Valorization of Campomanesia xanthocarpa leaves: chemical composition and antioxidant activity of crude extract and fractions / Valorización de hojas de Campomanesia xanthocarpa: composición química y actividad antioxidante de extracto crudo y fracciones

Campomanesia xanthocarpa leaves are a byproduct of fruit production without studies on antioxidant activity. Thus, this study aimed to identify the antioxidant compounds of C. xanthocarpaleaves by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI/qTOF) and by different in vitro antioxidant methods. The crude extract of C. xanthocarpa leaves had a yield of 15.2% and only five out of 37 fractions of the crude extract had antioxidant activity. The crude extract presented greater antioxidant activity than the isolated fractions. The identified antioxidant compounds were phenolic acids (gallic acid and chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (quercetin and naringenin 7,4'-dimethoxy) and an organic acid (quinic acid). Leaves of C. xanthocarpa have high concentration of antioxidant compounds and it is a promising plant for the development of applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical fields. The extraction of antioxidant compounds can add value to the productive chain of this plant.

Las hojas de Campomanesia xanthocarpa son un subproducto de la producción de frutos sin estudios sobre la actividad antioxidante. Así, este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar los compuestos antioxidantes de las hojas de C. xanthocarpa mediante cromatografía líquida de ultra alta resolución acoplada con espectrometría de ionización-cuadrupolo-tiempo de vuelo-masa por electropulverización (UHPLC-ESI / qTOF) y mediante diferentes métodos antioxidantes in vitro. El extracto crudo de hojas de C. xanthocarpa tuvo un rendimiento del 15,2% y solo cinco de las 37 fracciones del extracto crudo tuvieron actividad antioxidante. El extracto crudo presentó mayor actividad antioxidante que las fracciones aisladas. Los compuestos antioxidantes identificados fueron ácidos fenólicos (ácido gálico y ácido clorogénico), flavonoides (quercetina y naringenina 7,4'-dimetoxi) y un ácido orgánico (ácido quínico). Las hojas de C. xanthocarpa tienen una alta concentración de compuestos antioxidantes y es una planta prometedora para el desarrollo de aplicaciones en los campos alimentario, cosmético y farmacéutico. La extracción de compuestos antioxidantes puede agregar valor a la cadena productiva de esta planta.

Antimicrobial activity of Tetradenia riparialeaf essential oil / Actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de hoja de Tetradenia riparia

Food spoilage is a widely neglected problem and the constant use of synthetic fungicides could develop resistant fungi. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Tetradenia riparialeaf essential oil against foodborne disease microorganisms. Leaf essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity was studied by broth microdilution. The major compounds identified were oxygenated sesquiterpenes (43.6%): 14-hydroxy-9-epi-(E)-cariophylene (20.8%) and τ-cadinol (18.4%); followed by oxygenated diterpenes (24.6%): 6,7-dehydroroyleanone (12.6%) and 9ß, 13ß-epoxy-7-abiethene (10.6%); sesquiterpenic hydrocarbons (17.1%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (7.4%): fenchone (5.6%). The essential oil had broad antibacterial and antifungal activity, mainly against A. versicolor and P. ochrochloron with fungistatic and fungicidal activities and B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureuswith bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities. T. riparialeaf essential oil is a potential alternative to control microorganisms-

El deterioro de los alimentos es un problema ampliamente desatendido y el uso constante de fungicidas sintéticos podría desarrollar hongos resistentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la composición química y la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de hoja de Tetradenia riparia contra microorganismos patógenos transmitidos por los alimentos. El aceite esencial de hoja se obtuvo por hidrodestilación y se identificó mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. La actividad antimicrobiana estudiada fue por microdilución en caldo. Los compuestos principales del aceite esencial se identificaron como sesquiterpenos oxigenados (43,6%): 14-hidroxi-9-epi-(E)-cariofileno (20,8%) y τ-cadinol (18,4%); seguido de diterpenos oxigenados (24,6%): 6-7-deshidroroileanona (12,6%) y 9ß, 13ß-epoxi-7-abieteno (10,6%); hidrocarburos sesquiterpénicos (17,1%) y monoterpenos oxigenados (7,4%): fenchona (5,6%). Tenía amplia actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica, principalmente contra A. versicolor y P. ochrochloron con actividades fungistáticas y fungicidas, y principalmente contra B. cereus, L. monocytogenes y S. aureus con actividades bacteriostáticas y bactericidas. El aceite esencial de hoja de T. riparia es una alternativa potencial para controlar microorganismos.

Bacopa monnieri: historical aspects to promising pharmacological actions for the treatment on central nervous system diseases / Bacopa monnieri: aspectos históricos de las acciones farmacológicas prometedoras para el tratamiento de enfermedades del sistema nervioso central

Bacopa monnieri(L.) Wettst. (Plantaginaceae), also known as Brahmi, has been used to improve cognitive processes and intellectual functions that are related to the preservation of memory. The objective of this research is to review the ethnobotanical applications, phytochemical composition, toxicity and activity of B. monnieri in the central nervous system. It reviewed articles on B. monnieri using Google Scholar, SciELO, Science Direct, Lilacs, Medline, and PubMed. Saponins are the main compounds in extracts of B. monnieri. Pharmacological studies showed that B. monnieri improves learning and memory and presents biological effects against Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. No preclinical acute toxicity was reported. However, gastrointestinal side effects were reported in some healthy elderly individuals. Most studies with B. monnieri have been preclinical evaluations of cellular mechanisms in the central nervous system and further translational clinical research needs to be performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the plant.

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. (Plantaginaceae), también conocida como Brahmi, se ha utilizado para mejorar los procesos cognitivos y las funciones intelectuales que están relacionadas con la preservación de la memoria. El objetivo de esta investigación es revisar las aplicaciones etnobotánicas, composición fitoquímica, toxicidad y actividad de B. monnieri en el sistema nervioso central. Se revisaron artículos sobre B. monnieri utilizando Google Scholar, SciELO, Science Direct, Lilacs, Medline y PubMed. Las saponinas son los principales compuestos de los extractos de B. monnieri. Los estudios farmacológicos mostraron que B. monnieri mejora el aprendizaje y la memoria y presenta efectos biológicos contra la enfermedad de Alzheimer, la enfermedad de Parkinson, la epilepsia y la esquizofrenia. No se informó toxicidad aguda preclínica. Sin embargo, se informaron efectos secundarios gastrointestinales en algunos ancianos sanos. La mayoría de los estudios con B. monnieri han sido evaluaciones preclínicas de los mecanismos celulares en el sistema nervioso central y es necesario realizar más investigaciones clínicas traslacionales para evaluar la seguridad y eficacia de la planta.

