Network Structure of Depressive Symptoms in General Population / 정신신체의학

Objectives@#：Although subclinical depression symptoms are associated with suicidal idea, most research have focused on clinical depression such as major depressive disorder or dysthymia. The aim of this study is to investigate network structure of depressive symptom and to reveal which symptoms are associated with suicidal ideation. @*Methods@#：We used part of data from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were between 19 and 65 years of age (N=8,741). Network analysis with Isingfit model is used to reveal network structure of depressive symptoms and most central symptom and edges assessed by patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9). @*Results@#：The most two central symptoms were psychomotor activity and suicidal ideation. The strongest edge was psychomotor activity-suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation also has strong association with depressive mood and worthlessness. @*Conclusions@#：These results suggest that psychomotor activity and suicidal ideation can serve as treatment target for subclinical depression and psychomotor activity, worthlessness and depressed mood may be important factor for early intervention of suicidal ideation.

Effects of Dementia Caregiver Program on Caregiver Burden / 정신신체의학

Objectives@#：Dementia is one of the most distressing mental health problems in the older population. Caregivers also experienced physical, psychological, and emotional stress from taking care of dementia patients. So, we developed program for supporting dementia caregiver and evaluated its efficacy on reducing caregiver bur-den. @*Methods@#：We provided 5 sessions of dementia caregiver supporting program to 30 caregivers who were taking care of dementia patient in their home. Program was held in Cheonan Center for Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia that was established by Cheonan city government for supporting dementia patients and their caregivers. We evaluated caregiver burden using short Zarit burden inventory consisted of 12 items scoring 0 (no burden) to 4 (everyday burden) before and after program. We evaluated satisfaction of caregiver about program using satisfaction survey consisted of 10 items scoring 0 (very dissatisfy) to 4 (very satisfy) after program. @*Results@#：Mean age of caregiver was 61.9. 40.0% (n=12) of caregivers were spouse. 53.3% (n=16) of caregiv-ers were son or daughter. Caregiver burden that was estimated by short Zarit burden inventory were significantly decreased after program (p<0.001). When each item was compared, 4 items (7, 10, 11 and 12) were significantly decreased after program (p=0.036, p=0.018, p=0.01, p=0.024). All mean scores of 10 items about satisfactionwere over 3 meaning that participants generally satisfied to program. @*Conclusions@#：Our study suggested that dementia caregiver supporting program could reduce caregiver burden and provide satisfaction. Therefore, programs for supporting dementia caregivers might be important as well as treating dementia patients. So, we should be interested in developing and providing efficiently this kind of pro-gram to reduce caregiver burden.

Pharmacotherapy for Patients Complaining With Somatic Symptoms / 정신신체의학

Patients complaining with somatic symptoms are very common in clinical practice, and are often consulted to medical department. But it is difficult to treat well. The treatment of somatic symptom disorder is multi-mod-al as none of the methods on their own provide a satisfactory outcome. The treatment of somatic symptoms disorders is complicated by lack of boundary, conceptual clarity, and overemphasis on psychosocial causation and effectiveness of psychological treatments. In clinical practice all classes of psychotropics are used to treat somatic symptoms disorder. Drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin reuptake inibitors(SSRI), serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), atypical antipsychotics are studied. The evidence indicates that these drugs are effective in somatic symptom disorders. All classes of antidepressants seem to be effective against somatic symptom disorders. SSRIs are more effective against hypochondriasis and body dysmorphic disorder, and SNRIs appear to be more effective than other antidepressants when pain is predominant. The author suggest that psychiatrists should know how to treat patients complaining with somatic symptoms by using not only psychotherapeutic approach but also pharmacological treatment. It will be helpful to reduce suffering and increase quality of life of these patients.

