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Objective:To explore the macroscopic medication rule of Chinese medicine for the treatment of primary liver cancer and provide references for clinical medication. Method:The databases of CNKI，VIP， and Wanfang Data were searched for research articles published from September 1959 to June 2019 with the terms of "Chinese medicine" and "liver cancer". A database was established based on the collected Chinese medicinal prescriptions for the treatment of primary liver cancer. The frequency，clustering， and association rules were analyzed by Excel， etc. Result:In this study，106 effective articles were included，and after the modified prescriptions were removed， 92 effective prescriptions were screened out，involving 281 Chinese herbal medicines used for 1 181 times in total. The top 5 high-frequency drugs were Poria （deficiency-tonifying），Astragali Radix （heat-clearing），Bupleuri Radix （blood-activating and stasis-resolving），Paeoniae Radix Alba （urination-promoting and dampness-draining）， and Codonopsis Radix （Qi-regulating）. The analysis of drug flavor with a frequency higher than 10 showed that most of the drugs were sweet，bitter， and pungent in flavor，cold，warm， and plain in nature，and acted on spleen and liver meridians. Four combinations and 10 herbal pairs were obtained by the cluster analysis of high-frequency drugs and association analysis， respectively. The high-frequency drugs and potential herbal pairs were classified targeting the specific clinical syndromes in different stages of liver cancer. Conclusion:Replenishing Qi， invigorating spleen，clearing heat， removing toxin，activating blood， and resolving stasis were the basic principles for the treatment of primary liver cancer. The combination of those drugs was the main therapeutic strategy. In addition，the resulting 10 potential herbal pairs from high-frequency drugs and cluster analysis could inspire the clinical treatment of primary liver cancer in different clinical stages with various clinical syndromes， which was of reference value for the clinical medication.
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Moxa smoke plays an indispensable role in traditional Chinese medicine with the functions of dispelling poison, exorcizing evil and avoiding filth, dispelling cold, etc. It has been used to prevent pestilence for thousands of years. This paper reviewed the clinical application, mechanism and existing shortcomings of moxa smoke for preventing epidemic diseases, and found that moxa smoke can effectively inhibit a variety of pathogenic bacteria, fungi and viruses that cause infectious and epidemic diseases, and has good pharmacological effects of sterilization, antiviral and immunity enhancement, and has achieved remarkable effect in disease prevention, health care and plague prevention. It is suggested that attention should be paid to the air quality of moxibustion clinics in the future, it is urgent to establish a unified sanitary air quality standard system to create a good clinic environment. At the same time, the research on the clinical safe concentration range of moxa smoke should be strengthened to effectively avoid the occurrence of adverse reactions, give full play to the efficacy of moxa smoke in eliminating pathogenic factors and preventing epidemic, so as to provide the basis for the rational application and promotion of moxa smoke.
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Through analysis of factors affecting toxicity of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), relationship between toxicity of TCM and physical constitution was explored, which provided a new idea for preventing occurrence of toxicity of TCM. Efforts were made to summarize causes of toxicity of TCM, and analyze relationship between physical constitution and toxicity of TCM. following aspects were taken into account:①main reason for people to use TCM is disease, which is pathological state of human beings. The pathological state may have more demands for corresponding TCM. The TCM rule of "disease-based treatment" is an important manifestation for correlating drugs with syndromes. Then how can normal animals reflect human toxicity under pathological conditions. ②People with pathological conditions, especially with a long disease course, may have abnormal liver and kidney functions. Then how to distinguish cause of toxicity of TCM in liver and kidney dysfunctions.③The long-term disease state can also lead to disorder of intestinal flora of body. Then how is impact of interaction between intestinal flora and TCM reflected in toxicity of TCM.④Although emotional and psychological factors account for a small proportion of toxicity of TCM, it still has an effect.⑤Although humans and animals have a high degree of similarity, there are still species differences (such as croton). Then how is human clinical toxicity consistent with animal research toxicity. The efficacy is related to expectation, while toxicity is related to background. At present, toxicity of TCM is more caused by factors of TCM (such as variety, quality, processing), and factors of TCM application (like compatibility, drug correspondence, dosage, course of treatment), which are external causes of toxicity of TCM. physiological condition, pathological state, emotional and psychological factors, and intestinal flora of body are internal factors. The physical constitution factors are internal factors of toxicity of TCM, and external factors play a role based on internal factors. At the same time, there are essential differences between humans and animals. Animal toxicological experiments are only for clinical reference. By analyzing concepts related to toxicity of TCM and physical constitution factors, modern researches on toxic effects of TCM are also promoted accordingly, and TCM toxicity theory is also improved, which provides a scientific basis for safe and rational application of TCM in clinical practice. Of course, research on animal models under pathological conditions shall be strengthened to promote study of toxicity of TCMs, so as to deepen people's understanding of toxicity of TCMs.
