Thoughts on Digital Inheritance of Experiences of Famous and Veteran Physicians of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中医杂志

The experience of famous and veteran physicians in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is a supplement to the cognition of industry groups and a high-quality learning resource. Digital inheritance of the experience of famous and veteran TCM physicians refers to the use of digital technology to record， organize， protect， spread， share and innovate the knowledge， skills and experiences of famous and veteran TCM physicians， which helps to overcome the inefficiency of traditional experience inheritance and realize the inheritance and development of TCM culture. Digital inheritance has certain advantages in accessibility， loss resistance， accuracy， innovation ability and effectiveness， which can assist the digital preservation， analysis and excavation of the experience of famous and veteran TCM physicians， and is an important supplement to the traditional way of learning from teachers. Digital inheritance is usually divided into the following steps： building a database of TCM knowledge， building a database of experienced medical records of famous and veteran TCM physicians， discovering laws by data mining， and assisting clinical decision-making with machine learning. The digital inheritance of famous and veteran TCM physicians is not only the use of experience information， but also the process of innovation and productization based on experience， which may become a new service model of TCM diagnosis and treatment.

Thoughts on Digital Inheritance of Experiences of Famous and Veteran Physicians of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中医杂志

@#The experience of famous and veteran physicians in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is a supplement to the cognition of industry groups and a high-quality learning resource. Digital inheritance of the experience of famous and veteran TCM physicians refers to the use of digital technology to record， organize， protect， spread， share and innovate the knowledge， skills and experiences of famous and veteran TCM physicians， which helps to overcome the inefficiency of traditional experience inheritance and realize the inheritance and development of TCM culture. Digital inheritance has certain advantages in accessibility， loss resistance， accuracy， innovation ability and effectiveness， which can assist the digital preservation， analysis and excavation of the experience of famous and veteran TCM physicians， and is an important supplement to the traditional way of learning from teachers. Digital inheritance is usually divided into the following steps： building a database of TCM knowledge， building a database of experienced medical records of famous and veteran TCM physicians， discovering laws by data mining， and assisting clinical decision-making with machine learning. The digital inheritance of famous and veteran TCM physicians is not only the use of experience information， but also the process of innovation and productization based on experience， which may become a new service model of TCM diagnosis and treatment.

Screening and diagnostic framework of vascular dementia in Chinese population / 中华内科杂志

For lack of cognitive screening standard system and controversy over the value of imaging for cerebrovascular diseases in China, the research group of Alzheimer′s Disease Chinese (ADC) studied the knowledge of neuropsychology, neuroimaging and clinical neurology, systematically reviewed the diagnostic techniques such as memory, language, visuospatial, executive, function, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cerebrovascular diseases, and their optimal threshold and diagnostic value for vascular dementia. Via a consensus meeting, the diagnostic guidelines and practical screening process are combined to construct a framework in Chinese population, which is based on the objective evidence of medical history and clinical evaluation. The diagnosis of vascular dementia is supported by imaging evidence of cerebrovascular diseases and differentiates from other causes of dementia or comorbidities. This consensus is applicable to medical units in China, and is of great significance for early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment of vascular dementia.

The diagnostic framework for screening Alzheimer's disease in the Chinese population / 中华内科杂志

Criteria for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not available in China.The international criteria is not a proper choice due to issues such as translation and lead to low diagnostic rate and high rate of missed diagnosis.The research group of Alzheimer's Disease Chinese (ADC) reviewed knowledge and techniques in neuropsychology,neuroimaging,molecular biology,and clinical neurology,and systematically studied the detection techniques such as memory,language,visuospatial,executive function,and medial temporal lobe visual scores on MRI,and their optimal threshold and diagnostic value for the diagnosis of AD.Through a systematic review and consensus meeting,a diagnostic framework for screeningAD in the Chinese population was established.Among these methods,an operational standard for clinical pathology models increased the diagnostic sensitivity by 15％.The sensitivity and specificity of screening memory impairment increased by 18.1％ and 11.6％,respectively.The sensitivity of screening medialtemporal lobe atrophy increased by 24.5％ and missed diagnosis was decreased by 34.5％.An operational standard for clinical biology models,incorporating the latest molecular imaging and molecular biology techniques,has enabled the early diagnosis of AD in China.The framework combines a principled diagnostic guideline with an operational screening protocol,which is applicable to all clinical settings and of great significance for the early detection,early diagnosis and early treatment of AD.

