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1.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.);45(2): 117-126, Mar.-Apr. 2023. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1439560

ABSTRACT

Objective: The clinical trajectories of patients with psychotic disorders have divergent outcomes, which may result in part from glutathione (GSH)-related high-risk genotypes. We aimed to determine pharmacokinetics of clozapine, GSH levels, GSH peroxidase (GPx) activity, gene variants involved in the synthesis and metabolism of GSH, and their association with psychotic disorders in Mexican patients on clozapine monotherapy and controls. Methods: The sample included 75 patients with psychotic disorders on clozapine therapy and 40 paired healthy controls. Plasma clozapine/N-desmethylclozapine, GSH concentrations, and GPx activity were determined, along with genotyping of GCLC and GSTP1 variants and copy number variations of GSTP1, GSTT1, and GSTM1. Clinical, molecular and biochemical data were analyzed with a logistic regression model. Results: GSH levels were significantly reduced and, conversely, GPx activity was higher among patients than controls. GCLC_GAG-7/9 genotype (OR = 4.3, 95%CI = 1.40-14.31, p = 0.019) and hetero-/homozygous genotypes of GCLC_rs761142 (OR = 6.09, 95%CI = 1.93-22.59, p = 0.003) were found to be risk factors for psychosis. The genetic variants were not related to clozapine/N-desmethylclozapine levels or metabolic ratio. Conclusions: GCLC variants were associated with the oxidative stress profile of patients with psychotic disorders, raising opportunities for intervention to improve their antioxidant defenses. Further studies with larger samples should explore this proposal.

2.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 148(9)sept. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1389325

ABSTRACT

Background: The Chilean allocation system for liver transplantation (LT) uses the MELD/PELD score to prioritize candidates on the waiting list. Aim: To assess if the Chilean allocation system for LT is equitable for pediatric candidates compared to their adult counterparts. Material and Methods: We used the Public Health Institute's registry between October 2011 and December 2017. We analyzed candidates with chronic hepatic diseases listed for LT. The primary outcome was the cadaveric liver transplantation (CLT) rate. Secondary outcomes were death or disease progression in the waiting list and living donor liver transplant (LDLT) rate. Results: We analyzed 122 pediatric and 735 adult candidates. Forty one percent of pediatric candidates obtained a CLT compared to 48% of adults (p = NS). Among patients aged under two years of age, the access to CLT on the waiting list there was 28% of CLT, compared to 48% in adults (p = 0.001). Fifty-seven percent of candidates aged under two years were listed for cholestatic diseases, obtaining a CLT in 18% and requiring a LDLT in 49%. The median time in the waiting list for CLT was 5.9 months in pediatric candidates and 5.1 in adults, while the median time to death in the waiting list was 2.8 and 5.6 months, respectively. The mortality rate at one year in candidates under two years old was 38.1% compared to 32.5% in adults. Conclusions: Pediatric candidates with chronic liver diseases, especially under two years of age, have greater access difficulties to CLT than adults. Half of the pediatric candidates die on the waiting list before three months. The mortality among candidates under two years of age in the waiting list is excessively high.


Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Liver Transplantation , Liver Diseases , Severity of Illness Index , Chile/epidemiology , Waiting Lists , Living Donors , Liver Diseases/surgery
3.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; Arch. latinoam. nutr;69(4): 245-258, dic. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LIVECS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1103670

ABSTRACT

Estas recomendaciones se basan en la evidencia científica actual derivada de meta-análisis y revisiones sistemáticas sobre nutrición y prevención de infecciones respiratorias causadas por los virus SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV o influenza, similares en su estructura al SARS-CoV-2. Están dirigidas al personal en la primera línea de atención de salud y al personal que presta servicios esenciales a la comunidad, con alto riesgo de infección por la COVID-19. Estas personas usan equipo de protección personal, cumplen largos turnos laborales, en ocasiones bajo condiciones extremas, lo que puede llevar a descanso insuficiente, alto nivel de estrés, depresión, pobre calidad en la alimentación y deshidratación. Todos estos factores influyen negativamente en el sistema inmune y podrían conllevar un mayor riesgo de infección. Una ingesta adecuada de micronutrientes y otros compuestos bioactivos es esencial para el desempeño óptimo del sistema inmune. Existe evidencia moderada que avala la suplementación, en forma individual, con vitamina C (2 000 mg), vitamina D (1 000-2 000 UI) y zinc (≤ 40 mg) en la prevención de infecciones respiratorias en adultos. No se encontró evidencia suficiente para avalar la suplementación con vitamina A, niacina, ácido fólico, B12, omega 3, probióticos y polifenoles, aunque si se recomienda el consumo de alimentos ricos en estos nutrientes para apoyar al sistema inmune. Se recomienda al personal seguir la recomendación de consumir 5 porciones/día (400 g) de frutas y vegetales/hortalizas, mantenerse hidratado y limitar la cafeína. No hay evidencia del consumo de alimentos alcalinos para prevenir infecciones. Estas recomendaciones son particularmente importantes durante la pandemia(AU)