Crude extract of the tropical tree Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) for the control of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae / Extracto crudo del árbol tropical Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) para el control de larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Introduction: Phytoinsecticides are alternatives to control insects in different stages, Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms, Phytolacaceae family, popularly known as pau d'alho, garlic tree, and guararema in Brazil, is known due to its strong alliaceous odor because of the presence of sulfur molecules in the plant. This species presents biological activity and potential insecticide effect that is still unexploited. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the biological activity of the ethanolic crude extract from G. integrifolia leaves, flowers, and fruits on the control of Aedes aegypti third-stage larvae and pupae. Methods: The botanical material was collected in city Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil at the coordinates (23º46'16" S & 53º19'38" WO), and altitude of 442 m, the fruits of G. integrifolia were collected in May and the leaves and flowers in December 2017. The crude extracts of G. integrifolia leaves, flowers, and fruits were prepared by dynamic maceration technique. The chemical composition of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry. The insecticidal activity of the crude extracts of G. integrifolia were carried out on larvae and pupae of A. aegypti in concentrations between 0.001 to 25 000 mg/mL, and afterwards the lethal concentrations that kill 50 % (LC50) and 99.9 % (LC99.9) were determined by probit analysis. Anticholinesterase activity was determined by bioautographic method at concentrations from 0.000095 to 50 mg/mL. Results: The yield of G. integrifolia crude extracts were 8.2, 9.1, and 17.3 % for flowers, fruits, and leaves, respectively. The chemical composition of G. integrifolia extracts was characterized by presence of fatty acid esters, phytosterols, vitamins, oxygenated diterpenes and organosulfur compounds. The flower extract presented the high amount of sulfur compounds (20.2 %) such as disulfide, bis (2-sulfhydryl ethyl) (11.9 %), 2,3,5-trithiahexane (6.2 %), 1,2,4-trithiolane (1.1 %), and 2,4-dithiapentane (1.1 %). Regarding the insecticidal activity, flower extract showed highly active with LC99.9 of 0.032 mg/mL and LC99.9 of 0.969 mg/mL on A. aegypti larvae and pupae, respectively, and the highest inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme (0.00019 mg/mL) ex situ. The flower extract presented anticholinesterase and larvicide activity, respectively, 12.8 % and 35.6 % greater than the control temephos. Conclusions: This study opens new perspectives on the use of extracts from G. integrifolia as a bioinsecticide alternative for the control of A. aegypti larvae and pupae.

Introducción: Los fitoinsecticidas son alternativas para el control de insectos en diferentes etapas, Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms, familia Phytolacaceae, conocida popularmente como pau d'alho, árbol de ajo y guararema en Brasil, es conocida por su fuerte olor aliáceo debido a la presencia de moléculas de azufre en la planta. Esta especie presenta actividad biológica y potencial efecto insecticida que aún no está explotado. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad biológica del extracto crudo etanólico de las hojas, flores y frutos de G. integrifolia en el control de las larvas y pupas de la tercera etapa de Aedes aegypti. Métodos: El material botánico fue recolectado en la ciudad de Umuarama, Paraná, Brasil (23º46'16" S & 53º19'38" W), a una altitud de 442 m y los frutos de G. integrifolia fueron recolectados en mayo de 2017 y las hojas y flores en diciembre del mismo año. Los extractos crudos de hojas, flores y frutos de G. integrifolia se prepararon por técnica de maceración dinámica. La composición química de los extractos se determinó por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. La actividad insecticida de los extractos crudos de G. integrifolia fue evaluada en larvas y pupas de A. aegypti en concentraciones entre 0.001 a 25 000 mg/mL, y las concentraciones letales que matan 50 % (CL50) y 99.9 % (CL99.9) de larvas fueron determinados por análisis de probit. La actividad anticolinesterasa fue evaluada por método bioautográfico en concentraciones de 0.000095 a 50 mg/mL. Resultados: El rendimiento de los extractos crudos de G. integrifolia fue de 8.2, 9.1 y 17.3 % para flores, frutos y hojas, respectivamente. La composición química de los extractos de G. integrifolia se caracterizó por la presencia de ésteres de ácidos grasos, fitosteroles, vitaminas, diterpenos oxigenados y compuestos organosulfurados. El extracto de las flores presentó alta cantidad de compuestos de azufre (20.2 %) como disulfuro, bis(2-sulfhidril etilo) (11.9 %), 2,3,5-tritiahexano (6.2 %), 1,2,4-tritiolano (1.1 %) y 2,4-ditiapentano (1.1 %). En relación con la actividad insecticida, el extracto de las flores mostró una gran actividad con CL99.9 de 0.032 mg/mL y CL99.9 de 0.969 mg/mL en larvas y pupas de A. aegypti, respectivamente, y la inhibición más alta de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa (0.00019 mg/mL) ex situ. El extracto de las flores presentó actividad anticolinesterasa y larvicida, 12.8 y 35.6 %, respectivamente, mayor que el control temephos. Conclusiones: Este estudio abre nuevas perspectivas sobre el uso de extractos de G. integrifolia como alternativa bioinsecticida para el control de larvas y pupas de A. aegypti.

Insecticidal activity of Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) essential oil / Actividad insecticida del aceite esencial de Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae)

This study evaluated the insecticidal activity of Gallesia integrifolia essential oil from fruits, leaves, and flowers against Aedes aegyptilarvae and pupae. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sulfur compounds represented 95 to 99% of the essential oil from fruits, leaves, and flowers. Essential oil major compounds were 2,8-dithianonane (52.6%) in fruits, 3,5-dithiahexanol-5,5-dioxide (38.9%) in leaves, and methionine ethyl ester (45.3%) in flowers. The essential oils showed high activity against larvae, and low for pupae withLC99.9of 5.87 and 1476.67µg/mL from fruits; 0.0096 and 348.33 µg/mL from leaves and 0.021and 342.84 µg/mL from flowers, respectively. The main compound with insecticide activity is probably n-ethyl-1,3-dithioisoindole, from isoindole organothiophosphate class, found in greater amount in flower and leaf essential oil. The great insecticide activity of G. integrifolia essential oil suggests that this product is a natural insecticide.

