[Indirect inguinal hernia without torsion of greater omentum [a case report]]

Inguinal hernias account for 75-85% of abdominal wall hernias. Inguinal hernias are often classified as direct and indirect. The sac of hernia can include intestines, bladder, colons, ovary and appendices. The torsion of greater omentum with unilateral or bilateral inguinal hernia is a rare condition. In the present study a different rare case of inguinal hernia is reported. An abnormal swelling was seen on the right scrotal sac of a 50-year old man's cadaver in dissection room of Rafsanjan Medical School. Before dissection of cadaver, and with regard to the age of the case, the cause of swelling was diagnosed as direct inguinal hernia. Dissection of cadaver showed that the greater omentum is normal and without torsion, but a part of it was placed on the right inguinal canal. This part of omentum had entered the deep ring first and then had gone into canal and finally reached scrotal sac causing mentioned swelling and atrophy of testis. After the dissection of other body parts, some variations were seen. This type of inguinal hernia formed by greater omentum is a rare variation because firstly the involved testis was atrophied. Secondly; there was no torsion in the greater omentum and lastly, with regard to atrophied testis, the hernia was from the embryonic period and had remained from the vaginal process. Diagnosis of this type of hernia is difficult for the surgeons especially when there are no clinical signs and pain involved

efficacy of participation of trained general practitioners on promoting the quality of educational curriculum of health internship students working at health centers- Rafsanjan 2009

Professional ability of physicians in urban and rural health centers plays a critical role in success of national health services programs. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of general practitioners' [GPs] participation on promoting the quality of education curriculum of medical students in their health internship courses. In this interventional study, two groups of [n=30 for each group] health internship medical students and all GPs working at University Health Centers were included [n=12]. GPs were trained in a training workshop for reviewing the health internship program. Data were collected during and at the end of the workshop from the two groups; internship medical students educated in the centers with and without trained GPs who participated in the study, using the study instrument. Health internship score, students' satisfaction score and the score of a scientific exam were compared between the two groups. Data were analysed by t-test and Mann-Whitney U test and X[2]test. There was no significant difference between the age and gender of students in the two groups. Educational level of the students in the two groups was also similar. Mean score of health internship in students educated in health centers with trained GPs and health centers without trained GPs were 18 +/- 0.98 and 17.3 +/- 1.2 [out of 20], respectively. Mean score of the scientific exam for these two groups of students were 2.9 +/- 1.1 and 2.1 +/- 0.78 [out of 5], respectively. The results showed a significant difference between these mean scores in the two groups [p<0.01]. The two groups of students were matched based on their age, gender and educational level sufficiently. Our findings showed that GPs participation in educational program of medical students in their health internship not only improves both students scientific knowledge and their health internship score but also increases students satisfaction from their educational program of health internship

[Determining of methamphetamine effects on sperm parameters of mature rat]

Methamphetamine [MAMP] is a central nervous system stimulant, but it is increasingly abused as a psychedelic tablet by teenagers and young adults. In this experimental study, we evaluate the effects of MAMP on sperm parameters of mature rat. MAMP or saline were injected in three experiments as follow: In the first experiment, twenty-four rats were injected one time with 10mg/kg MAMP, and sperms were sampled from tail of epididymis 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h after injection [n=4, at each time]. Six rats injected with saline served as controls. In the second experiment, four groups of rats each consisting of four rats were administered MAMP [5, 10 and 15 mg/kg] or saline, respectively, and examined 24h later. In the third experiment, 16 rats were evenly divided into four groups [1, 5, and 10 mg/kg MAMP and control] and were injected MAMP or saline once daily for 14 consecutive days [spermatogenesis period] and sperms were sampled 24 h after the last injection. The motility, concentration and morphology of the sampled sperms were evaluated. We also measured the body and testis weights and used the testis/body weight ratio as an index at the end of each experiment. At 24 and 48 h after injection with a single dose of 10 mg/kg MAMP, the number of sperms decreased significantly in comparison with controls [P

rare anatomical innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve

Anatomically the musculocutaneous nerve C[5,6] is a branch of lateral cord of the brachial plexus and its motor nerve fibers innervates the muscles of anterior compartment of the arm. This nerve penetrates into the coracobrachialis of arm muscle and lies between biceps and brachialis muscles. At the lateral bicipital groove becomes superficial and the finally converts to lateral cutaneous nerve of the foream. Here we report a rare case of musculocutaneous nerve variation. We found a rare anatomical form of musculocutaneous nerve during upper left limb dissection of a male cropse who was in dissecting room of Rafsanjan Medical School. His body was tall with muscular limbs, weighed 65-75Kg, 175 cm height, and fifty years old. The following variations were observed after dissecting of the axillary and arm regions. 1] The Musculocutaneous nerve arised from the lateral root of the median nerve. 2] The coracobrachialis muscle was innervated by a branch of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. 3] The Musculocutaneous nerve did not penetrate into the coracobrachialis muscle but rather passed between the brachialis and biceps muscles. At the level of lateral bicipital groove, it then became a superficial nerve as the lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm. Hense, it was very close to the brachial artery and median nerve in the upper one-third of arm. This study describes a rare innervation of the musculocutanous nerve and requires further study to understand the nature of this unique structure. This atypical innervation is extremely important for surgical procedures performed on the arm muscles and adjecent vessels