These recommendations are based on current scientific evidence obtained through meta-analysis and systematic reviews on nutrition and the prevention of respiratory infections related to SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV or influenza, similar in structure to SARS-CoV-2. They are aimed at primary health care personnel and to those who provide essential services to the community and are, consequently, at high risk of COVID-19 infection. These individuals wear personal protective equipment, work long shifts, sometimes under extreme conditions, which can lead to insufficient rest, high stress levels, depression, poor nutrition and dehydration. Together, these factors have a negative impact on the immune system and could result in an increased risk of infection. An adequate intake of micronutrients and other bioactive compounds is essential for optimal immune performance. There is moderate evidence supporting supplementation, individually, with vitamin C (2 000 mg), vitamin D (1 000-2 000 IU) and zinc (≤40 mg) for the prevention of respiratory infections in adults. Insufficient evidence was found to support supplementation with vitamin A, niacin, folic acid, B12, omega 3, probiotics and polyphenols; however, the consumption of foods rich in these nutrients is recommended to support immune function. It is recommended that workers follow the recommendation of consuming 400 g/day of fruits and vegetables, remain hydrated and limit caffeine. There is no scientific evidence supporting the consumption of alkaline foods to prevent infections. The aforementioned recommendations are particularly relevant during the pandemic(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control , Health Personnel , Coronavirus Infections , Micronutrients/administration & dosage , Immune System , Recommended Dietary Allowances , Diet, Food, and Nutrition , Nutritional Requirements
4.
Rev. argent. cir. plást ; 14(2): 88-92, 2008. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-522015

ABSTRACT

La nariz juego un rol importante tanto estético como funcional. Ambos conceptos deben tomarse en cuenta a la hora de planear la reconstrucción nasal. Asimismo, deben evaluarse las características del defecto. En primer lugar debe definirse su localización siguiendo, para esto, los lineamientos de las subunidades estéticas propuestas por Burguet. En segundo lugar, se define su profundidad, dividiendo a estos defectos en superficiales, que son aquellos que respetan el periostiopericondrio siendo necesario en estos casos el aporte de cobertura cutánea; y profundos, cuando sobrepasan dichas estructuras, debiendo restituirse mucosa, esqueleto y cobertura cutánea. Se analizan tres casos clínicos con defectos superficiales de diversa complejidad que fueron resueltos con distintos colgajos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Carcinoma, Basal Cell/surgery , Carcinoma, Basal Cell/therapy , Dissection , Nose Neoplasms/surgery , Nose Neoplasms/therapy , Plastic Surgery Procedures , Surgical Flaps
5.
Salud ment ; Salud ment;30(1): 16-24, Jan.-Feb. 2007.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-985992