The Association Between Cancer and Network Structure of Depressive Symptoms / 정신신체의학

Objectives@#：The characteristics of depressive symptoms in patients with cancer is different from those in control group. However, few research has focused on the association between depressive symptoms in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to compare the network structure of depressive symptoms between patients with cancer and normal control. @*Methods@#：This study was based on cohort data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2016-2018. The Patient health Quetionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to assess depressive symptoms in 599 patients with cancer and 599 age-sex matched controls. We estimated network structure of depressive symptom using Isingfit model. @*Results@#：There was no significant difference of each PHQ-9 item score. There were strong associations be-tween symptoms were concentration problem-psychomotor activity, anhedonia-depressed mood, and depressed mood-suicidal ideation in both groups. Strength centrality of worthlessness was significantly higher in patients with cancer. @*Conclusions@#：These results suggest that worthless is associated with other depressive symptoms more tightly in patients with cancer. Worthless can serve as important treatment targets for intervention of depression in patients with cancer.

Factors Associated With Fear of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Stigmatization in the Elderly

Objective@#The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors associated with the fear of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) stigmatization in the elderly in Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. @*Methods@#This study used data of a survey on depression, loneliness, social support, and fear of COVID-19 of the elderly in a province of Korea in July to November, 2020. The sample consisted of 1,485 (female 1,117); mean age 78.3 (6.5) years old. We administered Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form, 6-item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey and experience about COVID-19 infection or fear of stigmatization. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed for evaluating the association between fear of COVID-19 stigmatization and the factors; gender, education level, living with spouse, socioeconomic status, depression, loneliness, and social support. @*Results@#Socioeconomic status and loneliness are associated with the fear of COVID-19 disease stigmatization, and gender and socioeconomic status are associated with the fear of COVID-19 territorial stigmatization. @*Conclusion@#Gender, socioeconomic status and loneliness are the factors for COVID-19 stigmatization in the elderly in Chungcheongnam-do, Korea.

Association between Sleep and Loneliness in the Elderly Living Alone / 정신신체의학

Objectives@#：Loneliness and poor sleep quality are common phenomena in old age and are associated with negative physical and mental health. However, little is known regarding the relation between loneliness and sleep quality. The aim of this study was to examine the association of loneliness and sleep quality among the elderly living alone. @*Methods@#：This is a cross-sectional study that enrolled 1,090 subjects who are the community-residing elderly living alone. Sociodemographic status, medical condition, cognition, mood disorder, sleep quality and levels of loneliness were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and a specific semi-structured interview con-ducted by trained nurses. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data regarding sociodemographic variable and loneliness. Univariate and Multivariate regression analyses were applied to examine the association between loneliness and sleep quality after adjustment for multiple confounding variables. @*Results@#：The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) mean score of “lonely group” (9.2±4.2) was signifi-cantly higher than that of “not lonely group” (7.3±3.7) (student-t test, p<0.001). Loneliness was significantly as-sociated with PSQI (standardized β= 0.065, p=0.025), sleep disturbance (standardized β=0.086, p=0.005), use of sleep medication (standardized β= 0.065, p=0.034) after adjustment for possible confounding variables including sex and mood disorder. @*Conclusions@#：Loneliness was associated with sleep disturbance and this finding implied negative impact of loneliness on sleep quality of older adults. Public health promotion efforts to reduce loneliness may improve sleep quality and mental health in the elderly living alone.

