ABSTRACT
Paragonimiasis is a zoonotic disease in Mexico caused by adult digeneans of Paragonimus mexicanus species. Life cycle of this parasite involves two necessary intermediate hosts: a snail and a crab, and a mammal serving as the definitive host. Humans acquire the infection when eating raw or undercooked crabs infected by metacercariae. In March 2005, six opossums (Didelphis virginiana) were captured in Colima, Mexico. These opossums were euthanized in order to identify lesions caused by lung paragonimiasis. Infected lungs were processed and stained following the standard histological techniques. Four of the six opossums (67%) carried 25 adult parasites identified as P. mexicanus. The lung with the greatest number of parasites showed 13 multifocally distributed granulomas. The main histological changes were: infiltration of monocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, epithelioid and giant cells, abundant neutrophils and eosinophils, as well as central necrosis of the eosinophilic granuloma. Likewise, interstitial pneumonia was observed due to the presence of eggs between the granuloma walls and alveolar spaces. This study represents the first description of the pulmonary lesions caused by P. mexicanus in wild mammals.
La paragonimiasis constituye una enfermedad zoonótica con origen en México por el digeneo adulto Paragonimus mexicanus. El ciclo de vida de esta especie involucra dos hospederos intermediarios obligatorios: un caracol y un cangrejo, así como un mamífero que actúa como hospedero definitivo. La infección humana ocurre a través de la ingestión de carne de cangrejo cruda o insuficientemente cocida, parasitada por metacercarias. En marzo de 2005, seis tlacuaches (Didelphis virginiana) fueron capturados en Colima, México; fueron sacrificados con el fin de extraer los pulmones mediante necropsia para identificar las lesiones ocasionadas por el parásito. Los pulmones parasitados fueron procesados y teñidos de acuerdo con las técnicas histológicas convencionales. Cuatro de los seis (67%) hospederos resultaron infectados por 25 gusanos adultos identificados como P. mexicanus. En un pulmón se encontraron hasta 13 granulomas, distribuidos multifocalmente. Los principales cambios histológicos fueron: infiltración inflamatoria de monocitos, linfocitos, macrófagos, células plasmáticas, epitelioides y gigantes, con abundantes neutrófilos y eosinófilos, así como necrosis central del granuloma eosinofílico. Asimismo, se observó neumonía intersticial debido a la presencia de huevos entre las paredes del granuloma y los espacios alveolares. Este estudio representa la primera descripción de lesiones pulmonares ocasionadas por P. mexicanus en mamíferos silvestres.
ABSTRACT
Human gnathostomiasis is a food-born parasitic disease of relative importance in many countries in Southeast Asia. It is caused by several species of nematodes of the genus Gnathostoma. In Mexico is an emerging public health problem since 1970, when first cases were reported. Until today, larval morphometric characters that have been proposed to differentiate between the three species of Gnathostoma present in this country, are not satisfactory. Recently, the presence of advanced third-stage larvae AdvL3 (infective form for humans) in freshwater fishes from Pantanos de Centla, Tabasco. was recorded but their specific identity was not clarified . Examination of four species of freshwater fishes from the same locality revealed that three of them: Petenia splendida (n=58), Cichlasoma managuense (n=35) and Gobiomorus dormitor (n=9) were infected by 15 AdvL3 of Gnathostoma binucleatum. Specific identity was obtained comparing the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the ribosomal DNA with sequences reported in Genbank. This is the first record of G. binucleatum in P. splendida and G. dormitor from Tabasco and the first specific determination of the parasite in the locality.
Subject(s)
Animals , DNA, Ribosomal/analysis , DNA, Helminth/analysis , Gnathostoma/genetics , Fishes/parasitology , Molecular Sequence Data , Gnathostoma/classification , Gnathostoma/isolation & purification , Mexico , Base Sequence , Fresh WaterABSTRACT
The helminth infracommunity structure was analyzed in 48 salamanders (Ambystoma lermaensis) from San Pedro Tlaltizapßn, Lerma, Estado de Mexico (June 1997 to March 1999). Richness (2.46 +/- 1.8), abundance (29.5 +/- 42.3), and diversity (0.64 +/- 0.58) levels characterize these communities as depauperate, similar to other amphibian helminth communities worldwide. Apparently, the main forces determining infracommunity structure are ectothermy (as regulator of the ingestion rate), and the opportunistic feeding habits of the hosts, because 80 of the helminth taxa enter the host by ingestion of intermediate hosts.