ABSTRACT

resumen está disponible en el texto completo


SUMMARY: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the main cause of parkinsonism (rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia and loss of postural reflexes). There is evidence highlighting the importance of the interaction between environmental factors and genetics on the pathogenesis of PD. The research about the role of genetics in Parkinson's disease began with familial aggregation studies, which have shown that approximately 10-15% of patients with PD have a positive firstdegree family history of PD; this proportion is higher than a 1% found in controls. Twins studies have found a larger concordance rate in monozygotic twins with early-onset PD (symptoms onset before 40 years of age). Nevertheless, dopaminergic functional studies in twins using PET (Positron Emission Tomography) with [18F]dopa have also shown a substantial role for inheritance in late-onset, sporadic PD. In one of these studies with clinically discordant twins (monozygotic and dizygotic), the concordance rate at baseline for subclinical striatal dopaminergic dysfunction was higher in monozygotic than dizygotic twin pairs (55% vs 18%, respectively) using functional neuroimaging criteria. Nine loci have been so far identified and six genes inherited as a Mendelian fashion have been cloned. Also, α-synuclein (PARK1) gene mutations were found to be pathogenic and responsible for a rare PD with an autosomal dominant inheritance in a large Greek-Italian family (the Contursi kindred). These findings have not been reproduced in patients with late-onset, sporadic PD. Mutations in the gene encoding for parkin (PARK2) are responsible for PD with an autosomal recessive trait and are relatively common in patients with early-onset PD. Mutations in α-synuclein and parkin genes suggest that the dysfunction of the ubiquitine-proteasome system, that mediates degradation of proteins, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. Ubiquitine is a key component of this system and is attached to the proteins by ubiquitine-ligases in order to mark them to be cleaved by the proteasome. The production of freeubiquitine involves a type of proteins called ubiquitine-hydrolases. Mutations in a gene that encodes for one of these proteins, UCHL1, have been also involved in familial PD. Cellular death models in PD have been centered in oxidative stress and excitoxicity mechanisms. Even though these mechanisms are still considered important, the models that highlight the abnormal aggregation of proteins and the failure of the ubiquitine proteolytic system are more consistent with available experimental data. The product of DJ-1 (PARK7) was recently involved in familial PD. This could protect dopaminergic neurons from damage due to oxidative stress as suggested by its structure similarity with the stress-induced bacterial chaperone (Hsp-31); it also could help in the appropriate folding of proteins. Other studies suggest DJ-1 mutations could contribute to the elevated levels of oxidative stress seen in PD. Theories about the pathogenesis of PD have been developed independently of the findings in the genetics field. One particularly prominent model suggests that various mitochondrial alterations that produce failure in the production of cellular energy or elevated free radicals levels or both have an important role in PD pathogenesis, and some recent genetic findings support this theory. Mutations in the gene encoding for PINK1 (PARK6), a mitochondrial protein-kinase, have been found in some patients with familial PD. Recently, a gene localized in PARK8 (LRRK2/dardarine) has been cloned. It is responsible for familial PD with autosomal dominant inheritance, typical age of onset and clinical findings similar to the ones found in idiopathic PD. Association studies with candidate genes have discovered the influence of some polymorphisms on certain PD clinical features, at least in the populations studied. The relative risk and age of onset of PD, as well as the levodopa induced dyskinesia, are among these characteristics. Candidate genes were chosen because of their alleged role on the pathogenesis of PD. The major candidate genes studied so far are related to dopamine synthesis, transport and metabolism, xenobiotics and other neuronal toxins detoxification, mitochondrial metabolism, and also transcription factors and neurotrophic genes involved in the mesencephalic dopaminergic system development. Of the susceptibility genes so far studied, only the MAO-B >188 bp allele has shown a significant association in a meta-analysis. Additionally, only six genes (DRD2, ND3, BNDF, α-synuclein, UCHL1 and Nurr-1) have shown important associations with PD in several studies and have fulfilled the criteria for their replication and meta-analysis. These mixed results could be related to differences in sample size, ethnical background and methodology as to make it almost impossible to summarize independent studies. Other possible contributions are populations stratification, biologic credibility of the association between the gene and the phenotype and gene to gene interactions. However, these mutations are not found in the great majority of patients with sporadic PD. In these patients, normal gene polymorphisms must confer susceptibility to PD, and certain, not-yetidentified, environmental factors must interact with them in order to produce clinically PD. Normally, each subject receives one maternal and one paternal allele for each gene. During meiosis, the chromosomal recombination is undertaken in such a way the probability of two loci being transmitted together to the next generation is indirectly proportional to the distance in the chromosome between them. The group of alleles inherited as a cluster are known as haplotype and the study and knowledge of haplotypes present in the populations could be associated with clinical phenotypes. If loci are inherited as stable fragments, association studies can be developed for each haplotype and not for each locus, which saves time, money, human and material resources. The HapMap will contribute to a better design of genetic association studies with clinical phenotypes. A better understanding of the genetics involved in the relative risk of PD will be an important step to improve its prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Genetic testing for PD may be premature and is not currently recommended unless the patient has a strong family history, a family member is known to be carrier of a causal mutation, there is parental consanguinity, or the patient exhibits symptoms at an unusually early age (before 40 years of age). Presymptomatic testing for such an incurable neurodegenerative disease must always be accompanied by proper education and counseling and must be carried out at a center with expertise in this area. Currently there are no well-standardized presymptomatic protocols for PD genetic testing; therefore, it is recommended to follow the Huntington's disease protocol. This review summarizes relative risk of genetics in PD.