Este estudio evaluó la actividad insecticida del aceite esencial de frutos, hojas y flores de Gallesia integrifolia contra larvas y pupas de Aedes aegypti. El aceite esencial se obtuvo por hidrodestilación y se caracterizó por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Los compuestos de azufre representaron del 95 al 99% del aceite esencial de frutas, hojas y flores. Los compuestos principales del aceite esencial fueron 2,8-ditianonano (52,6%) en frutas, 3,5-ditiahexanol-5,5-dióxido (38,9%) en hojas y éster etílico de metionina (45,3%) en flores. Los aceites esenciales mostraron alta actividad contra larvas y baja para pupas con LC99.9de 5.87 y 1476.67µg/mL de frutos; 0,0096 y 348,33 µg/mL de hojas y 0,021 y342,84 µg/mL de flores, respectivamente. El principal compuesto con actividad insecticida es probablemente el n-etil-1,3-ditioisoindol, de la clase de los organotiofosfatos de isoindol, que se encuentra en mayor cantidad en el aceite esencial de flores y hojas. La gran actividad insecticida del aceite esencial de G. integrifolia sugiere que este producto es un insecticida natural.

Actividad antioxidante y antibacteriana del aceite esencial de hoja de Myrcianthes pungens / Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Myrcianthes pungens leaf essential oil

Myrcianthes pungens (Myrtaceae) es un árbol nativo de Brasil conocido como guabijú. En nuestro estudio, describimos la composición química del aceite esencial de las hojas secas de M. pungens, la actividad antioxidante por diferentes métodos y la actividad antibacteriana contra Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. La identificación química se realizó mediante un cromatógrafo de gases acoplado a un espectrómetro de masas y la actividad antibacteriana se evaluó mediante un método de microdilución en caldo. El aceite esencial de la hoja presentó sesquiterpenos de hidrocarburos (42,6%) como su principal clase química cuyos compuestos principales fueron ß-cariofileno (11,7%) y 1,8-cineol (10,1%). La mayor protección antioxidante fue de 57.5 a 63.3% de ß-caroteno. La mayor actividad antibacteriana fue contra S. aureus (MIC de 78.12 µg/mL). Este valor fue 2,56 veces menor que el control positivo de estreptomicina. M. pungens es una fuente prometedora de moléculas naturales con potencial estudio para el desarrollo de productos farmacológicos, cosméticos y alimenticios.

Myrcianthes pungens (Myrtaceae) is a native tree to Brazil known as guabijú. In our study, we described the chemical composition of the essential oil from M. pungens dried leaves, the antioxidant activity by different methods and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The chemical identification was done by gas chromatograph coupled to mass spectrometer and antibacterial activity was evaluated by broth microdilution method. The leaf essential oil presented hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes (42.6%) as its main chemical class whose major compounds were ß-caryophyllene (11.7%) and 1,8-cineole (10.1%). The best antioxidant protection was from 57.5 to 63.3% of ß-carotene. The highest antibacterial activity was against S. aureus (MIC of 78.12 µg/mL). This value was 2.56-fold lower than the positive streptomycin control. M. pungens is a promising source of natural molecules with potential study for the development of pharmacological, cosmetic and food products.

Mycelial biomass cultivation of Lentinus crinitus / Crescimento micelial de Lentinus crinitus

Lentinus crinitus is a medicinal basidiomycete, little studied regarding the basic cultivation conditions, which is used in bioremediation and consumed by native Indians from the Brazilian Amazon. Also, it produces a fungal secondary metabolite panepoxydone that has been described as an essential regulator of the inflammatory and immune response. This study aimed to evaluate basic conditions of temperature, pH, and nitrogen concentration and source in the cultivation of L. crinitus mycelial biomass. In order to evaluate fungal growth temperature, 2% malt extract agar (MEA) medium, pH 5.5, was utilized from 19 to 40 °C. For pH, MEA had pH adjusted from 2 to 11 and cultivated at 28 °C. Urea or soybean meal was added to MEA to obtain final concentration from 0.5 and 16 g/L of nitrogen, pH of 5.5, cultivated at 28 °C. The best temperature growth varies from 31 to 34 ºC and the optimal one is 32.7º C, and the best pH ranges from 4.5 to 6.5 and the optimal one is 6.1. Protein or non-protein nitrogen concentration is inversely proportional to the mycelial biomass growth. Nitrogen concentrations of 2.0 g/L soybean meal and urea inhibit mycelial biomass growth in 11% and 12%, respectively, but high concentrations of 16.0 g/L nitrogen inhibit the growth in 46% and 95%, respectively. The fungus is robust and grows under extreme conditions of temperature and pH, but smaller adaptation with increasing nitrogen concentrations in the cultivation medium, mainly non-protein nitrogen.

Lentinus crinitus é um basidiomiceto medicinal consumido por índios nativos da Amazônia brasileira. Este fungo tem sido estudado quanto ao potencial de biorremediação de metais, mas ainda carece de estudos sobre às condições básicas de crescimento. L. crinitus produz panepoxidona - um metabólito secundário fúngico - descrito como regulador da resposta inflamatória e imune em células animais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as condições básicas de temperatura, pH e concentração e fonte de nitrogênio para o crescimento micelial de L. crinitus. O fungo foi crescido em meio agar extrato de malte a 2% (MEA), pH 5,5 e mantido entre 19 e 40 °C. Para a avaliação de pH o MEA teve o pH ajustado de 2 a 11 e o crescimento foi realizado a 28 °C. As fontes de nitrogênio estudadas foram a uréia e o farelo de soja adicionado ao MEA para obter entre 0,5 a 16 g/L de nitrogênio, pH de 5,5, cultivado a 28 ° C. A melhor faixa temperatura para o crescimento micelial foi de 31 a 34 ºC com ótimo a 32,7 º C; a melhor faixa de pH de 4,5 a 6,5 e com ótimo de 6,1. A concentração de nitrogênio proteico ou não proteico é inversamente proporcional ao crescimento do fungo. Concentrações de nitrogênio de 2,0 g/L reduzem o crescimento da biomassa micelial em 11% e 12%, respectivamente e meios com nitrogênio de 16,0 g/L reduzem o crescimento em 46% e 95%, respectivamente. O fungo é robusto e cresce sob condições extremas de temperatura e pH, mas menor adaptação em meios com alta concentração de nitrogênio, principalmente não proteico.