[Effect of demineralized bone matrix on induction and conduction of osteogenesis in alveolar bone of type I diabetic rats]

There are few studies on application of Demineralized Bone Matrix [DBM] in presence of a disease, such as type I diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the osteoinductive and osteoconductive effects of DBM on the repair of alveolar bone in diabetic rats treated with insulin. This experimental study was carried out on 50 adult male [8 weeks old] rats [200-250g body weight]. The animals were divided into four groups as follow: first group, containing 8 animals, as control group and second, third and fourth groups, containing 14 animals [in each group], were diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced by alloxan. Among the diabetic groups, only group 4 received 1 unit of Insulin NPH daily. After 10 days, the upper right incisor tooth was extracted and the socket was filled with DBM in groups 3 and 4. At the end of the first and second weeks, half of the rats in each group were decapitated. The specimens were prepared and stained with H and E [Hematoxylin-Eozine] method. The histological changes around the DBM particle showing osteoblastic activity were studied. In group 4, at the end of first week, osteoblastic activity and formation of bone trabecula and collagen fibers[5 from 7 animals], and at the end of second week, osteogenesis with formation of more and thicker bone trabecula in vicinity of DBM was observed. In group 3, at the end of first week, osteoinductivity and osteoconductive effects were seen in some area around DBM Particles [3 from 7 animales], meanwhile degeneration of bone matrix were seen by osteoclastic activity. At the end of second week, osteogenesis was dispersly seen. In group 2, hematom and inflammation were the dominant features at the end of first week and at the end of second week, osteogenesis was seen weakly. In group 1, histological findings at the end of first and second weeks, were osteogenesis around periodental ligament [PDL] and osteogenesis with formation of bone trabecula respectively. Our results indicated that DBM particles can stimulate undifferentiated cells to start differentiate to pro-osteoblast and osteoblast in control diabetic rats, so osteogenesis in this group, was better in comparison with other diabetic groups and it is a good mater for graft

[Evaluation of fetal toxicity of HESA-A, a natural anticancer agent, in mice]

HESA-A is an active natural compound with herbal and marine origin. It contains inorganic, organic and aqueous fractions, and has shown antioxidant, cytotoxic and anticancer effects. In this study, the teratogenic effects of HESA-A in mice have been evaluated. Several doses of HESA-A were administered orally to pregnant mice on days 6 to 14 of gestation. Various parameters in pregnant mice and embryos during and after pregnancy were evaluated and recorded. At the end of pregnancy, embryos were sectioned out and studied for external morphological abnormalities and by specific skeletal staining for skeletal malformations. Weight gain of pregnant mice showed that only the highest dose [800 mg/kg] caused gain retardation. Also, only the highest dose led to reduction of uterus weight, number of viable embryos, and weight and crown-lump length of embryos. Increase in fetal resorption by the highest dose of HESA-A was another important observation. Low and medium doses of HESA-A did not cause any significant external or skeletal abnormalities. However, higher doses caused embryo malformations such as short limbs, spinal abnormalities, dermal cysts, microphtalmia, and cleft palate. According to this study, only high doses of HESA-A, which are many times higher than the usual therapeutic doses, may cause embryonic toxicity. Mechanisms of these abnormalities are not clear and need to be determined

[The effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid on skin wound healing in chronic diabetic rat]

The potential role of omega - 3 [omega-3] and omega - 6[omega-6] fatty acids on wound healing is of interest and controversial. In the present study, the effect of dietary intake of fish oil [omega-3 diet] and corn oil [omega-6 diet] on skin wound healing has been investigated in rat. This experimental study was performed on four groups of male rats [one normal group and three diabetic groups]. Diabetes was induced by subcutaneous injection of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin. In diabetic groups, one group was control and received STZ alone, and the other two diabetic groups were respectively fed with oral Fish oil [Fo group] and corn oil [co group] from 4 weeks after the induction of diabetes till complete wound healing. All animals were wounded by a 4 cm vertical incision in the midline of dorsum 8 weeks after diabetes induction. Wound surface area, percentage of wound healing, vessels density, and epidermal growth were measured at various post-operated periods. The results showed that, surface area of wound in co group was less than that of FOtreated rats and control group at the 7[th] post - operative day. Moreover the percentage of wound healing in co group was 97% at the 20[th] day, while this parameter in FO group and control group were 66% and 71.3% respectively. Although vessels density and epidermal growth in control group were significantly less than those of normal group, no significant difference was found between both FO and CO groups with control group in this regard. Moreover, FO diet and CO diet had an inhibitory effect on increased plasma glucose in diabetic rats by 46.8% and 40.7% respectively. Diabetic rats demonstrated increased plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDLC levels, but this change was significantly decreased by both diets at the end of 7[th] week. FO and CO diets also caused an increase in plasma HDL level comparing to the control group. We concluded that, corn oil [omega-6 diet] supplementation can result in an acceleration of skin wound healing in chronic diabetic rats, but fish oil have no effect. These actions of corn oil may be mediated through changes in inflammatory or fibroplasias stages of wound response