaque(tipid soft plaque,flat plaque,and mixed plaque)in the ischemic stroke group were 301(65.3%),and significantly mole than 65(31.7%)in the control group(x2=6.30,P<0.01).There was no significant difference in the distribution of carotid plaque between the two groups.The plaques were most common at the carotid artery bifurcation.Compared with those in other stroke subtypes.such as cardioembolism,small-vessel occlusion.stroke of other determined etiology,and stroke of undetermined etiology,the cm'otid IMT(left side:F=22.34,P<0.01;right side:F=21.41,P<0.01),and the proportion of Upid soft plaque(x2=7.93,P<0.01),carotid severe stenosis(x2=6.83,P<0.01),carotid occlusion(x2=14.00,P<0.01)in stroke patients with large-artery atherosclerosis were significantly incleased.Condusiom Carotid IMT,the numlbers of unstable Plaque as well as the degree of carotid stenosis were associated with the occurrence of isehemic stroke.
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BACKGROUND:Cataract is not the necessary symptom for myotonic dystrophy(DM).But it may be the early and even only clinical symptom of DM.Molecular diagnosis can provide the important evidence for the diagnosis of DM.OBJECTIVE:To explore the characteristics of cataract in 26 patients with myotonic dystrophy of 3 pedigrees from Shanghai Songjiang area.DESIGN:Analysis on the Genealogy of Pedigree.SETTING:Department of Neurology,Shanghai Changhai Hospital.PARTICIPANTS:Twenty-six patients of 3 pedigrees,aged 7 to 71 years old,which were preliminarily diagnosed as DM patients or were suspicious DM patients,admitted to Department of Neurology,Shanghai Changhai Hospital between May 2001 and August 2003,were recruited in this study.Among the involved patients,13 corresponded to the clinical diagnosis standard from Practical Neurology,and the other 13 patients have adverse symptoms and (or) body signs of partial or mild DM,suspecting with DM patients.METHODS:①Peripheral blood of 1 mL was taken and genome DNA was extracted.By using a thermocycler,a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out to examine the CTG repeats according to criteria of molecular diagnosis (CTG repeats from 80-3350).②In addition,slit-lamp examination for specific lens opacity was carried out and the association between DM and cataract was analyzed.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:①CTG trinucleotide repeat numbers.②Association between DM and cataract.RESULTS:Of the 26 patients,25 participated in the final analysis except 1 who suffered from sterility clinically.①25 patients were consistent with the molecular diagnostic criteria of DM (CTG repeats from 80-3 350).The remaining 1 with CTG repeats of 13 was clinically sterility and therefore belonged to the normal individual.The (CTG)n triplet repeats of 17 patients with cataract were 2380±80,while 8 patients with cataract were 2298±105(P＞0.05).②Cataract was characterized as iridescent lens opacity or blue posterior cortical lens opacity in 17 patients.Among the 17 patients,cataract in 8 patients was the only early clinical sign whose(CTG) n triplet repeats were higher than the normal ones.CONCLUSION:In the pedigrees with DM patients,characteristic cataract,as a main and even only early clinical sign,will provide important clinical evidence for the early diagnosis of DM.
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BACKGROUND: Pergolide and madopar are the effective medicines to treat Parkinson disease, but the effects on the prognosis of patients with Parkinson disease are still under discussion. The progress of neuroimaging makes it possible to evaluate quantitatively the effect of the drug treatment on the prognosis of Parkinson disease.OBJBCTIVE: To observe the influence of pergolide or madopar as initial treatment on the prognosis and the striatal dopaminergic neuron in patients with early Parkinson disease by means of 99Tcm-TRODAT-1 dopamine transporter imaging single-photon emission computed tomtheography (SPECT) in combination with Parkinson disease scale.DESIGN: A randomized grouping, parallel control and placebo control trial.SETTING: Department of Neurology, the 81 Hospital of Chinese PLA;Department of Neurology and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital of the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-six patients with early Parkinson disease who were recruited at the Specific Clinic of Parkinson Disease in the Shanghai Changhai Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA and did not receive any drug treatment before, were enrolled between February and July 2002. They were randomly divided into artane control group (n=12), pergolide-treated group (n=12) and madopar-treated group. The diagnosis accorded with the clinical diagnostic standard set by United Kingdom Society of Parkinson Disease. This protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Changhai Hospital, and all the subjects were enrolled in this study with informed consent.INTERVENTIONS: After test with unified Parkinson disease rating scale (UPDRS) and 99Tcm-TRODAT-1 SPECT, patients in the artane control group, pergolide-treated group and madopar-treated group were treated with corresponding drugs respectively, and each capsule of artane, pergolide and madopar contained drug of 0.05, 0.05 and 125 mg respectively. In the 1st week, the dosage was 1 capsule for each time, once a day, and then the daily dosage was increased by 1 capsule per week later, and the daily dosage reached 0.2, 0.2 and 500 mg respectively after 1 month, and then the dosages were kept constant. The curative effects were evaluated with UPDRS at 6 and 10 months after treatment. At 10 months after treatment,the 99Tcm-TRODAT-1 specific intakes of ipsilateral or contralateral striatum of the affected limb were tested with striatum dopamine transporter SPECT and semi-quantitative analysis.