6.
Interciencia ; Interciencia;31(4): 293-299, abr. 2006. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-449510

ABSTRACT

En un suelo ácido Typic haplustults de muy baja capacidad productiva agrícola se evaluó el efecto de prácticas conservacionistas, tales como labranza mínima, cultivares tolerantes a la acidez, rotación de cultivo, y combinación de abonos orgánicos e inorgánicos, sobre la dinámica del P disponible y la sustentabilidad de un sistema de rotación cereal-leguminosa. Los tratamientos fueron abonos orgánicos: restos de cosecha de sorgo (RG), Indigosphera lespedicioides (RN) y Crotalaria juncea (RL), y fueron comparados con testigo sin residuo (SR). En cada parcela de abono orgánico se fertilizó con fuentes inorgánicas: T1 (N+0P+K), T2 (N+P-RFR+K), T3 (N+P-RFRA+K) y T4 (N+P-FDA+K), donde RFR: roca fosfórica de Riecito, RFRPA: roca fosfórica de Riecito parcialmente acidulada y FDA: fosfato diamónico. En un cultivo de Sorghum bicolor se aplicó 100, 80 y 60kg·ha-1 de N, P y K, respectivamente, y en uno de Cajanus cajan, 15, 60, 45, 5,7 y 0,2kg·ha-1de N, P, K, S y Mo, respectivamente. Tras 2 años de manejo conservacionista se evidencian incrementos en la disponibilidad del P y disminución en Al+3. El P disponible osciló entre 10 y 40mg·kg-1, siendo significativamente mayor donde se aplicó RN y RL con cualquier fuente de P. El Al intercambiable (Al+3) disminuyó en el subsuelo (<0,7cmol·kg-1) con P-FDA. Con FDA hubo movilización de P hasta los 40cm de profundidad, donde el porcentaje de saturación con aluminio es alto


Subject(s)
Agriculture , Aluminum , Conservation of Natural Resources , Manure , Phosphorus , Soil , Agriculture , Venezuela
7.
Interciencia ; Interciencia;31(3): 197-201, mar. 2006. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-449243

ABSTRACT

En Venezuela, alrededor del 70 por ciento de las tierras cultivables presentan limitaciones por pH ácidos y baja disponibilidad en el suelo de P y N. Estrategias sustentables para proveer N, particularmente para sistemas de bajos a medios insumos en suelos ácidos de sabanas, pudiera ser enmendado por procesos de fijación biológica de N2. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el potencial de fijación biológica de nitrógeno (FBN) en varias leguminosas que crecen en suelos ácidos de sabanas venezolanas a través del uso de 15N. Los resultados sugieren que Cajanus cajan es una leguminosa con alta capacidad de fijación de nitrógeno (79 por ciento de N derivado de la atmósfera), generando un balance de N positivo en el agrosistema. La estimación de FBN en todas las leguminosas estudiadas varió dependiendo del cultivo no fijador de N usado como referencia, confirmando que el uso inadecuado de un cultivo de referencia, puede resultar en estimaciones de FBN erradas, especialmente cuando el nivel de FBN es bajo. La leguminosa Indigosphera lespediciodes mostró ser una alternativa potencial para ser usada como abono verde, debido a la acumulación de N total y a la alta cantidad de N derivado de la atmósfera (62-71 por ciento). Estos resultados demuestran que en suelos ácidos es posible promover la sustentabilidad de agrosistemas a través de prácticas de manejo conservacionista


Subject(s)
Fabaceae , Grassland , Nitrogen Fixation , Soil Acidity , Ecology , Venezuela
8.
Rev. invest. clín ; Rev. invest. clín;56(1): 56-71, feb. 2004. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-632306

ABSTRACT

Methylation of CpG dinucleotides is an epigenetic mechanism involved in the regulation of gene expression in mammals. The patterns of CpG methylation are specie and tissue specific. The biological machinery of this system comprises a variety of regulatory proteins including DNA methyltransferases, putative demethylases, methyl-CpG binding proteins, histones modifying enzymes and chromatin remodeling complexes. DNA methylation maintains gene silencing and participates in normal development, genomic imprinting and X chromosome inactivation. In contrast, alterations in DNA methylation participate in the induction of some human diseases, especially those involving developmental defects and tumorigenesis. This review summarizes the molecular aspects of DNA methylation and its implications in cancer and other human diseases in which this epigenetic mechanism has been involved. Our understanding of the epigenetic changes that occur in human diseases will be very important for future management. Changes in the patterns of methylation can be used as markers in cancer and their potentially reversible state creates a target for therapeutic strategies involving specific gene re-activation or re-silencing.


