ABSTRACT
Background: Diabetes Mellitus refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of Hyperglycemia. It is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 439 million by 2030 and 19% of world抯 DM patients are Indians. Magnesium is an important co-factor for various enzymes involved in Insulin secretion and is involved in sodium-potassium ATPase pump. 25%-38% of Type 2 DM patients had Hypomagnesemia, which has also contributed in developing microvascular complications such as Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and Diabetic Nephropathy (DN). Various studies have suggested that Magnesium supplementation in Type 2 DM patients with Hypomagnesemia have shown beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Aim and objectives: To study the prevalence of Hypomagnesemia in Type 2 DM patients and to study the association of Hypomagnesemia with microvascular complications such as DR and DN. Materials and methods: It is a hospital based Observational study carried out in 2022 for a period of 1 year including 60 patients fulfilling the ADA criteria for diagnosing T2DM and patients with Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Nephropathy, and excluding patients with Malabsorption, Chronic diarrhoea, Renal Failure on diuretic therapy, Sepsis, Pancreatitis. Serum Magnesium levels of 1.6 mg/dl � 2.6 mg/dl is considered as normal range. Serum Magnesium were measured using Xylidyl blue colorimetric method. Results: The Mean age of the patients in our study was 55.89 years. Among 60 patients diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus, 42 patients had Hypomagnesemia, 18 patients had Normomagnesemia (p- value: <0.0001). Patients with an HbA1c levels > 7% had Hypomagnesemia when to compared to patients with HbA1c <7% with a significant p value of 0.009. Hypomagnesemia was also associated with Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Nephropathy with a significant p-value of 0.013 and 0.009 respectively. Conclusion: In our study, it has shown that patients with uncontrolled T2DM had Hypomagnesemia, which is also associated with micro-vascular complications of T2DM such as DR and DN.
ABSTRACT
Background: Otosclerosis is not an uncommon condition in Telangana. Various methods such as perforator and laser are usedin performing stapedotomy during its surgical management. Stapedotomy performed with slow-speed microdrill technique forotosclerosis, and difficulties encountered during surgery, complications, and auditory gain in the post-operative period wereanalyzed in this study.Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to use low-speed microdrill technique in stapedotomy and to analyze the difficulties,complications, and audiological evaluation in the post-operative period of 18 months.Materials and Methods: A prospective study of 62 patients undergoing stapedotomy for otosclerosis over a period of 2 yearswas reviewed. Stapedotomy with skeeter microdrill was evaluated using audiometric results (air conduction thresholds, boneconduction thresholds, air-bone gap closure, and pure tone average) and the incidence of complications during post-operativeperiod. Teflon prosthesis was used in all the patients.Observations and Results: Among the 62 patients, there were 37 females (59.67%) and 25 males (40.32%) with a male-tofemale ratio of 1:1.48. The patients belonged to the age group of 25–55 years with a mean age of 32.65 ± 4.15 years.Conclusions: Stapedotomy performed with microdrill technique for otosclerosis was a safe surgical technique to perforate thestapes footplate. The microdrill (skeeter) has low noise intensity and low torque. For duration of a few seconds, it seems to bea safe tool in creating a perforation in the footplate of the stapes, without causing acoustic trauma.