Lentinus crinitus response to blue light on carbohydrate-active enzymes / Resposta de Lentinus crinitus à luz azul em enzimas ativas por carboidratos

Fungi are capable of sensing light from ultraviolet to far-red and they use light as a source of information about the environment anticipating stress and adverse conditions. Lentinus crinitus is a lignin-degrading fungus which produces laccase and other enzymes of biotechnological interest. The effect of blue light on fungal enzymatic activity has been studied; however, it has not been found studies on the effect of the blue light on carbohydrate-active enzymes and on mycelial biomass production of L. crinitus. We aimed to investigate carbohydrate-active enzymes activity and mycelial biomass production of L. crinitus cultivated under continuous illumination with blue light. L. crinitus was cultivated in malt extract medium in the dark, without agitation, and under continuous illumination with blue light-emitting diodes. The blue light reduced the total cellulase, pectinase and xylanase activities but increased the endoglucanase activity. Blue light reduced the mycelial growth of L. crinitus in 26% and the enzymatic activity-to-mycelial biomass ratio (U mg-1 dry basis) increased in 10% total cellulase, 33% endoglucanase, and 16% pectinase activities. Also, it is suggested that L. crinitus has a photosensory system and it could lead to new process of obtaining enzymes of biotechnological interest.

Fungos são capazes de sentir a luz com comprimentos de onda que variam do ultravioleta ao infravermelho e usam a luz como fonte de informação sobre o ambiente, antecipando condições adversas e de estresse. Lentinus crinitus é um fungo ligninolítico que produz lacase e outras enzimas de interesse biotecnológico. O efeito da luz azul na atividade enzimática de fungos já foi estudado, contudo, ainda não há estudos sobre o efeito da luz azul na produção de enzimas ativas sobre carboidratos (CAZymes, carbohydrate-active enzymes) e de biomassa micelial de L. crinitus. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a avitivade de CAZymes e a produção de biomassa micelial de L. crinitus cultivado sob iluminação continua com luz azul. L. crinitus foi cultivado em meio extrato de malte, sem agitação, na ausência de luz e sob luz continua fornecida por diodos emissores de luz azul. A luz azul reduziu a atividade de cellulase total, pectinase e xilanase, mas aumentou a atividade de endoglucanase. A luz azul reduziu o crescimento micelial de L. crinitus em 26% e aumentou a razão atividade enzimática/biomassa micelial (U mg-1 em base seca) de cellulase total em 10%, endoglucanase em 33% e pectinase em 16%. Além disso, sugere-se que L. crinitus possua um sistema fotossensorial que poderia ser explorado para a otimização de bioprocessos que visam a obtenção de enzimas de interesse biotecnológico.

Actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de hojas de Psidium cattleianum Afzel. ex Sabine / Antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Psidium cattleianum Afzel. ex Sabine leaves

La búsqueda de fuentes naturales para controlar los microorganismos es de interés en la producción de alimentos. Este estudio evaluó la composición química y la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de las hojas de Psidium cattleianum. El aceite esencial se extrajo por hidrodestilación y se identificó por GC-MS. La clase predominante de compuestos fueron los sesquiterpenos (47,6%) y los principales fueron trans-ß-cariofileno (14,7%), 1,8-cineol (11,7%) y É£-muuroleno (5,6%). Actividad antimicrobiana se realizó mediante la técnica de microdilución contra ocho hongos y ocho bacterias. Concentración inhibitoria mínima varió de 0,17 a 11,25 mg mL-1 para hongos y de 1,40 a 16,87 mg mL-1 para bacterias. Principales actividades fueron contra hongos Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC 1022), Aspergillus ochraceus (ATCC 12066), Aspergillus versicolor (ATCC 11730) y Trichoderma viride (IAM 5061), y bacterias Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Bacillus cereus (clinical isolate) y Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) con potencial para prevenir enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos.

The search for natural sources to control microorganisms is of interest in food production. This study evaluated the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Psidium cattleianum leaves. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and identified by GC-MS. The predominant class of compounds was sesquiterpenes (47.6%) and the major compounds were trans-ß-caryophyllene (14.7%), 1,8-cineole (11.7%) and É£-muurolene (5.6%). The antimicrobial activity was carried out by microdillution technique against eight fungi and eight bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 0.17 to 11.25 mg mL-1 for fungi, and from 1.40 to 16.87 mg mL-1 for bacteria. The highest activities were against fungi Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC 1022), Aspergillus ochraceus (ATCC 12066), Aspergillus versicolor (ATCC 11730), and Trichoderma viride (IAM 5061), and bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Bacillus cereus (clinical isolate), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) with potential to prevent foodborne diseases.

Schinus terebinthifolius essential oil and fractions in the control of Aedes aegypti / Schinus terebinthifolius óleo essencial e frações no controle do Aedes aegypti

Several technologies have been developed to controlAedes aegypti, mainly studies on isolated plant molecules. The Schinus terebinthifolius (Raddi) (Anacardiaceae), popularly known as pink pepper is a plant widely used in reforestation of degraded areas and its fruits are used as condiments. The objective of this work was to investigate the potential of essential oils (EOs) and fractions (FRs) obtained from fresh fruits and leaves of S. terebinthifolius. The EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation (2 hours), fractionated on a chromatographic column using as the stationary phase silica gel 60 (0.063-0.2mm), mobile phases: n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol and chemically evaluated by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (GC/MS). EOs and FRs were tested against larvae of the third stage and pupae of Ae. aegypti by Immersion Test at concentrations ranging from 500.00 to 0.003 mg mL-1 (v/v). The hexane FRs obtained from fruits and leaves were the ones that showed the greatest activity on the larvae (LC99.9= 0.60 mg mL-1 and LC99.9 0.64 mg mL-1, respectively) and pupae (LC99,9 = 2.51 mg mL-1 and 2.61 mg mL-1, respectively). These results were confirmed by the anticholinesterase activity where the hexane (fruit and leaf) FRs presented the highest inhibitory potential on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (0.156 mg mL-1 and 0.312 mg mL-1, respectively), suggesting the likely mechanism of action. The larvicidal potential can be explained by the presence of the major compounds bicyclogermacrene and germacrene D in the hexane FRs, indicating in this way that they may replace or even act in synergisms with conventional chemical larvicides. In this way the present study opens the field for new researches, aiming the development of products with the compounds bicyclogermacrene and germacrene D, as an alternative in the control of this culicide.

