The Usefulness of 18 F-FDG PET to Differentiate Subtypes of Dementia:The Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background@#and Purpose: Dementia subtypes, including Alzheimer’s dementia (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), pose diagnostic challenges. This review examines the effectiveness of 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography ( 18 F-FDG PET) in differentiating these subtypes for precise treatment and management. @*Methods@#A systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was conducted using databases like PubMed and Embase to identify studies on the diagnostic utility of 18 F-FDG PET in dementia. The search included studies up to November 16, 2022, focusing on peer-reviewed journals and applying the goldstandard clinical diagnosis for dementia subtypes. @*Results@#From 12,815 articles, 14 were selected for final analysis. For AD versus FTD, the sensitivity was 0.96 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88–0.98) and specificity was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.70–0.92). In the case of AD versus DLB, 18F-FDG PET showed a sensitivity of 0.93 (95% CI 0.88-0.98) and specificity of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.70–0.92). Lastly, when differentiating AD from non-AD dementias, the sensitivity was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.80–0.91) and the specificity was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.80–0.91). The studies mostly used case-control designs with visual and quantitative assessments. @*Conclusions@#18 F-FDG PET exhibits high sensitivity and specificity in differentiating dementia subtypes, particularly AD, FTD, and DLB. This method, while not a standalone diagnostic tool, significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy in uncertain cases, complementing clinical assessments and structural imaging.

Home-Visiting Cognitive Intervention for the Community-Dwelling Elderly Living Alone

Methods@#HCI was conducted from April 2016 to November 2019. Every elder who lived alone and 2 matched partners met for 8 weeks once a week. The partners visited participants' home and did the HCI which composed of cognitive training and cognitive stimulation activities. The Mini-Mental State Examination-dementia screening (MMSE), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), the Korean version of instrumental activities of daily living (K-IADL), and the Social Support Scale (SSS) were evaluated before and after HCI to compare the effect of HCI. @*Results@#A total of 258 participants showed significant improvements in MMSE, GDS, K-IADL, and SSS. The MMSE and GDS scores were significantly improved after HCI in both the normal cognition (NC, n=210) and cognitive impairment (CI, n=48) groups. The cognitive effect of HCI for CI was higher than for NC. Among the NC, the magnitude of cognitive improvement was greater in the higher educated group (above 7 years) than in the other groups. @*Conclusions@#Active cognitive interventions could provide possible benefits to improve cognition, emotion, and functional abilities. Regular cognitive-care services like HCI are necessary to reduce dementia risk for the elderly who live alone in the community.

Clinical Utility of Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery-Core for Dementia Management Project in the Community

BACKGROUND: The increasing number of dementia patients is increasing the importance of identifying them and also those at a high risk of dementia. The early diagnosis and management of dementia can slow the progression of the disease and reduce the socioeconomic burden. For these purposes, the Local Dementia Centers established in all regions of Korea are working on the early detection of dementia using neuropsychological batteries. This study investigated the utility of the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery-Core (SNSB-C) in a dementia management project performed in the local community. METHODS: This study was conducted in two parts. The first part used data from the Local Dementia Centers to investigate the accuracy of detecting cognitive impairment in SNSB-C compared with the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery-Second Edition (SNSB-II). The second part of this study which data from hospital examined the accuracy of diagnosing dementia using SNSB-C. RESULTS: Data were collected from 508 participants at the Local Dementia Centers in Daejeon and 50 participants at a hospital. SNSB-C had a high sensitivity and specificity for detecting cognitive impairment, and also a high sensitivity, high specificity, and positive predictive value for diagnosing dementia. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity in diagnosing dementia was as high for SNSB-C as for SNSB-II while taking less time. SNSB-C could therefore be a good diagnostic evaluation tool for use in local dementia centers.