Effect of herbal formula GAPT on cholinergic system in mice with scopolamine?induced memory impairment / 中国实验动物学报

Objective To investigate the effect of a Chinese medicine formula GAPT, a combination containing Chinese herbs ginseng,Acorus tatarinowii, Polygala and tuber curcuma, on the behavior and cholinergic system in mice with scopolamine-induced memory impairment, and to explore the neuroprotective mechanism of GAPT. Methods ICR mice were randomly divided into normal control group(solution of 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose, CMC), model group (0.5% CMC),positive control group(donepezil, 0.92 mg/(kg·d)), GAPT high, medium and low dose groups(20 mg/(kg·d),10 mg/(kg·d),5 mg/(kg·d)),18 mice in each group, were given intragastric gavage once a day for 30 days. After the last administration,the control group and model group received intraperitoneal injection of normal saline,and the other groups intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine(3 mg/(kg·d)), dissolved in 0.9% normal saline. Morris water maze test was performed to assess the learning and memmory ability. Then the mice were killed and the Ach content and AchE and ChAT activity in the cortex and hippocampus were detected. Results GAPT increased the swimming dis-tance,swimming time and the residence time in target quadrant of the model mice,increased the content of Ach and the ac-tivity of ChAT,and decreased the activity of AchE in the brain of the model group. Conclusions GAPT can improve the learning and memory ability of mice induced by scopolamine,and its mechanism may be related to cholinergic system.

Dementia screening and diagnostic framework in Chinese population / 中华内科杂志

There are no standard diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer′s disease (AD) in China. The copied international criteria has led to a high rate of missed diagnosis due to issues such as translation and cultural discrepancy. Under the principles of semantic equivalence, content equivalence and performance equivalence, the research group of Alzheimer′s Disease Chinese (ADC) adopted several effective methods, such as two-way translation, content conversion, performance evaluation, etc. to systematically study the cognitive, behavioral, functional, and general assessment techniques in dementia screening and diagnosis, as well as their screening thresholds and diagnostic values. We also established a dementia screening and assessment framework in clinical practice through systematic reviews and group consensus. It has improved the early diagnosis rate of dementia in China, been accepted by home and abroad academic institutions, which is of great significance for early diagnosis and treatment of dementia.

Problems and Countermeasures in the Ethical Review of Scientific Research Projects / 中国医学伦理学

Through analyzing the problems of time,selection mode,research plan,and tracking review in the ethical review of scientific research projects,this paper put forward the corresponding countermeasures:standardized application procedures,diverse selection mode,standardized research plan,and strict tracking review.It aimed to improve the quality of ethical review of scientific research projects and improve the ethical review system.

Literature Research of Mild Cognitive Impairment Syndrome Distribution Characteristics / 中医杂志

Objective To explore the Chinese medicine syndrome characteristics of mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Methods The papers of MCI syndrome research were reviewed and collected in China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wan Fang Data and VIP Data from January of 1990 to December of 2014.Statistical analysis was made on the Chinese medicine syndrome types and syndrome factors.SPSS 17.0 software was adopted to make cluster analysis.Combined with experts' experience,related symptoms to the syndrome factors were carried out.Results Totally 32 papers were included.Mter terminology normalization,there were 24 syndrome types of MCI.Top 5 syndromes with high frequency were syndrome of orifices confused by phlegm,syndrome of deficiency of kidney essence,syndrome of deficiency of both Qi and blood,syndrome of internal exuberance of heat toxin and syndrome of blood stasis blocking brain.In syndrome factors of disease location type,kidney and brain covered the highest proportion,30.83％ and 30.00％.In syndrome factors of disease cause and character types,Qi deficiency covered the most,16.50％.According to results of cluster analysis,combined with experts' experience,15 syndrome factors were extracted,including 69 symptoms.Conclusion Chinese medicine syndrome types of MCI were mainly syndrome of orifices confused by phlegm and syndrome of deficiency of kidney essence.The disease locations were mainly kidney and brain.The disease character was Qi deficiency.

Ethics Investigation and Analysis on Clinical Trials of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Ischemic Stroke Treatment / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This article was based on the investigation of ethical research in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clini-cal trials among 240 ischemic stroke patients and 105 experts specialized in this field. Analysis was given on the re-search results. This article was intended to regulate the ethical review of ischemic stroke, and to protect the rights and interests of the subjects better.