La metilación del ADN en dinucleótidos CpG es uno de los mecanismos epigenéticos implicados en la regulación de la expresión génica en mamíferos. Los patrones de metilación son específicos para cada especie y tipo de tejido. La maquinaria implicada comprende diferentes proteínas reguladoras incluyendo a las ADN metiltransferasas, desmetilasas putativas, proteínas de unión a CpG metilados, enzimas modificadoras de histonas y complejos remodeladores de la cromatina. La metilación del ADN es de vital importancia para mantener el silenciamiento génico en el desarrollo normal, la impronta genómica y la inactivación del cromosoma X. En contraste, alteraciones en ella están implicadas en algunas enfermedades humanas, especialmente aquéllas relacionadas con defectos en el desarrollo y el proceso neoplásico. Esta revisión resume los aspectos moleculares de la metilación del ADN y su participación en el desarrollo normal, el cáncer y en algunas patologías humanas en las que los mecanismos epigenéticos han sido implicados. El conocimiento de las modificaciones epigenéticas que ocurren en las enfermedades humanas será importante para su manejo futuro. Los cambios en los patrones de metilación podrán ser empleados como marcadores en cáncer y el estado potencialmente reversible de este proceso constituye un blanco ideal para crear estrategias terapéuticas que impliquen la reactivación o el re-silenciamiento de genes específicos.


Subject(s)
Animals , DNA Methylation , Epigenesis, Genetic , Chromatin/genetics , Genome , Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics , Mammals/genetics , Neoplasms/genetics , Transcription, Genetic , X Chromosome/genetics
9.
Rev. cuba. plantas med ; 6(2): 56-61, 2001. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-331345

ABSTRACT

El estudio toxicológico preclínico se realizó con hojas secas de Psidium guajava L. A este material vegetal se le efectuó un estudio toxicológico agudo por 2 métodos: 1) dosis letal media LD50 en ratones suizos (OF1) y 2) toxicología alternativa (clases tóxicas agudas) en ratas Wistar. También se realizó la evaluación genotóxica de 2 extractos, uno acuoso y otro hexánico en un sistema in vitro de ensayo de inducción de segregación somática a corto plazo en el hongo Aspergillus nidulans, y un ensayo in vivo de la droga seca en el test de inducción de micronúcleos en médula ósea de ratón. Los resultados toxicológicos no arrojaron muertes en ninguno de los 2 modelos experimentales en el rango de dosis empleando hasta 2 000 mg/kg/p.c. y los resultados histológicos no sugieren daños atribuibles a toxicidad del material vegetal probado. En el estudio in vitro con Aspergillus nidulans D-30, los resultados demuestran la ausencia de efecto genotóxico de estos extractos, así como en el sistema de inducción de micronúcleos en médula ósea de ratón


Subject(s)
Mice , Animals, Laboratory , Aspergillus nidulans , Plant Extracts , Plants, Medicinal
10.
Rev. invest. clín ; Rev. invest. clín;50(2): 171-6, mar.-abr. 1998. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-232797

ABSTRACT

La discordancia entre el sexo cromosómico y gonadal-fenotípico se conoce como reversión sexual (varones XX y mujeres XY). Un ejemplo es la disgenesia gonadal pura 46,XY que se caracteriza por fenotipo femenino, amenorrea primaria y ausencia de caracteres sexuales secundarios. En la forma completa existen estrías fibrosas bilaterales y en las formas parciales el fenotipo depende del grado del daño testicular. Una explicación plausible para esta patología son mutaciones en el gen SRY que interfieren con el desarrollo testicular. Sin embargo sólo 10-15 por ciento de las pacientes con disgenesia gonadal XY completa presentan mutaciones o deleciones en SRY, particularmente en la caja HMG. El resto de los casos son probablemente resultado de mutaciones en genes autosómicos o ligados al X que también participan en la cascada de diferenciación sexual. En los últimos años se reconocía que mutaciones en genes responsables de síndromes genéticos bien definidos, tales como WT1, SOX9, DSS y SF1, resultan en reversión sexual. Estos datos muestran la heterogeneidad genética y la variabilidad clínica de la reversión sexual XY y permiten reconocer la participación y la jerarquía de cada uno de estos genes en la cascada de la diferenciación sexual