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Changes of percentage of 99Tcm-TRODAT-1 decrease of ipsilateral or contralateral striatum of the affected limb at 10 months after treatment were compared among the three groups;② Changes of UPDRS scores before and after treatment were compared among the three groups.RESULTS: Totally 36 patients were involved in the study, and 1 case lost in each of the 3 groups respectively at 10 months after treatment, finally 33 cases entered the analysis of results. ① Changes of percentage of 99Tcm-TRODAT-1 decrease of ipsilateral or contralateral striatum of the affected limb at 10 months after treatment: At 10 months after treatment, the percentage of 99Tcm-TRODAT-1 decrease of ipsilateral or contralateral striatum of the affected limb were obviously higher in the madopar-treated group than in the artane control group and pergolide-treated group [(46.3±19.4)%, (28.9±13.0)%, (34.4±18,1)%; (47.5±20.8)%, (31.8±15.6)%, (33.8±17.2)%; P all ＜ 0.05]. ② Changes of UPDRS scores before and after treatment: As compared with the UPDRS scores before treatment, there was no obvious change in the artane control group at 10 months after treatment,but those in the madopar-treated group and pergolide-treated group were obviously decreased [(15.5±8.68), (6.4±9.05); (15.8±6.75), (10.36±8.30); Pall ＜ 0.05].CONCLUSION: Both madopar and pergolide can ameliorate the symptoms of early Parkinson disease, but they had different influences on the prognosis of patients with Parkinson disease. Madopar may accelerate the apoptosis of dopaminergic neuron and then aggravate the severity, but pergolide does not affect the prognosis of Parkinson disease, so it is a more suitable selective drug for the treatment of early Parkinson disease.
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BACKGROUND: Selegiline can effectively alleviate motor disorder symptoms during the earlier stage of Parkinson disease(PD),but the influence on prognosis is still warmly discussed. With the development of neuroiconologicai study,the objective predictor for dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in PD would became possible.OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of selegiline on dopaminergic neurons in earlier stage of PD with the aid of iconology.DESIGN: Randomized controlled study based on patients.SETTING: Neurological department in a military hospital of Chinese PLA,the nuclear medicine and neurological department in a military medical hospital of Chinese PLA.PARTICIPANTS: Between April and December 2001,25 patients were selected from PD specific clinic of Changhai Hospital,the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. They were confirmed of earlier stage of PD without given any related drugs.INTERVENTIONS: Totally 25 patients were randomly divided into placebo group of 13 cases and selegiline group of 12 cases. After assessed with unified PD rating scale(UPDRS),they were given placebo and selegiline respectively with the dosage gradually increased from 0.05 mg at the beginning and added with 0.05 mg every week for four weeks until reaching the sustaining dosage of 0.2 mg. Dopamine transporting protein (99Tcm-TRODAT-1) examination and single photon emission-computerized tomography (SPECT) were performed at entering the experiment and after the treatment for 13 months,and semi-quantitative analysis was used for counting striatal emission of the ipsilateral and contralateral side. Scores for UPDRS were obtained at entering the experiment,after the treatment for 6months and 13 months.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:①Main outcomes:The differences ofstriatal 99Tcm-TRODAT-1 specific intake decreasing percentage on ipsilateral and contralateral side were compared between the two groups after the treatment for 13 months.②Subordinate outcome:Scores for UPDRS of the two groups was also compared.RESULTS: After the treatment for 13 months,striatal 99Tcm-TRODAT-1 specific intake decreasing percentages were (28.9 ± 13.0)% and(31.8 ± 15.6) % on ipsilateral and contralateral side of placebo group compared with the corresponding (30.39 ± 14. 7)% and(32.6 ± 16. 6)% of the selegiline group,the difference was of no statistical significance( P ＞ 0.05). Scores for UPDR was(23.7 ±4.3) in placebo group and(13.1 ± 5.5) in selegiline group after the treatment for 6 months,and(27.0 ±4.3) and(9. 8 ±4. 8) after the treatment for 13 months,indicating that slegiline group was obviously better than placebo group( P ＜ 0. 05).CONCLUSION: Selegiline showed better therapeutic effect in the treatment of earlier-stage PD without increasing the apoptosis of striatal dopaminergic neurons.
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Single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT)can be used in Parkinson desease due to the high affinity of the specific isotope with dopamine transporter(DAT).Nowadays,SPECT imaging in human brain is widely applied in clinical practice of Parkinson disease,such as early diagnosis,differential diagnosis,monitoring,outcome evaluation and prognosis.In this article,a survey is conducted on DAT SPECT imaging and its clinical application in patients with Parkinson disease.