Simplified nonsurgical treatment of peri-implantitis using chlorhexidine and minocycline hydrochloride

PURPOSE: The present study investigated the outcomes of a newly-developed, simple, and practical nonsurgical treatment modality suitable for most forms of intrabony defects around failing dental implants using intrasulcular delivery of chlorhexidine solution and minocycline hydrochloride (HCl). METHODS: Forty-five dental implants in 20 patients diagnosed with peri-implantitis were included. At baseline and the study endpoint, the probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and the presence of bleeding on probing (BOP) at 6 sites around each implant were recorded. The radiographic osseous defect morphology at the mesial or distal proximal aspect of each implant was classified as 1) narrow or wide and 2) shallow or deep. For a comparative analysis of bone changes according to the defect morphology, the distance from the implant shoulder to the most coronal bone-to-implant contact point (DIB) at the mesial and distal aspects of each implant was measured at baseline and the endpoint. Patients were scheduled to visit the clinic every 2–4 weeks for intrasulcular irrigation of chlorhexidine and delivery of minocycline HCl. RESULTS: We observed statistically significant decreases in PPD, CAL, and BOP after treatment. At the endpoint, bone levels increased in all defects, regardless of the osseous morphology of the intrabony defect. The mean DIB change in deep defects was significantly greater than that in shallow defects. Although the mean bone gain in narrow defects was greater than in wide defects, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that significant and sustainable improvements in both clinical and radiographic parameters can be expected when intrabony defects around dental implants are managed through a simple nonsurgical approach involving combined intrasulcular chlorhexidine irrigation and local delivery of minocycline HCl.

Characteristics of Cerebral Microbleeds

Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are increasingly recognized neuroimaging findings, occurring with cerebrovascular disease, dementia, and aging. CMBs are associated with subsequent hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, and also with an increased risk of cognitive deterioration and dementia. They occur in the setting of impaired small vessel integrity due to hypertension or cerebral amyloid angiopathy. This review summarizes the concepts, cause or risk factors, histopathological mechanisms, and clinical consequences of CMBs.

Correlation of Driving-related Cognition and Cognitive Impairment in Drivers over the Age of 60

BACKGROUND: A rate of traffic accidents by elderly drivers increased by 70% between 2011 and 2015 in Korea. Elderly drivers with cognitive impairment are more susceptible to be involved traffic accidents than cognitively normal individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation of driving-related cognition and cognitive impairment in drivers over the age of 60 using the standardized program developed by the Road Traffic Authority (RTA). METHODS: Current drivers older than 60 years were recruited for the study. All participants were tested using the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE), Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT)-copy, and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) for cognitive function assessments. The driving aptitude test (DAT) for the elderly developed by RTA consists of 4 different tasks including speed and distance driving tests (SD), visuospatial memory driving tests (VM), sustained attention driving tests (SA), and divided attention driving tests (DA). The participants were divided into two groups by their MMSE score (normal cognition, CN; cognitive impairment, CI). RESULTS: One hundred fourteen participants were enrolled in the study and 57 of them were assigned to the CI group. In comparison, drivers in CI showed worse scores at DSST, SD, VM, and DA than those in CN. DSST and DA were worsened with increasing age. DSST was the best predictive assessment to be the risk or caution grade in DAT. CONCLUSIONS: We could find a correlation between DAT and cognitive function in drivers over the age 60. These results could be used as the basis of investigating optimal tools for decreasing driving risks in the cognitive impaired elderly.

Orthostatic Hypotension and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

BACKGROUND: Although orthostatic hypotension (OH) and cognitive impairment (CI) are common non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), the relationship between OH and CI remains to be clarified. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between OH and CI in PD. METHODS: We recruited 192 patients who were diagnosed as PD based on the UK Brain Bank diagnostic criteria. The Hoehn & Yahr stages were ranged I to III and patients underwent extensive clinical evaluation, including brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for cerebral white matter hyperintensity (WMH), tilt table test, the Korean version of Montreal Cognitive Assessments and the Korean version of Mini-Mental Status Examination in one month from the first clinic visit. The participants were divided into two groups according to the presence of OH (OH+ vs. OH−) and cognitive function (cognitive normal, CN vs. CI), respectively. RESULTS: Significant relationship between OH and cognitive function (p=0.04) was found in our patients. The patients with OH+ had higher risk of CI by 2.6 times than that of OH+ patients. Maximum heart rate change during tilt table test was correlated with cognitive function and white matter changes, whereas blood pressure change during tilt table test showed no correlation with those parameters. CONCLUSIONS: There was significant relationship between OH and CI in PD. Therefore, PD patients with either symptom may need periodic evaluation and proper management for OH and cognitive functions.