Effects of Xixin decoction on enzymes related to O-GlcNAc glycosylation of tau proteins in the brain of rats with sporadic Alzheimer's disease / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of Xixin decoction (XXD) on O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAc glycosidase in O-GlcNAc glycosylation of tau proteins in the brain of rats with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) and explore the possible mechanism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Male SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group, model group, donepezil group, and low-, moderate-, and high-dose XXD groups. After treatment and behavioral test, the rats were sacrificed for detecting the expressions of OGT and O-GlcNAc glycosidase in the brain using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>XXD significantly enhanced the expressions of OGT in the hippocampus of SAD rats and lowered the expression of O-GlcNAc glycosidase (P<0.05 or 0.01). OGT and O-GlcNAc glycosidase expressions showed no significant differences between the model group and donepezil group (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>XXD can regulate the expression of OGT and O-GlcNAc glycosidase to enhance O-GlcNAc glycosylation of tau proteins in the hippocampus of SAD rats.</p>

Significance of neuropsychological single-item scales in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To identify the significance of neuropsychological single-item scales in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods A total of 676 elderly people living around Dongzhimen district in Beijing were recruited using multistage sampling method.Cognitive function was assessed by minimum mental state examination (MMSE)and other scales.MCI was diagnosed based on the criteria proposed by Petersen (1999),and AD was diagnosed based on the NINCDS-ADRDA.Subjects were divided into normal cognitive group (n=213 cases,31.5％),Alzheimer's disease (AD) group (n=167 cases,24.7％),amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) group (n=186 cases,27.5 ％) and non-AD dementia group (110 cases,16.3 ％).Results The MMSE scores in AD,aMCI and normal groups were 23.0 ± 5.9,25.9±2.6,8.1 ± 1.7,respectively.There were significant differences in MMSE scores between AD,aMCI and NC groups separately (all P＜0.01).Compared with MCI and NC group,th scores of time orientation,attention,calculation and immediate recall and delayed recall were significantly decreased in AD group (all P＜0.01).Comparing with normal group,the scores of attention and calculation were reduced in aMCI group (both P＜0.01).The delayed story recall (DSR) scores in AD,aMCI and NC groups were 15.7 ± 11.7,7.6 ± 4.9,26.5 ± 9.3,respectively.There were significant differences in mean DSR scores between AD,aMCI and NC groups separately (all P＜0.01).Compared with normal group,the clinical dementia rating (CDR) scores were higher and the mean clock drawing task (CDT)scores were lower in AD and aMCI groups (both P＜0.01).Conclusions Both neuropsychological assessment tools such as MMSE and single-item scales such as delayed story recall have the certain significance in the diagnosis of MCI and AD.

Ethical Investigations and Considerations of Clinical Trials of TCM in Diabetic Nephropathy Management / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

With the high incidence of diabetic nephropathy, the clinical trials of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in diabetic nephropathy area play an important role in the development of this subject. Therefore, follow-ing the principles of medical ethics, issues of fully understanding professional requirements of ethics review for clinical research of diabetic nephropathy and the protection of patients' rights are questions which should be solved. This article was based on the investigations on ethical needs of experts and patients in diabetic nephropathy area of TCM clinical trials . Discussions and considerations were made on results . A the more per-fect and regulated medical informed consent formwork for diabetic nephropathy of TCM clinical trials was made based on these consultations .

Effects of Chinese medicine for tonifying the kidney and resolving phlegm and blood stasis in treating patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a randomized, double-blind and parallel-controlled trial / 中西医结合学报

It is important to detect and prevent Alzheimer disease (AD) at its early stage. Constituting the early stage sign of AD, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) has drawn much attention. Studies have shown that donepezil could reduce the AD assessment scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) score in MCI patients and improve the patient's attention and speed of response; however, it also has many side effects. Therefore, the authors aim to explore the effects of Chinese herbal medicine for treating aMCI.

Effects of Chinese medicine for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis in treating patients with mild to moderate vascular dementia: a randomized, double-blind and parallel-controlled trial / 中西医结合学报

Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second common subtype of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. However, there is still a lack of medication that demonstrates clinically relevant symptomatic improvement. Static blood obstructing the brain is the main Chinese medicine syndrome of VaD.

Effects of Chinese herbal medicine Yinsiwei compound on spatial learning and memory ability and the ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer disease / 中西医结合学报

To study the effects of Chinese herbal medicine Yinsiwei compound (YSW) on spatial learning and memory ability in rats with sporadic Alzheimer disease (SAD) and the ultrastructural basis of the hippocampal neurons.

Correlation between cognitive functions and syndromes of traditional Chinese medicine in vascular cognitive impairment / 中西医结合学报

To investigate the correlation between cognitive function and the Chinese medicine syndrome characteristics of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI).

