ABSTRACT
Background: there are many plant extracts which can modulate pain response. Also, studies represented modulatory effects of estradiol on pain
Objectives: the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Portulaca oleracea [purslane] and estradiol on pain threshold in female mice
Methods: in this experimental study, 90 female balb c mice were randomly divided into the control and experimental groups which receiving low, moderate and high doses of purslane extract, estradiol and their combination. Following intraperitoneal administration of the hormone or extract, pain threshold was measured using tail flick test, and acquired data have been analyzed using ANOVA
Results: pain threshold was significantly increased after administration of moderate and high doses of purslane extract with comparing to the control group [P<0.005 and P<0.009, respectively]. Also, the administration of moderate and high doses of estradiol caused significantly increasing of the pain threshold with comparing to the control group [P<0.009 and P<0.001 respectively]. Finally, co-administration the low doses of estradiol and purslane extract and coadministration the high doses of estradiol and purslane extract resulted increasing of the pain threshold with compare to the control group, but there was not significant changed in comparing to the groups which received low doses of estradiol and extract
Conclusion: present study showed that purslane seed extract and estradiol caused increasing of the pain threshold in the female mice. Hence, these results maybe demonstrate morphine-like effects of purslane extract and estradiol
ABSTRACT
Background and purpose: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the quantity and quality of continuing medical education programs from the viewpoint of general medical practitioners in Ilam province
Methods: The research method was descriptive survey and the statistic sample was a group of 61 general medical practitioners who have been working in Ilam during 2010-2011 and were chosen by simple random sampling method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire with 50 items and reliability coefficient obtained using Cronbach's alpha which was 88%
Results: The findings showed that there is a meaningful/significant relationship between CME [Continuing Medical Education]/retraining programs and improving GPs [General Practitioner] clinical skills with reliability of 99% and this relationship is direct and positive [r=0.502]. It means that increasing the quality and quantity of these programs has positive effect on improving general practitioners' clinical skills. There was no meaningful/significant relationship between the method of teaching and GPs satisfaction [r=0.160]. It means most of these practitioners were not satisfied with using training equipment, teaching methods, teachers' knowledge and manners. Also, there was no meaningful/significant relationship between teaching times and educational materials and GPs satisfaction [r=0.73] .It shows that the rate of GPs satisfaction from teaching times and educational materials is very low and there is little coherence between them. But there was a meaningful/significant relationship between GPs job requirements and educational materials with reliability of 95% [r=0.326]. It means presenting suitable teaching materials and content related to GPs jobs requirements led to increase GPs desire to attend educational classes .There was no meaningful/significant relationship between time dedicated to each topic and improving GPs skills [r=0.096]. So, findings indicate that there is no coincidence between GPs topics priorities and the time allocated to each CME program. There is a meaningful/significant relationship between up-to-date programs and improving GPs clinical skills [r=0.409]
Conclusions: If quantity and quality of presented content be higher, it has positive effect on improving clinical skills and vice versa. All in all practitioners were not satisfied with the way of presenting topics including training equipment ,teaching methods, teachers' knowledge and manners. Suitable way of presenting content related to practitioners' jobs requirements led to increase their desire to attend educational classes. The results of this study showed that there was no coherence between practitioners' priorities and allocated time to continuing medical education program. There was no significant difference
ABSTRACT
The Isolation of Nocardia species is complex and time-consuming, which is due to rapid growth of adjacent bacteria. Because of the importance of a specific medium with the ability of controlling intrusive microorganisms, this study aimed at comparing three laboratory methods to introduce the reliable isolation technique for Nocardia species. The soil samples were collected from different regions of Tehran province, Iran, and carefully transferred to the laboratory. The samples were cultured in three different media including Paraffin Baiting,Humic acid vitamin B agar and Paraffin agar, and incubated for 3-4 weeks at 35 °C. Of 110 soil samples, 31 Nocardia isolates [28.18%] were obtained from the media including Paraffin Baiting, [19; 17.27%], Humic acid and vitamin B agar [4; 3.63%], and Paraffin agar,[8; 7.27%].because of high rate of isolation, low cost and the clearance of colonies suspected nocardia, Paraffin Bait technique is more reliable and efficient compared to the other methods
ABSTRACT
Duo to clinical use of antibiotics, pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with multiple drugs resistance have significantly increased throughout the world. Betalactamase production is one of the Mechanisms involved in resistance to pseudomonas aeruginosa resulting in many problems in the treatment of infections caused by this bacterium. The aim of this study was molecular analysis of PER and VEB genes in Pseudomonas with multiple resistance isolated from clinical samples in Isfahan/Iran. In whole, 98 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from various clinical specimens were identified by biochemical tests and the antibiotic susceptibility of the identified strains were determined using Kirby-Bauer method. PCR was performed on the samples to evaluate the presence or absence of PER and VEB genes. Among 98 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 73 samples [73%] were multiple drugs resistant and all of them were cefotaxime, cefepime and ceftazidime resistant. Prevalence of PER and VEB genes were respectively 5 [6.84%] and 8 [10.9%]. Considering high prevalence of multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeroginosa, it is essential to reduce these pathogens in hospitals through controlling PER and VEB genes transfer
ABSTRACT
Early detection of Candida species in body site could improve the survival of the immunosuppressed patients by allowing the initiation of specific treatment while the fungal biomass is still low. The aim of this study was the identification of Candida albicans isolated from the oncology patients by molecular methods. Sixty two of Candida albicans isolated identified by phenotypic methods [color of colony on CHROMagar medium, germ-tube formation in horse serum, chlamydospore formation on Cornmeal agar with 1% Tween 80]. DNA was extracted by using a glass bead/phenol-chloroform method. The oligonucleotide primer pairs [NL1/NL4] were used to amplify a 620bp fragment of D1/D2 region of large submit [26s] ribosomal DNA gene. PCR-products were electrophoresed in a 1.5% agarose gel. Eighteen PCR-amplified products sequenced and results were evaluated by online BLAST software. Multiple sequence alignment was performed by using online CLUSTAL-W [version 1.83] software. The BLAST search revealed that all of products were Candida albicans. All sequences showed >99% similarity when compared with known reference sequences at the Gene-Bank. Four different strains were obtained of albicans species, including: AA 1622b [13 samples], 24698 [3 samples], TA 62 [1 samples] and 551 FC [1 sample]. A total of 131 nucleotide exchange sites were revealed. The dominant species by phenotypic approaches was Candida albicans. In addition, identification of Candida albicans by [26S] rDNA sequencing was 100% concordant to the results obtained by the phenotypic methods