Targeting the epitope spreader Pep19 by naïve human CD45RA⁺ regulatory T cells dictates a distinct suppressive T cell fate in a novel form of immunotherapy

PURPOSE: Beyond the limited scope of non-specific polyclonal regulatory T cell (Treg)-based immunotherapy, which depends largely on serendipity, the present study explored a target Treg subset appropriate for the delivery of a novel epitope spreader Pep19 antigen as part of a sophisticated form of immunotherapy with defined antigen specificity that induces immune tolerance. METHODS: Human polyclonal CD4⁺CD25⁺CD127(lo−) Tregs (127-Tregs) and naïve CD4⁺CD25⁺CD45RA⁺ Tregs (45RA-Tregs) were isolated and were stimulated with target peptide 19 (Pep19)-pulsed dendritic cells in a tolerogenic milieu followed by ex vivo expansion. Low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) and rapamycin were added to selectively exclude the outgrowth of contaminating effector T cells (Teffs). The following parameters were investigated in the expanded antigen-specific Tregs: the distinct expression of the immunosuppressive Treg marker Foxp3, epigenetic stability (demethylation in the Treg-specific demethylated region), the suppression of Teffs, expression of the homing receptors CD62L/CCR7, and CD95L-mediated apoptosis. The expanded Tregs were adoptively transferred into an NOD/scid/IL-2Rγ(−/−) mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. RESULTS: Epitope-spreader Pep19 targeting by 45RA-Tregs led to an outstanding in vitro suppressive T cell fate characterized by robust ex vivo expansion, the salient expression of Foxp3, high epigenetic stability, enhanced T cell suppression, modest expression of CD62L/CCR7, and higher resistance to CD95L-mediated apoptosis. After adoptive transfer, the distinct fate of these T cells demonstrated a potent in vivo immunotherapeutic capability, as indicated by the complete elimination of footpad swelling, prolonged survival, minimal histopathological changes, and preferential localization of CD4⁺CD25⁺ Tregs at the articular joints in a mechanistic and orchestrated way. CONCLUSIONS: We propose human naïve CD4⁺CD25⁺CD45RA⁺ Tregs and the epitope spreader Pep19 as cellular and molecular targets for a novel antigen-specific Treg-based vaccination against collagen-induced arthritis.

Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy Associated with Membranous Glomerulonephritis and Tendinitis

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is an immune-mediated progressive or relapsing demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Other autoimmune diseases may be associated with CIDP. A 38-year-old man developed CIDP, which was subsequently associated with membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) and tendinitis. He was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, rituximab, and prednisone, which resulted in improvement of the clinical symptoms. This is a case report of CIDP associated with MGN and tendinitis.

Erratum to: Prognosis of Patients with Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Who have Focal Versus Diffuse Frontal Atrophy

The original version of this article contained wrong information of an author which should be changed.

Factors Affecting Cognitive Impairment and Depression in the Elderly Who Live Alone: Cases in Daejeon Metropolitan City

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: With the rapid increase in the number of elderly people in Korea, multiple socio-economic problems have emerged. In 2015, 6.4 million people accounting for about 13% of the total population in Korea were aged 65 years and over. As the elderly population continues to grow, the elderly who live alone are also increasing. They have potential risks in medical and neuropsychological aspects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between cognition and socio-environmental status in the elderly who live alone. METHODS: This study was conducted on 512 people who live alone (equivalent to 1% of the total elderly people) in Daejeon Metropolitan City between April and November 2015. Structured questionnaires were used to investigate the general characteristics, socio-economic status, physical status, and mood for participants. Simple tests using Mini-Mental Status Examination-Demetia Screening, Geriatric Depression Scale and Korean-instrumental activities of daily living were also performed. RESULTS: Among the 512 participants, 109 participants (21.3%) had cognitive impairment, and 128 participants (25.0%) had depression. The number of daily meals, frequency of meeting with family, and depression were independent risk factors for cognitive impairment. Factors including the duration of living alone, cognitive impairment, poor self-perceived health status, frequency of meeting with family and duration of education were considered an independent risk factor for depression. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the elderly who live alone are susceptible to cognitive impairment and depression, and factors including the number of daily meals, social contact, and self-perceived health status may affect cognition and depressive mood. Thus, physicians need to pay attention to management of major factors that may cause cognition impairment and depression in the elderly who live alone; in addition, they require ongoing community interest and support.

