ABSTRACT
This study tested the effects of the gastrointestinal pulse train electrical stimulation with different parameters and at different locations on the neuronal activities of the lateral hypothalamus area (LHA) in obese rats in order to find the optimal stimulation parameter and location. Eight gastric electrical stimulations (GES) with different parameters were performed and the neuronal activities of gastric-distension responsive (GD-R) neurons in LHA were observed. The effects of stimulations with 8 parameters were compared to find the optimal parameter. Then the optimal parameter was used to perform electrical stimulation at duodenum and ileum, and the effects of the duodenal and ileac stimulation on the GD-R neurons in LHA were compared with the gastric stimulation of optimal parameter. The results showed that GES with the lowest energy parameter (0.3 ms, 3 mA, 20 Hz, 2 s on, 3 s off) activated the least neurons. The effects of GES with other parameters whose pulse width was 0.3 ms were not significantly different from those of the lowest energy parameter. Most gastric stimulations whose pulse width was 3 ms activated more LHA neurons than the smallest energy parameter stimulation, and the effects of those 3 ms gastric stimulations were similar. Accordingly, the lowest energy parameter was recognized as the optimal parameter. The effects of stimulations with the optimal parameter at stomach, duodenum and ileum on the LHA neuronal activities were not different. Collectively, gastrointestinal electrical stimulation (GIES) with relatively large pulse width might have stronger effects to the neuronal activities of GD-R neurons in LHA of obese rats. The effects of the GIES at different locations (stomach, duodenum and ileum) on those neurons are similar, and GES is preferential because of its easy clinical performance and safety.
ABSTRACT
This study tested the effects of the gastrointestinal pulse train electrical stimulation with different parameters and at different locations on the neuronal activities of the lateral hypothalamus area (LHA) in obese rats in order to find the optimal stimulation parameter and location. Eight gastric electrical stimulations (GES) with different parameters were performed and the neuronal activities of gastric-distension responsive (GD-R) neurons in LHA were observed. The effects of stimulations with 8 parameters were compared to find the optimal parameter. Then the optimal parameter was used to perform electrical stimulation at duodenum and ileum, and the effects of the duodenal and ileac stimulation on the GD-R neurons in LHA were compared with the gastric stimulation of optimal parameter. The results showed that GES with the lowest energy parameter (0.3 ms, 3 mA, 20 Hz, 2 s on, 3 s off) activated the least neurons. The effects of GES with other parameters whose pulse width was 0.3 ms were not significantly different from those of the lowest energy parameter. Most gastric stimulations whose pulse width was 3 ms activated more LHA neurons than the smallest energy parameter stimulation, and the effects of those 3 ms gastric stimulations were similar. Accordingly, the lowest energy parameter was recognized as the optimal parameter. The effects of stimulations with the optimal parameter at stomach, duodenum and ileum on the LHA neuronal activities were not different. Collectively, gastrointestinal electrical stimulation (GIES) with relatively large pulse width might have stronger effects to the neuronal activities of GD-R neurons in LHA of obese rats. The effects of the GIES at different locations (stomach, duodenum and ileum) on those neurons are similar, and GES is preferential because of its easy clinical performance and safety.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Duodenum , Pathology , Electric Stimulation , Hypothalamus , Pathology , Ileum , Pathology , Neurons , Metabolism , Pathology , Obesity , Pathology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Stomach , PathologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To prepare and identify monoclonal antibodies against staphylococcal enterotoxin I (SEI).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Spleen cells obtained from mice immunized with the SEI protein were fused with the myeloma cells (SP2/0). Hybridomas were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the stable monoclonal hybridomas were isolated by limiting dilution at least three times. The characters of purified monoclonal antibodies were identified by indirect ELISA and Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The monoclonal antibodies secreted by two hybridomas 8F7 and D8 belonged to IgG(2b) and IgG(1) subtypes. Both had high titer and specificity with no cross reaction to SEG, SEE and SEC.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The monoclonal antibodies against SEI has been successfully prepared and identified in this study.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Allergy and Immunology , Enterotoxins , Allergy and Immunology , Hybridomas , Bodily Secretions , Immunoglobulin G , Allergy and Immunology , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Spleen , Cell Biology , Staphylococcus aureus , Allergy and ImmunologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To explore the degradation mechanism of losartan on extracellular matrix in rats with diabetic nephropathy.@*METHODS@#The rat model of diabetic nephropathy was established by streptozotozin(STZ) injection, and the rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: (a normal group, a model group and a losartan group). For 16 weeks, the serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were measured, and glomerular sclerosis index(GSI) were caculated. The expression of collagen Type IV,connective tissue growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta1 were examined by Western blot and real time-PCR respectively.@*RESULTS@#Blood urea nitrogen, GSI and the expressions of collagen Type IV and CTGF protein in the losartan group were lower than those in the model group(all P<0.05), and the expressions of collagen Type IV mRNA,TGF-beta1 mRNA and CTGF mRNA were lower than those in the model group (all P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Losartan modulates glomerular sclerosis and decreases the accumulation of collagen Type IV by inhibiting TGF-beta1 and CTGF.