Diversas tecnologias têm sido desenvolvidas para o controle do Aedes aegypti, destacando pesquisas com moléculas isoladas de plantas. A Schinus terebinthifolius (Raddi) (Anacardiaceae), conhecida popularmente como pimenta rosa é uma planta muito utilizada no reflorestamento de áreas degradadas e seus frutos são utilizados como condimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o potencial dos óleosessenciais (OEs) e frações (FRs) obtidos dos frutos e folhas frescos de S. terebinthifolius. Os OEs foram obtidos por hidrodestilação (2 horas), fracionados em coluna cromatográfica utilizando como fase estacionária sílica gel 60 (0,063-0,2mm), fases móveis: n-hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etila e metanol e avaliados quimicamente por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/EM). Os OEs e FRs foram testados frente a larvas do terceiro estádio e pupas do Ae. aegypti pelo Teste de Imersão em concentrações que variaram de 500,00 à 0,003 mg/mL (v/v). As FRs hexano obtidas dos frutos e folhas, foram as que apresentaram maior atividade sobre as larvas (CL99,9= 0,60 mg mL-1 e CL99,9 0,64 mg mL-1, respectivamente) e pupas (CL99,9= 2,51mg mL-1 e 2,61 mg mL-1, respectivamente). Estes resultados foram confirmados pela atividade anticolinesterase onde as FRs hexano (fruto e folha), foram as que apresentaram maior potencial inibitório sobre a enzima acetilcolinesterase (0,156 mg mL-1 e 0,312 mg mL-1, respectivamente), sugerindo desta forma o provável mecanismo de ação. O potencial larvicida encontrado pode ser explicado pela presença dos compostos majoritários biciclogermacreno e germacreno D nas FRs hexano, indicando desta forma, queestes possam vir a substituir, ou até mesmo agir em sinergismos com os larvicidas químicos convencionais. Desta forma o presente estudo abre campo para novas pesquisas, visando o desenvolvimento de produtos com os compostos bicyclogermacrene e germacrene D, como alternativa no controle deste culicídeo.

Bioinsecticide potential of Curcuma zedoaria rhizome essential oil / Potencial bioinseticida do óleo essencial dos rizom as de curcuma zedoaria

In this study the potential bioinseticide of the essential oil (OE) extracted from the rhizomes of the species Curcuma zedoaria (Zingiberaceae) was evaluated. The rhizomes were collected during dormancy (winter) and budding (summer). The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation (2h) and identified by GC/MS. In addition, a multivariate exploratory analysis was done to determine the analysis of the major compounds (PCA). The EO yield in dormancy was 0.61± 0.07 (%) and in budding 0.55 ± 0.08 (%). The bioassays on Aedes aegypti larvae and pupae were done by immersion test at different EO concentrations which ranged from 500.00 to 0.003 mg mL-1 (v/v). The results on the larvae and pupae indicated LC99.9 of (0.01 and 1.38 mg mL-1) for EO in dormancy, and (0.08 and 2.63 mg mL-1) for EO during budding, respectively. The action mechanism of EOs in both periods was determined by autobiographic method evaluating the inhibitory potential on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, indicating greater inhibition of the EO enzyme during dormancy (0.039 mg mL-1) when compared to the EO during budding (0.156 mg mL-1). The projection representation of the EO chemical classes in both evaluated periods indicated that oxygenated sesquiterpenes are the major compound class (46.99% in dormancy) and (43.59% in budding). The projection of major chemical compounds of EOs presented three compounds with greater mass flow distancing: epicurzerenone (18.20% and 12.10%); 1.8 cineole (15.76% and 12.10%) and ß-elemene (4.43 and 0.01%) that are found in greater amounts in the dormancy EO when compared to budding, respectively. These results corroborate with the greater potential on Ae. aegypti larvae and pupae found for the dormancy EO. The results are promising because they show in which vegetative cycle phase C. zedoaria EO presents greater bioinsecticidepotential.

Neste trabalho foi avaliado o potencial bioinseticida do óleo essencial (OE) extraído dos rizomas da espécie Curcuma zedoaria (Zingiberaceae), coletados no período de dormência (inverno) e brotação das gemas (verão). O OE foi obtido por hidrodestilação (2h) e identificado por CG/EM foi observado rendimento 0,61 ± 0,07 (%) no óleo da dormência, quando comparado no período de brotação 0,55 ± 0,08 (%). Os bioensaios sobre as larvas e pupas de Aedes aegypti foram realizados pelo teste de imersão em diferentes concentrações dos OEs, que variaram de 500,00 a 0,003 mg mL-1 (v/v). Os resultados sobre as larvas e pupas indicaram uma CL99,9 de (0,01 e 1,38 mg mL-1) para o OE da dormência, e (0,08 e 2,63 mg mL-1) para o OE do período de brotação, respectivamente. Indicando maior atividade do OE da dormência. O mecanismo de ação dos OEs nos dois períodos foi determinado pelo método autobiográfico avaliando o potencial inibitório sobre a enzima acetilcolinesterase. Os resultados indicaram maior inibição da enzima do OE no período de dormência (0,039 mg mL-1), quando comparado ao OE de brotação (0,156 mg mL-1). A análise química destacou três compostos: epicurzerenone (18,20% e 12,10%) e 1,8 cineol (15,76% e 14,05%) e ß- elemeno (4,43 e 0,01%) em maior quantidade no período de dormência quando comparado ao período de brotação, respectivamente. Esta diferença pode explicar a maior ação inseticida do OE de dormência sobre as larvas e pupas do Ae. aegypti. Os resultados são promissores, pois estabelece em qual período do ciclo vegetativo o OE da C. zedoaria apresenta maior potencial bioinseticida.

Atividade de nucleação de gelo e densidade populacional do patógeno podem ser fatores que contribuem para o progresso da doença mancha branca do milho / Ice nucleation activity and density of the pathogen population may be factors that contribute to the progression of maize white spot disease / La actividad de nucleación de hielo y la densidad de población del patógeno pueden ser factores que contribuyen al progreso de la enfermedad mancha blanca del maíz

A Mancha Branca do Milho (MBM) é uma doença foliar que tem causado perdas apreciáveis, tanto qualitativas como quantitativas para a produção de milho. Seu agente etiológico, a Pantoea ananatis, é uma bactéria epifítica, Gram-negativa formadora de colônia amarela, capaz de formar gelo, mesmo em ambiente tropical (ice nucleation activity - INA). Este estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar isolados de P. ananatis quanto à atividade INA e avaliar o efeito da densidade bacteriana na expressão do fenótipo INA e no processo de desenvolvimento da doença. O agente patogênico foi isolado de lesões iniciais da doença, as anasarcas, e avaliado quanto à expressão do fenótipo INA em diferentes concentrações bacterianas. O mesmo foi feito com isolados epifíticos obtidos da superfície foliar de plantas de milho sadias. Dos 24 isolados bacterianos estudados, apenas 13 apresentaram o fenótipo INA+. A expressão deste fenótipo foi dependente da densidade celular. Isolados INA+ e INA­ foram inoculados em folhas destacadas e em plantas da cultivar HS200 a campo, em diferentes concentrações do inóculo. Nenhum isolado INA­ reproduziu sintomas em laboratório. Dos cinco isolados INA+ somente um deles reproduziu sintomas em laboratório. Em campo o isolado INA+ foi capaz de promover lesões em todas as concentrações avaliadas. Conclui-se que a atividade de nucleação de gelo pela bactéria P. ananatis é dependente da linhagem e da densidade bacteriana e este fenômeno pode estar envolvido no desenvolvimento dos sintomas da MBM.(AU)