Prognosis of Patients with Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Who have Focal Versus Diffuse Frontal Atrophy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Only a few studies have investigated the relationship between different subtypes and disease progression or prognosis in patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Since a localized injury often produces more focal signs than a diffuse injury, we hypothesized that the clinical characteristics differ between patients with bvFTD who show diffuse frontal lobe atrophy (D-type) on axial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans versus those with focal or circumscribed frontal lobe atrophy (F-type). METHODS: In total, 94 MRI scans (74 scans from bvFTD and 20 scans from age-matched normal controls) were classified into 35 D- and 39 F-type bvFTD cases based on an axial MRI visual rating scale. We compared baseline clinical characteristics, progression in motor and cognitive symptoms, and survival times between D- and F-types. Survival analyses were performed for 62 of the 74 patients. RESULTS: While D-type performed better on neuropsychological tests than F-type at baseline, D-type had higher baseline scores on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III. Evaluations of motor progression showed that the disease duration with motor symptoms was shorter in D-type than F-type. Moreover, the survival time was shorter in D-type (6.9 years) than F-type (9.4 years). Cox regression analyses revealed that a high UPDRS Part III score at baseline contributed to an increased risk of mortality, regardless of the pattern of atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis is worse for D-type than for those with F-type. Shorter survival in D-type may be associated with the earlier appearance of motor symptoms.

Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease with Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Cognitive Training: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been examined as a potential treatment for many neurological disorders. High-frequency rTMS in particular improves cognitive functions such as verbal fluency and memory. This study explored the effect of rTMS combined with cognitive training (rTMS-COG) on patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed with 27 AD patients (18 and 8 in the treatment and sham groups, respectively, and 1 drop-out). The participants were categorized into mild [Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score=21-26] and moderate (MMSE score=18-20) AD groups. The rTMS protocols were configured for six cortical areas (both dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal somatosensory associated cortices and Broca's and Wernicke's areas; 10 Hz, 90-110% intensity, and 5 days/week for 6 weeks). Neuropsychological assessments were performed using the AD Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog), Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC), and MMSE before, immediately after, and 6 weeks after the end of rTMS-COG treatment. RESULTS: Data from 26 AD patients were analyzed in this study. There was no significant interactive effect of time between the groups. The ADAS-cog score in the treatment group was significantly improved compared to the sham group (4.28 and 5.39 in the treatment group vs. 1.75 and 2.88 in the sham group at immediately and 6 weeks after treatment, respectively). The MMSE and CGIC scores were also improved in the treatment group. Based on subgroup analysis, the effect of rTMS-COG was superior for the mild group compared to the total patients, especially in the domains of memory and language. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that rTMS-COG represents a useful adjuvant therapy with cholinesterase inhibitors, particularly during the mild stage of AD. The effect of rTMS-COG was remarkable in the memory and language domains, which are severely affected by AD.

Reversible Cerebellar Leukoencephalopathy Associated With Oral Methotrexate

Methotrexate (MTX)-induced leukoencephalopathy is the most often reported leukoencephalopathy following intrathecal or intravenous administration. A 72-year-old woman developed leukoencephalopathy localized to the cerebellum after treatment with oral MTX at a dose of 15 mg/week for 3 years. She complained of subtle imbalance during walking and reported having fallen. Her symptoms improved after discontinuation of MTX, and the leukoencephalopathy resolved. This is therefore a case report of selective cerebellar reversible leukoencephalopathy associated with oral MTX.

Clinical Significance of Paresthesia Distribution in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

BACKGROUND: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is defined by symptoms associated with damage to the median nerve within the carpal tunnel. Abnormal sensation in the median nerve territory is one of the primary clinical diagnostic criteria for CTS. However, extramedian sensory abnormalities in CTS are common. The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical significance of the paresthesia distribution in CTS. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study involving patients with CTS diagnosed based on the American Academy of Neurology criteria between January 2009 and January 2011. In total, 109 hands of 57 enrolled patients were analyzed. The participants were divided into two groups according to the distribution of sensory abnormalities: (1) sensory symptoms confined to the median nerve distribution (median group), and (2) sensory symptoms distributed diffusely over the entire hand (glove group). Clinical features and electrophysiological findings were investigated by thorough chart reviews. RESULTS: Forty-seven (43.1%) hands belonged to the glove group. The frequency of sensory abnormalities and motor weakness was higher in the median group (38.7 vs 9.7%) than in the glove group (12.8% vs. 0.0%) on neurological examination. The conduction velocities of sensory nerves of the wrist and finger were significantly slower in the median group than in the glove group. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of the sensory symptom distribution in CTS may predict the degree of nerve damage, with sensory abnormality restricted to the median nerve distribution reflecting more severe nerve damage in CTS.