Association between Sleep and Loneliness in the Elderly Living Alone / 정신신체의학

Objectives@#：Loneliness and poor sleep quality are common phenomena in old age and are associated with negative physical and mental health. However, little is known regarding the relation between loneliness and sleep quality. The aim of this study was to examine the association of loneliness and sleep quality among the elderly living alone. @*Methods@#：This is a cross-sectional study that enrolled 1,090 subjects who are the community-residing elderly living alone. Sociodemographic status, medical condition, cognition, mood disorder, sleep quality and levels of loneliness were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and a specific semi-structured interview con-ducted by trained nurses. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data regarding sociodemographic variable and loneliness. Univariate and Multivariate regression analyses were applied to examine the association between loneliness and sleep quality after adjustment for multiple confounding variables. @*Results@#：The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) mean score of “lonely group” (9.2±4.2) was signifi-cantly higher than that of “not lonely group” (7.3±3.7) (student-t test, p<0.001). Loneliness was significantly as-sociated with PSQI (standardized β= 0.065, p=0.025), sleep disturbance (standardized β=0.086, p=0.005), use of sleep medication (standardized β= 0.065, p=0.034) after adjustment for possible confounding variables including sex and mood disorder. @*Conclusions@#：Loneliness was associated with sleep disturbance and this finding implied negative impact of loneliness on sleep quality of older adults. Public health promotion efforts to reduce loneliness may improve sleep quality and mental health in the elderly living alone.

Risk Factors Associated with Loneliness in the Elderly Living Alone / 정신신체의학

OBJECTIVES@#Loneliness is associated with negative mental and physical health. However, little is known about the risk factors of loneliness in the Korean elderly living alone. The aim of this study was to examine sociodemographic and social network related risks for loneliness among the elderly living alone.@*METHODS@#This is a cross-sectional study that enrolled 1,091 subjects who are the community-residing elderly living alone. Sociodemographic status, medical condition, cognition, mood disorder and levels of loneliness were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and a specific semi-structured interview conducted by a trained nurse. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data regarding sociodemographic variable and loneliness. Univariate and Multivariate regression analyses were applied to examine factors associated with loneliness.@*RESULTS@#The mean score of loneliness was 3.8 (SD=1.7). No family contact (standardized β=0.115, p<0.001), no religious attendance (standardized β=0.057, p=0.028), no gathering with friends (standardized β=0.088, p=0.001) and high score of Short for of Geriatric Depression Scale (standardized β=0.502, p<0.001) were significantly associated with high loneliness in the elderly living alone.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Family function, social network and depressive mood could be significant risk factors for high loneliness in the elderly living alone. Public health promotion efforts to reduce loneliness should focus on improving family function, social network and decreasing depression.

Factors Associated with the Use of Over-the-Counter Medications in the Elderly Living Alone / 정신신체의학

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe the use of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and to identify predictors for their use in the elderly living alone. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study that enrolled 1,099 subjects. Data regarding socio-demographic status, medical condition, cognition, mood disorder and use of OTC drugs were collected using self-administered questionnaire and from a specific semi-structured interview by a trained nurse. Data regarding use of OTC drugs were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Logistic regression analysis was applied to examine factors associated with the use of OTC drugs. RESULTS: The use of OTC drugs were reported by 35.4% of the subjects. Analgesics (13.6%) was the most frequent drugs. Depression (OR=1.10, 95% CI=1.10–1.87) and comorbidities measured by cumulative illness rating scale (CIRS) (OR=1.08, 95% CI=1.03–1.12) were significantly associated with the use of OTC drugs in the elderly living alone. CONCLUSIONS: Depression and severity of underlying medical conditions could be a predictor of the use of OTC drugs in the elderly living alone. The clinicians should be vigilant regarding the potential use of nonprescription medications in the elderly.

Psychogenic Dizziness for Psychiatrists in Korea / 정신신체의학

Many patients with dizziness present with a symptom pattern that does not reveal the cause by neurotologic diagnostic approaches. In such cases, the physician frequently diagnoses psychogenic dizziness. Psychogenic dizziness is not characterized by true vertigo, and occurs in combination with other psychiatric symptom cluster. One out of two to four patients with dizziness are psychogenic dizziness. But there are few concern about this including clinical practice and study in Korea. I wrote this paper to increase concerning and attending to this for psychiatrists in Korea. I reviewed etiology including biological and psychological relations between dizziness and psychiatric disorder(especially anxiety), diagnostic approaches of, characteristics of dizziness of various psychiatric disorders related to, and the treatment of psychogenic dizziness. I also briefly reviewed the central and peripheral dizziness for psychiatrists. I suggest psychiatrists and clinicians in the psychosomatic field in Korea to acknowledge, concern, and attend to psychogenic dizziness. In turn, it will be helpful to well treat the patients with psychogenic dizziness.