Maize White Spot Disease is a leaf disease that has caused considerable losses, both qualitative and quantitative for corn production. Its etiologic agent, Pantoea ananatis, is an epiphytic, Gram-negative, yellow colony-forming bacterium, capable of forming ice, even in tropical environments at temperatures where this normally does not occur (Ice Nucleation Activity - INA). This study aimed at characterizing P. ananatis isolates in terms of INA activity and evaluating the effect of bacterial density on the expression of the INA phenotype and on the disease development process. The pathogen was isolated from the initial lesions of the disease, the anasarcas, and were evaluated for the expression of the INA phenotype in different bacterial concentrations. The same procedure was performed on epiphytic isolates obtained from the leaf surface of healthy maize plants. From the 24 bacterial isolates studied, only 13 presented the INA+ phenotype. The expression of this phenotype is dependent on cell density. INA+ and INA­ isolates were inoculated on detached leaves and on plants of cultivar HS200 in the field, in different concentrations of the inoculum. No INA­ isolates reproduced symptoms in the laboratory. From the five INA+ isolates, only one of them reproduced symptoms in the laboratory. In the field, the INA+ isolate was able to promote lesions in all concentrations evaluated. It can be concluded that the ice nucleation activity by P. ananatis is dependent on the strain and bacterial density and this phenomenon may be involved in the development of Maize White Spot Disease symptoms.(AU)

La mancha blanca del maíz es una enfermedad de la hoja que ha causado pérdidas considerables, tanto cualitativas como cuantitativas para la producción de maíz. Su agente etiológico, Pantoea ananatis, es una bacteria epífita, Gram-negativa, formadora de colonias amarillas, capaz de causar hielo, incluso en ambientes tropicales a temperaturas donde esto normalmente no ocurre (actividad de nucleación de hielo - INA). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar los aislados de P. ananatis en términos de actividad de INA y evaluar el efecto de la densidad bacteriana en la expresión del fenotipo de INA y en el proceso de desarrollo de la enfermedad. El patógeno se aisló de las lesiones iniciales de la enfermedad, las anasarcas, y se evaluó la expresión del fenotipo INA en diferentes concentraciones bacterianas. Lo mismo se hizo con aislamientos epifitos obtenidos de la superficie de la hoja de plantas de maíz sanas. De los 24 aislados bacterianos estudiados, solo 13 presentaron el fenotipo INA+. La expresión de este fenotipo depende de la densidad celular. Se inocularon aislamientos INA+ e INA- en hojas desprendidas y en plantas del cultivar HS200 en el campo, en diferentes concentraciones del inóculo. Ninguno aislado INA- reprodujo síntomas en el laboratorio. De los cinco aislamientos de INA+, solo uno de ellos reprodujo síntomas en el laboratorio. En el campo, el aislado INA+ pudo promover lesiones en todas las concentraciones evaluadas. Se concluye que la nucleación de hielo por P. ananatis depende de la cepa y la densidad bacteriana, y este fenómeno puede estar involucrado en el desarrollo de los síntomas de la enfermedad de la mancha blanca del maíz.(AU)

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Brunfelsia uniflora leaf extract / Atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante do extrato de folhas de Brunfelsia uniflora / Actividad antimicrobiana y antioxidante del extracto de hojas de Brunfelsia uniflora

Finding bioactive compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity from natural sources has been a challenge., mainly due to the increase in microbial resistance. This study aimed at prospecting the main classes of secondary metabolites and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Brunfelsia uniflora leaf extract. The ethanolic extract was obtained by dynamic maceration with solvent, and the antioxidant activity was analyzed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans by broth microdilution method. The phytochemical analysis of B. uniflora leaf extract showed the presence of saponins, tannins and alkaloids. The extract presented minimum inhibitory concentration of 62.5 mg/mL for E. coli. The 1.49 mg/mL extract concentration inhibited 50% of free radicals in the DPPH solution at 60 µM. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of this plant extract were the basis of studies to develop applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries.(AU)

Encontrar compostos bioativos com capacidade antimicrobiana e antioxidante a partir de fontes naturais tem sido um grande desafio. Esta procura está pautada no aumento da resistência microbiana e na necessidade de conservantes alternativos, não sintéticos, na indústria alimentícia e farmacêutica. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo prospectar as principais classes de metabólitos secundários e a atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana do extrato de folhas de Brunfelsia uniflora. O extrato etanólico de folhas de B. uniflora foi obtido por maceração dinâmica com esgotamento do solvente, concentrado em evaporador rotativo e a atividade antioxidante analisada pelo método de DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada contra Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus e Candida albicans pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. A análise fitoquímica do extrato das folhas do manacá evidenciou saponinas, taninos e alcaloides. O extrato bruto apresentou concentração mínima inibitória de 125mg/mL para C. albicans e S. aureus, e 62,5 mg/mL para E. coli. A concentração do extrato que inibe 50% dos radiais livres da solução de DPPH a 60 µM foi de 1,49 mg/mL. A atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante do extrato das folhas desta planta embasa estudos para o desenvolvimento de aplicações nas indústrias farmacêutica, cosmética e de alimentos.(AU)

Encontrar compuestos bioactivos con capacidad antimicrobiana y antioxidante a partir de fuentes naturales ha sido un gran desafío. Esta demanda está pautada en el aumento de la resistencia microbiana y en la necesidad de conservantes alternativos, no sintéticos, en la industria alimenticia y farmacéutica. De esta forma, este estudio tuvo como objetivo prospectar las principales clases de metabolitos secundarios y la actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana del extracto de hojas de Brunfelsia uniflora. El extracto etanólico de las hojas de B. uniflora ha sido obtenido por maceración dinámica con agotamiento del solvente, concentrado en evaporador rotativo y la actividad antioxidante analizada por el método de DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). La actividad antimicrobiana ha sido evaluada contra Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Candida albicans por el método de micro dilución en caldo. El análisis fitoquímico del extracto de las hojas del "manacá" se evidenció saponinas, taninos y alcaloides. El extracto bruto presentó una concentración mínima inhibitoria de 125 mg/ml para C. albicans y S. aureus, y 62,5 mg/ml para E. coli. La concentración del extracto que inhibe 50% de los radicales libres de la solución de DPPH a 60 µM fue de 1,49 mg/ml. La actividad antimicrobiana y antioxidante del extracto de las hojas de esta planta son la base de estudios para el desarrollo de aplicaciones en las industrias farmacéutica, cosmética y de alimentos.(AU)

