[Relationship between social support and depression, anxiety in hemodialysis patients]

Introduction: Depression and anxiety are psychological problems in hemodialysis patients. It seems that social support can improve depression and anxiety in these patients. But the rate of this relationship has not been studied completely in dialysis population in Iran yet. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the relationship between social support and depression, and anxiety in hemodialysis patients of Mahabad Imam Khomeini's hospital

Method: This study was a descriptive- correlation study. All the 60 patients of Imam Khomeini's hospital in 2009 with chronic renal failure which were under hemodialysis treatment entered this study using available sampling considering elimination and acceptance standards. Data collecting instruments were the demographic questionnaire, the hospital anxiety and depression scale [HADS] [validity and reliability confirm by kaviani et al] and social support [validity and reliability confirm by zamanzadeh et al] questionnaire. After collecting questionnaires, data were analyzed using SPSS v.14. For data analyzing the researcher used descriptive statistics, Chi- square test, and correlation coefficient

Results: Findings indicated that 62% of patients had symptoms of depression and 46% had symptoms of anxiety within the abnormal limits [more than 11]. The highest suitable social support in emotional field was [%64] and the highest undesirable social support in instrumental field was [%72]. Chi-square test showed a significant relationship between social support and the rate of depression [P<0.05]. Spearman rank correlation showed a negative relationship [r=-%42]. There was also a meaningful and negative relationship between depression and social support [r=-%48, P<0.05]

Conclusion: Findings confirmed that the prevalence of depression and anxiety is high in hemodialysis patients and there is a significant relationship between social support and depression. It seems that regarded social support includes support in instrumental, emotional and information in nursing care can improve mental health in hemodialysis patients

[Effect of red clover Isoflavones extract on menopausal symptoms]

Menopausal symptoms influence mental, physical and emotional health, as well as social performance and family relationships. Due to the undesirable side effects of alternated hormone-therapy, tendency toward alternative treatments in relieving these symptoms have been increased, and the use of herbs like phytoestrogens seem preferable. This study was conducted to determine the effect of red clover Isoflavones extract on menopausal symptoms. This clinical randomized, triple-blind trial was conducted on 72 menopausal women who referred to Navab Safavi health care center, Isfahan, Iran during Oct-Apr 2011. After two weeks of monitoring and determination of the baseline symptoms score including hot flushes and sweating, paresthesia, insomnia, nervousness, depression, vertigo, weakness and fatigue, arthralgia and myalgia, headache, palpitation and formication, the women were randomly divided into two groups of 36 subjects: placebo and intervention [taking 45 mg of red clover Isoflavones extract capsules]. The subjects were given one capsule daily for eight weeks and menopausal symptoms were recorded weekly. Data were analyzed using SPSS-18, independent t-test, ANOVA, chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests. 55 women completed the study: 27 subjects in the placebo and 28 in the intervention group. The mean age of subjects in placebo and intervention group was 53.92 +/- 3.21 and 52.96 +/- 3.07 years, respectively. The mean age of menopause in the placebo and intervention groups was 51.38 +/- 2.63 and 50.05 +/- 1.17 years, respectively. The mean elapsed time since menopause was determined as 2.69 +/- 1.47 years in placebo and 2.66 +/- 1.65 years in intervention group. The average score of menopausal symptoms at the end of the 10[th] week was 13.87 +/- 7.22 and 16.44 +/- 11.59 in intervention and placebo groups, this reduction was significant [P<0.05]. This study showed that consumption of capsules containing red clover Isoflavones extract for 8 weeks, reduces menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women

[Prevalence and persistence of health problems after child birth and maternal correlations with parity]

After delivery, family's attention changes from mother to child, while mothers tend to get very busy and do not pay attention to their health. The aim of this study was to determine prevalence and persistence of health problems after child birth and maternal correlations with parity In this descriptive-longitudinal, study 308 mothers who visited Mahabad community health centers for parental care [36-38 weeks] were selected. Instrument in this study was Postpartum Morbidity Scale, which developed by researcher. Content validity, internal consistency [0.94] and test-retest reliability [0.98] was measured. Data gathered by interview at 7 days, 8 weeks and 12 months after delivery and analyzed by SPSS/18. To determine difference and causing problems among multiparous women primiparous, Chi[2] was used and 95% confidence interval was used to determine the relative risk. The result showed that common reported problems at first and second stage were backache 64% and 60% and fatigue 63% and 60% respectively. However, after 12 months of the delivery fatigue was 43%. During 7 days of delivery, we found significant relationship between backache [P=0.005], headache [P=0.013], tiredness [P=0.008], side effect of anesthesia [P=0.041] and sleep problems [P=0.001] with multiparous mothers. These values after 8 weeks of delivery were backache [P=0.047], stitches infection [P=0.023], urinary tract infection [P=0.000], sex problems [P=0.003], postpartum blue [P=0.002], sleep problems [P=0.001] reported more between multiparous.12 months after delivery, there were a significant relation between postpartum blue [P=0.024], sex problem [P=0.001], sleep problems [P=0.036] and multiparous of mothers. Due to high prevalence of postpartum morbidities and lack of attention to solving these problems, changing the postpartum regular care and offering educational courses to mothers are necessary and highly recommended

[ effect of trans-cutaneous electrical nerve stimulation [TENS] on range of motion and morning stiffness of knee joint on patient with knee osteoarthritis]

Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent human joint disease and knee joint is the most common joint, which is affected in the disease. The most common signs of this disease are reducing of motion range and morning stiffness of knee joint. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effect of TENS technique, as a non-pharmacological therapy, on range of motion and morning stiffness of knee joint on patients with knee osteoarthritis. In this quasi-experimental and single blind study, a total of 57 patients with knee osteoarthritis who referred to Imam Khomeini hospital in Tehran in 2005 were randomly divided into two groups of case [29] and control [28]. TENS technique [110 Htz] was administered to the case group for 4 weeks [3 times a week for 20 minutes]. Then, range of motion and morning stiffness of knee joint measured in different times during the intervention in this group. The same situation was used for the control but with turn-off system [Placebo]. Range of motion and morning stiffness of knee joint was measured in the two groups in the first season [beginning], sixth session and at the end of study. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, KV, and t tests. The mean of motion range in the case group was 82.2 +/- 2.26 before intervention, and increased to 89.7 +/- 3.07 and 117 +/- 4.5 at the sixth session and at the end of intervention, respectively [p<0.001]. In the control group, the mean of this parameter in different times of intervention was not significant. Moreover, in the two groups, there was not significant difference in joint morning stiffness in different times of intervention. Based on the results, TENS technique affects remarkably on range of motion with no effect on morning stiffness of knee joint in patients with osteoarthritis. Thus, this method would increase range of knee motion in patients with osteoarthritis

Exploring the effective factors concerning without breaking the social deviance

The primary purpose of present research was to determine which social components influence social deviance. A self-report questionnaire designed to assess factors which influence on social deviance was administrated to 60 male and 60 female. We selected our sample by using stratified random sampling from Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation [IKRF] university students who had attended at Samen-ol-A'emme camp in summer holidays in Mashhad. As follow, we conduct an exploratory factor analysis. Additionally, we compare our explored factors with other authors. Factor analysis of research -made scale [S.D.] yielded evidence for 4 factors which 89.89% of total variance was explained by them. We find four factors, including, a: Family and per cohort, b: parent-external control, c: economic status and d: educational-cultural factors which respectively, 24.05%, 22.21%, 22.16% and 21.47% of total variance was explored by them. At the results, socio-cultural variations in attribution of social deviance are discussed, suggestion for direction in future research and cultural polity-makers on the attribution of social deviance are offered