Influence of Depression on the Prediction Accuracy of Mini-Mental State Examination as Screening Test for Early Detection of Dementia

OBJECTIVE: Depression and cognitive impairment are closely associated in old age. In this study, we investigate the influence of depression on the prediction accuracy of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) as screening test for early detection of dementia. METHODS: Three hundred and twenty one dementia patients and five hundred and thirty five normal control subjects were enrolled in this study. We administered both the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory and the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Packet clinical and neuropsychological battery. We diagnosed depressive disorders according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition diagnostic criteria, and evaluated the severity of depressive symptoms using the revised Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. Subjects were divided into two groups : 1) depressed group, 2) non-depressed group. We compared sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, receiver operating characteristic curve, and areas of under the curve (AUC) of MMSE between two groups. RESULTS: AUC of total group was 0.803 [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.774-0.833]. AUC of non-depressed group was the higher (0.855 ; 95% CI=0.823-0.887) than that of depressed group (0.767 ; 95% CI=0.710-0.824, p<0.009). CONCLUSION: In non-depressed group, diagnostic accuracy and positive predictive value were higher than those of depressed group. Depression should be considered for effective and efficient national dementia screening and registry program.

Smart-Phone Addiction, Depression/Anxiety, and Self-Esteem with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Korean Children

OBJECTIVES: The current study investigated the risk of smartphone addiction among children and adolescents with or without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), risk of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem using the Smartphone Addiction Scale Proneness, Kovac's Children's Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, commonly used in clinical medicine. METHODS: Ninety five students with ADHD who visited psychiatry outpatient clinics completed the questionnaire. At the same time, 592 middle and high school students living in a similar area regardless of ADHD diagnosis, completed the questionnaire as control subjects. RESULTS: Overall, 40.0% of 95 ADHD and 12.8% of 592 control subjects were classified as the smartphone addiction proneness group, 26.3% of the ADHD subjects and 8.3% of the control group were classified as the depression group, and 32.6% of the ADHD subjects and 16.2% of the control group were classified as the anxiety group. Significant differences were observed between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that ADHD subjects are more prone to smartphone addiction, becoming depressed or anxious than those in the control group. From this study, we could suggest that students with ADHD are more easily affected by smartphone addiction than normal control subjects. In addition, we might understand how some psychiatric problems like depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem are related to ADHD and smartphone addiction.

Use of Various Treatment Modalities for Autism Spectrum Disorder and Mental Retardation

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of various treatment modalities including pharmacotherapy, education-behavior therapy, and complementary alternative treatment for children with mental retardation (MR) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Korea. METHODS: The sample consisted of 50 parents who have children with MR (N=28) or ASD (N=22), 38 boys, 12 girls ; mean age 14.06 (4.14) years old. A questionnaire was composed of the experienced modality, duration, cost, satisfaction etc. RESULTS: According to the results, 56.0%, 100.0%, and 36.0% of children with MR or ASD have experienced pharmacological treatment, educational-behavioral therapy and complementary alternative medicine (CAM), respectively. Children who experienced education-behavioral therapy and CAM experienced 3.52 kinds of education-behavioral therapy and 2.78 kinds of CAM, respectively. Monthly cost of pharmacological treatment was lowest among three modality categories. Regarding treatment satisfaction by parental report, the lowest score was recorded fir CAM. CONCLUSION: Parents who have a child with MR or ASD are trying many treatment modalities and feeling the burden of their treatment.