Cryopreservation at -75 °C of Agaricus subrufescens on wheat grains with sucrose

Abstract Agaricus subrufescens is a basidiomycete which is studied because of its medicinal and gastronomic importance; however, less attention has been paid to its preservation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sucrose addition to substrate and cryotube on the viability of Agaricus subrufescens cryopreserved at -20 °C and at -75 °C for one and two years. Zero, 10% or 20% sucrose was added to potato dextrose agar or wheat grain. The mycelia were cryopreserved in the absence of cryoprotectant or with sucrose solutions at 15%, 30% or 45%. After one or two years at -75 °C or at -20 °C, mycelia were thawed and evaluated about viability, initial time of growth, colony diameter and genomic stability. Cryopreservation at -20 °C is not effective to keep mycelial viability of this fungus. Cryopreservation at -75 °C is effective when sucrose is used in substrates and/or cryotubes. Without sucrose, cryopreservation at -75 °C is effective only when wheat grains are used. Physiological characteristic as mycelial colony diameter is negatively affected when potato dextrose agar is used and unaffected when wheat grain is used after two-year cryopreservation at -75 °C. The fungus genome does not show alteration after two-year cryopreservation at -75 °C.

Long-term cryopreservation of basidiomycetes

Abstract Basidiomycetes have several biotechnological and industrial applications such as enzyme production, bioremediation, pharmaceutical and functional food production. Due to climatic features, the preservation of several basidiomycetes is threatened, and to guarantee the preservation of this genetic resource, the development of long-term preservation techniques is necessary once there is no universal protocol for the cryopreservation of basidiomycetes. Cryopreservation is a technique in which microorganisms are submitted to ultralow temperatures. Therefore, this study aimed to collect information on the main conditions for long-term cryopreservation of basidiomycetes in the last 20 years. Scientific articles on cryopreservation of basidiomycetes published from 1997 to 2016, were researched, and only the studies on two intervals of cryopreservation were considered: from 1 to 2 years and for longer than 2 years. The analyzed conditions of basidiomycete cryopreservation were: most studied genera, cryopreservation temperature, substrate, cryoprotectant (and preservation substrate), cryopreservation period, thawing temperature and cultivation medium after thawing, physiological and genetic stability of basidiomycetes after thawing in cryopreservation. In this review, the viability of the main cryopreservation conditions of basidiomycetes studied in the last 20 years are presented and discussed.

Antifungal activity of Gallesia integrifolia fruit essential oil

ABSTRACT Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) is native to Brazil and has a strong alliaceous odor. The objective of this study was to identify the chemical composition of G. integrifolia fruit essential oil and evaluate fungicidal activity against the main food-borne diseases and food spoilage fungi. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and identified by GC-MS. From 35 identified compounds, 68% belonged to the organosulfur class. The major compounds were dimethyl trisulfide (15.49%), 2,8-dithianonane (52.63%) and lenthionine (14.69%). The utilized fungi were Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium ochrochloron, Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium, and Trichoderma viride. Minimal fungicidal concentration for the essential oil varied from 0.02 to 0.18 mg/mL and bifonazole and ketoconazole controls ranged from 0.20 to 3.50 mg/mL. The lower concentration of the essential oil was able to control P. ochrochloron, A. fumigatus, A. versicolor, A. ochraceus and T. viride. This study shows a high fungicidal activity of G. integrifolia fruit essential oil and can support future applications by reducing the use of synthetic fungicides.

Antifungal activity of Gallesia integrifolia fruit essential oil

ABSTRACT Gallesia integrifolia (Phytolaccaceae) is native to Brazil and has a strong alliaceous odor. The objective of this study was to identify the chemical composition of G. integrifolia fruit essential oil and evaluate fungicidal activity against the main food-borne diseases and food spoilage fungi. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and identified by GCMS. From 35 identified compounds, 68% belonged to the organosulfur class. The major compounds were dimethyl trisulfide (15.49%), 2,8-dithianonane (52.63%) and lenthionine (14.69%). The utilized fungi were Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium ochrochloron, Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium, and Trichoderma viride. Minimal fungicidal concentration for the essential oil varied from 0.02 to 0.18 mg/mL and bifonazole and ketoconazole controls ranged from 0.20 to 3.50 mg/mL. The lower concentration of the essential oil was able to control P. ochrochloron, A. fumigatus, A. versicolor, A. ochraceus and T. viride. This study shows a high fungicidal activity of G. integrifolia fruit essential oil and can support future applications by reducing the use of synthetic fungicides.

Atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial de Cymbopogon citratus / Antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil / Actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de Cymbopogon citratus

O Cymbopogon citratus é uma planta originária da Índia, pertencente à família Poaceae e facilmente adaptada em regiões tropicais como o Brasil. Este trabalho avaliou a atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial (OE) obtido por hidrodestilação das folhas de C. citratus. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada pela técnica de microdiluição em caldo para as bactérias Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e a levedura Candida albicans. O menor CIM foi de 7,81 µg mL-1 para S. aureus, a média de 15,62µg mL-1 para P. aeruginosa e C. albicans e a maior de 62,50µg mL-1 para E. coli. O óleo essencial de C. citratus apresentou atividade antimicrobiana para todos os micro-organismos testados. O óleo mostrou potencial aplicabilidade no controle microbiano e sugerem-se novos estudos para auxiliar na ampliação das aplicações desta planta...

Cymbopogon citratus is an Indian plant belonging to the Poaceae family, easily adapted to tropical regions such as Brazil. This study assesses the antimicrobial activity of essential oil from C. citratus leaves obtained by hydro-distillation. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by broth micro-dilution technique for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The lowest MIC was 7.81 µg ml-1 for S. aureus, the medium was 15,62 µg mL-1 for P. aeruginosa and C. albicans and the highest was 62.50 µg mL-1 for E. coli. The C. citratus essential oil presented antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms. The essential oil showed potential applicability in microbial control and further studies are suggested to expand the application of this plant...