Investigation of risk factors for mild cognitive impairment in elderly people / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in elderly people in Beijing.Methods Using multistage cluster random sampling,129 elderly people aged 60-80 years living around Dongzhimen communities were interviewed by mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke/ Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria for screening MCI and Alzheimer's disease (AD).Results Thirty-seven cases (28.7%) had amnestic MCI (aMCI),thirty-six cases (27.9%) had AD,and fifty-six cases (43.4%) were with normal cognitive state (NCS).The age was older in aMCI patients or AD patients than in NCS[(67.6±7.5)y vs.(62.5±7.9)y,(67.6±7.5)y vs.(62.5±7.9)y,both P<0.01],Andthe aMCI or AD patients had low level of education (P<0.05).The blood pressure was higher in the patients suffered from aMCI or AD than in people with NCS more or less (P<0.05).The prevalence of aMCI was related to the body mass index (BMI) (P<0.05),while that of AD had no significant relation with BMI (P>0.05).The prevalence of aMCI or AD was not significantly different between male and female or between different birth months.(all P>0.05).Conclusions The prevalence of aMCI increases with age,lower level of education,higher level of blood pressure and BMI,while it has no significant relations with gender or birth month.

Effect of GEPT extracts on spatial learning ability of APPV717I transgenic mice at early stage of dementia and its possible mechanism / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of GEPT extracts on spatial learning ability of the APPV717I transgenic mice at the early stage of dementia and its possible mechanism.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Thirty APPV717I transgenic mice were randomly divided into three GEPT groups by intragastric administration at doses of 0.075, 0.15, 0.3 g x kg(-1) x d(-1), and a donepezil group by intragastric administration of 0.92 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), a APPV717I transgenic model group and a normal group by intragastric administration of distilled water. A four-month treatment regimen with GEPT extracts was administered to APPV717I transgenic mice. Results showed that Spatial memory ability was measured in Morris water maze. The total area covered by shank1 and integral optical density in CA1 subfield within the hippocampus were determined using immunohistochemical stains and Image-Pro plus analysis. The ultrastructure of synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region was observed by electronic microscope.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>After a four-month of GEPT treatment regimen, the mean escape latency period were significantly shortened (P < 0.05), and the target quadrant search time were significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared to the APPV717I transgenic model mice. There was a significant higher level in the expression of shank1 detected in the hippocampal CA1 area of APPV717I transgenic mice associated with an increase in the number of synapses treated with GEPT than the levels in the APPV717I transgenic model mice alone. The total area of positive cells covered by shank1 and their integral optical density in the hippocampal CA1 area of the APPV717I transgenic mice treated with GEPT were significantly increased more than those of the APPV717I transgenic model mice.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>GEPT extracts can obviously improve the spatial memory ability of APPV717I transgenic mice at the early stage of dementia through enhancing the number of synapses and the expression of shank1, and this might lead to development of novel treatment therapies for the memory loss associated with AD.</p>

Study on Blood-stasis Syndrome Induced by Cold: Target on the Tongue / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objectives:To observe the changes of the tongues in rats with blood-stasis syndrome induced mainly by cold. To explore the evidence that tongues were the target of blood stasis syndrome and the target of medication. Methods: Rats with blood-stasis syndrome induced by cold (BSC group) were dipped into ice water (0 ℃) for 5 minutes every day and lasted 20d individually. Different drugs were given orally after the model establishment. And then we took photos of tongues of all rats by digital camera, analyzed the gray scale value of all rats' tongues using image analysis software, and observed the capillaries in tongues by electron microscope. Results: The tongues of rats which had been frozen in ice water for 20 d (once a day) were dark purple, the same as that of models induced by chemical materials .While as for the normal rats, the tongues were lustrous and ruddy. The changes of color of the tongues persisted about 1 week and were great obvious at the 3rd day after the model establishment among different time-points. After given different drugs, the degree of dark purple tongue degraded, showed significant difference (P < 0.01) from that of model rats. The capillary stegnosis and nucleus turgescence of vascular endothelial cell were observed in tongues in BSC group by using electron microscope. After medication, the above changes recovered. Conclusion: The degree of dark purple tongue indicates the degree of diseases with blood-stasis syndrome. The tongue probably is a target of drug treatment.

Correlation between cognitive functions and syndromes of traditional Chinese medicine in amnestic mild cognitive impairment / 中西医结合学报

To explore the correlation between the cognitive functions and syndromes of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and to provide evidence for clinical syndrome differentiation treatment.