Adverse Effects and Pharmacological Management of Newer Antidepressants: Focusing on Common but Under-Recognized Adverse Effect / 대한정신약물학회지

Nowadays newer antidepressants are commonly used in clinical practice, since they are as effective as tricyclic antidepressant, but show less adverse effects. However there are many unexpected adverse effects of these drugs. It is one of the most common causes of treatment failure. I reviewed these adverse effects and pharmacological management focusing on common but under-recognized adverse effects of newer antidepressant. I reviewed newer antidepressant-induced sleep related movement disorder, sweating, tremor, abnormal bleeding. In this paper, newer antidepressants include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline, paroxetine), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (venlafaxine, duloxetine), norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor (bupropion), noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (mirtazapine), and reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (moclobemide). I suggest that psychiatrists should know not only well-recognized but also under-recognized common adverse effects and their pharmacological management of newer antidepressants, so that it will be helpful to treat patients with psychiatric illness using newer antidepressants and to make better outcome.

Risk Factors for Subjective Memory Impairment in Cognitively Normal Elderly

OBJECTIVES: We examined the risk factors for subjective memory impairment in cognitively normal elderly. METHODS: One hundred fifty five cognitively normal elderly individuals with subjective memory impairment and 126 normal control subjects without subjective memory impairment were selected. All participants underwent clinical evaluation for dementia and clinical psychiatric disorder conformed to the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Packet and Korean version of Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, respectively. Korean version of Geriatric Depression Scale-Revised was administered to evaluate depression. Subjective memory impairment was defined as 1) subjective memory complaint by the participant and/or the informants and 2) evidence of memory impairment. RESULTS: Depression [odds ratio (OR)=1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.03-1.10] and female (OR=2.27, 95% CI=1.17-4.39) significantly increased the risk of subjective memory impairment in cognitively normal elderly. CONCLUSION: Depression can be a risk factor of subjective memory impairment in cognitively normal elderly. The clinicians should be vigilant regarding the presence of depression when assessing the subjects with subjective memory complaint.

Adverse Effect of Newer Antidepressant ; Nausea and Vomiting, Weight Gain, Sexual Dysfunction: Mechanisms, Epidemiology, and Pharmacological Management / 정신신체의학

Newer antidepressants are commonly used in clinical practice to treat psychiatric disorder and psychosomatic disorder including chronic pain syndrome, fibromyalgia, headache. However there are many unexpected adverse effects of these drugs such as nausea and vomiting, weight gain, sexual dysfunction. These are 3 most well-recognized common adverse effects of newer antidepressant and are most common causes of treatment failure. I reviewed mechanisms, epidemiology, and pharmacological management of these adverse effects of newer antidepressants. In this paper, newer antidepressants include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor(fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline, paroxetine), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor(venlafaxine, duloxetine), norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor(bupropion), noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant(mirtazapine), and reversible inhibitor of MAO-A(moclobemide). I suggest that psychiatrists and clinicians in the psychosomatic field should know mechanisms, epidemiology, and management of these common and well-recognized adverse effects of newer antidepressants. Therefore it will be helpful to recognize easily and treat well for patients with psychiatric disorder and psychosomatic disorder using newer antidepressants.

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis in Children with Ebstein-barr Virus Infection

OBJECTIVE: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) may occur in the wake of infection with several viruses including Ebstein-barr virus (EBV). EBV remains an interesting target. To determine the possible role of EBV infections in the clinical course of JRA, we attempt to demonstrate the radiologic changes and the frequency prescription of etanercept rather than classic therapy. METHODS: Total of 87 patients with JRA, who were hospitalized in Hangang Sacred Hospital and Kangnam Sacred Hospital in Seoul from 2002 to 2010, were assessed serologically for EBV infection (anti EBV VCA IgM and IgG) at admission. Patients with JRA were devided 2 groups, one is EBV VCA IgG (+) JRA patients who had been infected before and another is EBV VCA IgG (-) JRA patients who had not. RESULTS: EBV VCA IgG (+) were seen in 55 patients (63.2%). 31 boys (76%) and 24 girls (52%) were infected with EBV. The mean age of patients of EBV (+) JRA was 8.2+/-3.6 years and that of EBV (-) JRA was 5.3+/-3.4 years. 7 of EBV (+) JRA (13%) developed radiologic change within 2 years, compare with none of EBV (-) JRA. 22 of EBV (+) JRA (49%) with JRA did not respond to the classic therapy, compare with 7 of EBV (-) JRA (22%). CONCLUSION: JRA patients with past EBV infection were older in ages, more in male, more radiologic changes, needed more biologic treatment than those without past EBV infection.