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Genetic Heterogeneity , Genetic Variation , Gonadal Dysgenesis, 46,XY/genetics , Sex Differentiation
11.
Rev. méd. Hosp. Gen. Méx ; 60(4): 167-71, oct.-dic. 1997. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-225130

ABSTRACT

La revisión sexual 46, XX es un estado patológico poco frecuente, genéticamente heterogéno, que se caracteriza por la presencia de desarrollo testicular en ausencia de cromosoma Y. Clínicamente, los pacientes pueden ser categorizados en tres tipos: varones XX con genitales normales, varones XX con ambigüedad genital y hermafroditas verdaderos con tejido ovárico y testicular y genitales anormales. En este trabajo se estudiaron cinco pacientes con revisión sexual 46,XX. El diagnóstico clínico, endocrinológico y ultrasonográfico en tres individuos correspondió a varones XX y en los dos restantes a hermafroditismo verdadero. El análisis del gen determinante testicular (SRY) en DNA genómico reveló la presencia de éste en dos varones XX, en cambio el tercero y los dos hermafroditas verdaderos fueron SRY-negativos. Los datos moleculares confirman que el desarrollo testicular en la mayoría de los varones 46,XX se debe a la presencia del gen SRY en el genoma de estos sujetos. Los pacientes SRY-negativos, un varón XX y dos hermafroditas verdaderos, sugieren que en estos casos la diferenciación testicular es consecuencia de mutaciones en genes autosómicos o ligados al X que participan en la cascada que conduce a la diferenciación sexual


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Adult , Sex Chromosome Aberrations/etiology , Disorders of Sex Development , Disorders of Sex Development/diagnosis , Disorders of Sex Development/physiopathology , Y Chromosome , Ultrasonography , DNA Mutational Analysis , Genetics
12.
Rev. méd. Hosp. Gen. Méx ; 60(4): 196-205, oct.-dic. 1997. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-225135

ABSTRACT

El advenimiento de las técnicas de DNA recombinante abrió una nueva era en los estudios genéticos. Por primera vez se hizo posible aislar, amplificar e incluso manipular segmentos de DNA de genes individuales. Estos métodos, junto con herramientas poderosas como los métodos de secuenciación, reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y el chips de DNA, han permitido el conocimiento de la estructura, función y regulación de los genes. Actualmente, las técnicas del DNA recombinante tienen muchas aplicaciones importantes, entre las que destacan la localización y clonación de genes responsables de enfermedades, lo que permite su diagnóstico molecular y la identificación precisa de individuos a través de sus huellas genómicas. Además, esta metodología ha permitido la producción comercial de genes y proteínas mediante ingeniería genética para su empleo en medicina y la creación de animales transgénicos


Subject(s)
DNA, Recombinant/genetics , DNA, Recombinant , Sequence Analysis/methods , Sequence Analysis , Cloning, Molecular/methods , Nucleic Acid Hybridization/genetics , Oligonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage , Oligonucleotides, Antisense/therapeutic use , Molecular Biology , Molecular Biology/trends , Genomic Library
13.
P. R. health sci. j ; P. R. health sci. j;16(4): 401-7, Dec. 1997. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-212077

ABSTRACT

According to the last Island-wide survey carried out in 1982 in Puerto Rico, the cesarean rate for the trienium of 1980-82 was estimated in 27 percent. Since 1989, an item about the type of delivery has been included in the live birth certificate. These data indicate that the incidence of cesarean deliveries continued to increase and by 1994 it amounted to 31 percent, undoubtedly the highest rate of the world. However, its fluctuation since 1990 suggests that this type of delivery has finally steadied in Puerto Rico. The high proportion of repeated cesareans and the low percentage of vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) deliveries were important factors contributing to the overall rate. Unexpectedly high risk mothers such as, adolescents, unwed and those of the lower socioeconomic status had highest cesarean rates than their encounterparts. Similarly, mothers who had the most adequate prenatal care had the highest percentages of surgical deliveries. In spite of dealing with a selected clientele, the cesarean rate in private hospitals was more than twice that of public institutions. In fact, a multiple correlation analysis demonstrate that the type of hospital of delivery was the most important correlate of a cesarean


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Child , HIV Infections/prevention & control , Sex Work , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Social Work , Women's Health Services , Puerto Rico , Social Change , Socioeconomic Factors
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