A Comparison of Stent-Assisted Mechanical Thrombectomy and Conventional Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis for Acute Cerebral Infarction

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We evaluated whether stent-assisted thrombectomy (SAT) is safer or more clinically beneficial than aggressive mechanical clot disruption (AMCD) for patients with acute intracranial artery occlusion. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 72 patients (33 with SAT and 39 with AMCD) who underwent intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute intracranial artery occlusions. Procedure parameters, clinical outcomes, and incidence of complications were compared between the SAT and AMCD groups. RESULTS: The time interval to recanalization was shorter in SAT patients (69.2+/-39.6 minutes, mean+/-standard deviation) than in AMCD patients (94.4+/-48.0 minutes, p<0.05). Recanalization was achieved in more SAT patients (91%) than AMCD patients (80%), but with no statistically significance. Urokinase was used less frequently in SAT patients (21%) than in AMCD patients (92%, p<0.05), and the incidence of symptomatic hemorrhages was lower in SAT patients (3%) than in AMCD patients (18%, p<0.05). Device-related complications in SAT patients comprised two cases of stent fracture and one case of distal migration of a captured thrombus. The proportion of patients with good outcomes, defined as scores from 0 to 3 on the modified Rankin Scale, was similar in the two groups at discharge (SAT, 46%; AMCD, 39%), but significantly higher in the SAT group than in the AMCD group at 3 months (64% vs. 40%, p<0.05) and 6 months (67% vs. 42%, p<0.05) after discharge. CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes and clinical parameters were better for SAT during thrombolytic procedures for acute intracranial artery occlusions than for AMCD for up to 6 months. However, some device-related complications occurred during stent interventions.

Characteristics of Atopic Myelitis and its Relationship With Toxocara Canis Myelitis

BACKGROUND: It has recently been reported that atopic disorders are associated with various neurological diseases. Atopic myelitis (AM) has been defined as an idiopathic myelitis with either (1) an atopic disease such as atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, or bronchial asthma, or (2) positive mite antigen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) with hyper-IgE-emia. The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical, radiological, and laboratory profiles of AM. METHODS: The characteristics of a group of patients with AM (n=18) were compared with those of a group of non-AM subjects (n=13). The history, clinical symptoms, serologic and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, and brain and spinal-cord magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of all of the subjects were reviewed. RESULTS: Clinically, nonacute onset occurred more frequently in the AM group than in the non-AM group (72.2% vs. 30.8%, p=0.033). The positivity of specific IgG antibody to Toxocara canis was greater in the AM group than in the non-AM group (p=0.045). Swelling (p=0.001) and gadolinium enhancement (p=0.014) on MRI was also more prevalent in the AM group. There was tendency toward a greater proportion of males, purely sensory symptoms, a higher recurrence rate, and eosinophilia in the AM group than in the non-AM group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that AM is responsible for a considerable proportion of cases with idiopathic myelitis. It appears that the progression of symptom onset is slower, the positivity of specific IgG antibody to Toxocara canis higher, and the occurrence of swelling and enhancement of the lesion on spinal-cord MRI is more prevalent among those with AM than those without.

Spinal MRI Abnormality in Zoster Sine Herpete / 대한임상신경생리학회지

No abstract available.

Rehabilitation of Amputee with Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising from Postburn Scar: A Case Report

A 73-year-old woman who has been suffering from ulcer pain on left lower leg of burn scars visited our clinic for prosthesis rehabilitation. Symptom has been developed since 12 months ago. She burned herself with oil at the age of 40. Biopsy on the skin lesion revealed squamous cell carcinoma. Marjolin's ulcer is a rare but highly aggressive squamous cell cancer that is most often associated with chronic burn wounds. Patient had undergone multiple prior split-thickness skin grafts for recurrent squamous cell carcinoma. She had undergone a trans-tibial amputation and subsequently given adjuvant chemotherapy for recurrent disease. After amputee training the patient was able to walk by herself and could perform all activities of daily living independently. Cancer induced amputees need prostheses with intensive rehabilitation training program for ambulation to prevent deterioration of physical function and mental health due to immobilization. However, she developed another recurrence and decided not to undergo further surgery and eventually died in hospice care due to progressive metastatic disease.