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In recent years,the safety of " toxic" traditional Chinese medicine has received great attention. Similarly,the safety of " toxic" Chinese medicines for external use should not be ignored. In this paper,the adverse reactions of toxic Chinese medicine for external use were systematically studied; the causes for adverse reactions were analyzed; and the key problems on the external use of toxic Chinese medicine in modern clinical practice were put forward. For example,usage dosage(time,area),specific efficacy of external use,early warning index of toxicity,toxic dose,adverse effects,toxic symptoms and corresponding treatment measures all had no reference basis,lacking a systematic toxicity evaluation medication criteria for clinical external use of toxic Chinese medicine. Attention shall be paid to the toxicity of toxic Chinese medicine for external use,and the theory of toxicity evaluation should be established for the external use of " toxic" traditional Chinese medicine under specific conditions. The early warning mechanism for toxic and adverse effects were clarified,and relevant early warning sensitive indicators applicable to clinical use were established in this study to control its risk factors. The study on the mechanism of pharmacodynamics and toxicology of " toxic" traditional Chinese medicine for external use was strengthened to clarify the usage and specific effects of external use. On the basis of this,the study of synergism and reduction of toxicity was carried out to maximize the efficacy of external use of traditional Chinese medicine under specific conditions. A toxicity standard of " toxic" Chinese medicines for external use was put forward,which was of great significance to guide clinical safety,rationality,effectiveness as well as the research and development of new dosage forms for external use of traditional Chinese medicine.
Subject(s)
Humans , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Toxicity , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , ResearchABSTRACT
Frostbite is a common disease in winter, and systemic or local injury caused by low temperature invasion. Frostbite sites are commonly face, ears, nose, hands, feet and other peripheral blood circulation parts. The main symptoms are pale skin, cold, pain and numbness, skin itching in high temperature, and severe cases may suffer from skin erosions and ulcers. Frostbite model is a pathological model mainly based on Western medicine index. Based on the analysis of clinical symptoms of frostbite in traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine, and a large number of experimental studies on the existing animal models, the animal model preparation of specifications (draft) was formulated as follows.
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Animals , Cold Temperature , Frostbite , Models, AnimalABSTRACT
Based on the clinical symptom characteristics of transient ischemic attack in Chinese and Western medicines, the existing models of transient ischemic attack were summarized and analyzed. Then the advantages and disadvantages of each model, the diagnostic criteria of traditional Chinese and Western medicine and clinical symptoms compliance were analyzed to put forward the evaluation method and improvement method of the corresponding animal models. It was found that there were many modeling methods of transient ischemic attack, but they can not reflect the transience, reversibility, recurrence and other typical characteristics of the disease, with significant differences with clinical symptoms. Moreover, there is lack of reasonable quantitative criteria for the success of the animal model. By combining the existing single factor animal models, a composite animal model that was more closely related to the clinical symptoms of transient ischemic attack was established to replicate an animal model that was more compatible with the characteristics of clinical symptoms. It is the future development directions of the transient ischemic attack animal models to establish reasonable quantitative standards, reflect the causes of Chinese and Western medicine symptoms and improving a series of systematic and complete model evaluation methods.