Cymbopogon citratus es una planta originaria de India, perteneciente a la familia Poaceae y fácilmente adaptable en las regiones tropicales como Brasil. Este estudio evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de las hojas de C. citratus obtenido por hidrodestilación. La concentración inhibidora mínima (CIM) se ha determinado por la técnica de microdilución en caldo para las bacterias Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa y la levadura Candida albicans. La CIM más baja fue 7.81 µg mL-1 para S. aureus, la media de 15.62µg mL-1 para P. aeruginosa y C. albicans y la mayor de 62.50 µg mL-1 para E.coli. El aceite esencial de C. citratus presentó actividad antimicrobiana para todos los microorganismos testados. El aceite mostró potencial de aplicabilidad en el control microbiano y se sugieren nuevos estudios para ampliar las aplicaciones de esta planta...

Bioacumulação de zinco em micélio de Agaricus subrufescens / Zinc bioaccumulation in Agaricus subrufescens mycelium / Bioacumulación de zinc en micelio de Agaricus subrufescens

Fungos basidiomicetos têm a capacidade de bioacumular metais pesados, no entanto existem poucos trabalhos sobre bioacumulação de zinco em micélio de Agaricussubrufescens. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a bioacumulação de zinco em micélio vegetativo de A. subrufescens cultivado em meio sólido e líquido. O fungo foi crescido em meio sólido ou em meio líquido a base de extrato de malte adicionado de ZnSO4 a fim de obter zero; 2,5; 5; 7,5; 10; 15 ou 20 ppm de zinco. Os meios foram inoculados e após 14 dias foi determinada a biomassa e a bioacumulação de zinco. A adição de zinco no meio de cultivo inibiu o crescimento micelial e induziu a bioacumulação na biomassa tanto no cultivo sólido como no líquido. Adições acima de 7,5 ppm de zinco inibiram totalmente o crescimento micelial. O fungo crescido em meio de cultivo líquido sofre maior inibição do crescimento com a adição de zinco e maior bioacumulação que no meio sólido...

Fungi basidiomycetes have the ability to bioaccumulate heavy metals, but there are few studies on zinc bioaccumulation in the mycelium of Agaricus subrufescens. The objective of this study is to evaluate the zinc bioaccumulation in the mycelium of A. subrufescens cultivated in solid and liquid culture media. Mycelium was grown on solid or liquid medium in malt extract base added with ZnSO4 to obtain zero, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15 or 20-ppm zinc. Mycelial biomass and zinc bioaccumulation were determined 14 days after inoculation in the culture media. Addition of zinc in culture medium inhibited mycelial growth and induced biomass bioaccumulation both in solid and in liquid culture. Additions higher than 7.5-ppm zinc completely inhibited mycelial growth in culture medium. Mycelial growth in liquid culture presented greater increase of growth inhibition with the addition of zinc and greater bioaccumulation than in solid medium...

Hongos basidiomicetos tienen la capacidad de bioacumular metales pesados, sin embargo hay pocos estudios sobre la bioacumulación de zinc en el micelio de Agaricus subrufescens. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido evaluar la bioacumulación de zinc en el micelio de A. subrufescens cultivado en medio sólido y líquido. El hongo ha crecido en medio sólido o líquido a base de extracto de malta agregado de ZnSO4 para obtener cero; 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15 o 20 ppm de zinc. Los medios fueron inoculados y después de 14 días se determinó la biomasa y la bioacumulación de zinc. La adición de zinc en el medio del cultivo inhibió el crecimiento micelial y indujo la bioacumulación de la biomasa tanto en el cultivo sólido como en el líquido. Adiciones superiores a 7.5 ppm de zinc inhibieron completamente el crecimiento del micelio. El hongo crecido en medio de cultivo líquido sufre mayor inhibición del crecimiento con la adición de zinc y mayor bioacumulación que en el medio sólido...

Cereal grains and glycerol in Agaricus blazei cryopreservation / Grãos de cereais e glicerol na criopreservação de Agaricus blazei

Agaricus blazei is an important commercial basidiomycete studied for its biological activity. However, little has been studied about the preservation techniques of this basidiomycete, and cryopreservation is one alternative. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical effects of different cultivation media and glycerol on A. blazei cryopreservation at -20 ºC and at -70 ºC. A solid cultivation medium consisting of agar with ground whole cereal grains (hard endosperm wheat, medium hard endosperm wheat or hard endosperm rye) or malt extract agar, or whole cereal grains (hard endosperm wheat, medium hard endosperm wheat or hard endosperm rye) without agar was used. Cultivation media had zero or 5% glycerol addition. Cultivation medium grains or disks containing mycelia were transferred to cryotubes with glycerol at 5% with or without water and then were cryopreserved at -20 ºC or at -70 ºC. After one-year or two-year cryopreservation, fungus viability was evaluated. The results showed that the physical structure of whole grains of hard and medium hard wheat is effective (p≤0.01) for two-year cryopreservation at -70 ºC as well as the use of glycerol in the cultivation medium or as a cryoprotectant (p≤0.01) at -70 ºC. Cryopreservation at -20 ºC was ineffective (p≤0.01) to preserve fungus viability.

Agaricus blazei é um basidiomiceto de importância comercial amplamente estudado quanto à sua atividade biológica. Entretanto, pouco foi estudado sobre as técnicas de preservação deste basidiomiceto, sendo a criopreservação uma alternativa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos físicos e químicos de diferentes meios de cultivo e do glicerol na criopreservação de A. blazei à -20 ºC e à -70 ºC. Foi usado meio de cultivo sólido composto por ágar com farinha de grãos inteiros de cereais (trigo textura dura ou semidura ou centeio textura dura) ou ágar extrato de malte, ou grãos de cereais inteiros (trigo textura dura ou semidura ou centeio textura dura) sem ágar. Os meios de cultivo tiveram adição de glicerol (zero ou 5%). Grãos ou discos de meio de cultivo contendo o micélio foram transferidos para criotubos com glicerol a 5%, ou com ou sem água, sendo, em seguida, criopreservados (-20 ºC ou -70 ºC). Após um ou dois anos de criopreservação foi avaliada a viabilidade do fungo. Os resultados mostraram que a estrutura física de grãos inteiros de trigo semiduro ou duro é efetiva (p≤0,01), quando em -70 ºC para criopreservação por dois anos, assim como o uso de glicerol tanto no meio de cultivo ou como solução crioprotetora (p≤0,01). A criopreservação a -20 ºC mostrou-se ineficaz (p≤0,01) na manutenção da viabilidade do fungo.