Serious Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption after Coil Embolization of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm : Report of Two Cases and Role of Immediate Postembolization CT Scan

Abnormal contrast enhancement on brain computed tomography (CT) scan after diagnostic or interventional angiography is not rare, and has known to be induced by temporary blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption from contrast media. Furthermore, it has been regarded as clinically subtle, but reported to have no symptom or mild transient symptoms. However, we recently experienced two cases of serious BBB disruption during the acute period after coiling of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm. One patient presented with an unruptured paraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm on the right and the other with an unruptured right supraclinoid ICA aneurysm. Both patients showed similar findings on immediate postembolization CT scan and clinical courses after coiling. Typical radiological, clinical characteristics of BBB disruption were described. In addition, the role of immediate postembolization CT scan are also discussed.

Clinical Outcome of Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms in Elderly Patients / 대한뇌혈관외과학회지

OBJECTIVE: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is known to have a high mortality rate and increase incidence by aging process. To old aged patients, treatment of cerebral aneurysm is controversial due to multiple factors, regarding underlying disease, life expectancy and treatment risk. We reviewed treatment outcome of the patients older than 65 years who had cerebral aneurysm (s) by using endovascular technique. METHODS: Between 2000 and 2009, 177 patients who aged over 65 years were treated by endovascular management. Among them, 116 patients were presented with SAH and 61 patients were unruptured aneurysm. In SAH group, treatment outcome was evaluated by Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 3 months. In unruptured aneurysm group, procedure complication and recurrence of the cerebral aneurysm were evaluated. RESULTS: 177 patients harbored 209 aneurysms in total. GOS for the patients with SAH at discharge was good recovery (n=82, 71%), mild disability (n=7, 6%), severe disability (n=18, 15%), vegetative (n=3, 3%) and death (n=6, 5%). Three months mRS was good condition (mRS 0-2) in 83 patients, poor condition (mRS 3-5) in 26 and death in 1. Regarding the factors related with good recovery in SAH groups, initial Hunt and Hess grade showed statistical significance. In the group of unruptured aneurysm, only 1 patient (1.6%) had a procedure rupture and related in symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: Based upon our data, coil embolization of cerebral aneurysm was relatively safe and effective to older patients.

MMPI Characteristics of Parents of Children with ADHD

OBJECTIVES: The current study investigated the personality characteristics of parents of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), which is commonly used in clinical medicine. METHODS: Participants were 117 parents of children with ADHD (96 boys and 21 girls) and 77 parents of comparison children (50 boys and 27 girls), who completed the Korean version of the MMPI. RESULTS: The MMPI scores of the fathers of ADHD children were significantly higher on the Psychopathic Deviate (Pd), Masculinity-Femininity (Mf), Paranoia (Pa), and Psychasthenia (Pt) scales than the comparison group's were. In addition, the mothers of ADHD children had higher MMPI scores on the traits of Hypochondriasis (Hs), Psychopathic Deviate (Pd), and Schizophrenia (Sc) than the comparisong roup had, but were not significantly higher. CONCLUSION: The fathers of ADHD children might be antisocial, irresolute, passive, paranoid, and anxious. In addition, mothers of ADHD children might have hypochondriacal, antisocial, and/or psychological confusional traits, but these were not be significantly high. These results suggest that the psychopathology of parents of ADHD children might correlate with their children's ADHD.