Associations between Smoking, Drinking and Depression among Korean Adults: The 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of depression has been steadily increasing. This study aim to identify associations between smoking, drinking and depression in Korean adults. METHODS: The study subjects were 17,871 adults aged 19 or over who participated in the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2012). We performed multiple logistic regression to identify whether smoking and drinking were independently significant variables to depression after adjusting for the confounding variables. RESULTS: The proportion of having any depressive episodes was a total of 13.4% with 9.1% of male and 16.6% of female, respectively. Among all of smoking behaviors, higher cigarette consumption was only associated with depression in men. However, for women ever-smoking (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.38-1.92), ex-smoking (aOR=1.38, 95% CI=1.10-1.54), current smoking (aOR=1.89, 95% CI=1.53-2.94) and younger initiation of smoking (aOR=2.34, 95% CI=1.73-3.16) had significantly higher odds for depression. Moreover, and higher cigarette consumption (20 or more per day) showed significantly higher odds ratios for depression both in men (aOR=1.21, 95% CI=1.01-1.54) and women (aOR=2.41, 95% CI=1.32-4.41). For alcoholic drinking behaviors, frequent binge drinking (1 per week: aOR=1.46, 95% CI=1.16-1.85, most everyday: aOR=1.79, 95% CI=1.14-2.80) was an independent risk factor for depressive symptoms in female. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking and drinking behaviors were independently associated with depression especially in female. Smoking and drinking management may benefit depression control as well as health promotion.

ACUTE EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE EXERCISE ON ADIPONECTIN AND LEPTIN / 体力科学

【Objective】The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute responses of adiponectin and leptin to resistance exercise in healthy elderly men. 【Methods】Eight healthy men (age, 25.5±3.3 yrs) participated in this study. They performed two trials. Trial 1 was an exercise session consisting of 5 resistance exercises at high-intensity (75% one-repetition maximum : 1 RM) with three sets of 10 repetitions. Trial 2 was a control trial at rest for the same time as trial 1. Blood samples were taken to assess adiponectin, leptin, and metabolism related substances (glucose and lipids).【Results】Leptin significantly decreased 24 h after the resistance exercise but did not change in trial 2. Blood insulin and lactate concentrations significantly increased immediately (0 min) and 30 min after the exercise. However, adiponectin, glucose and lipids were not affected. 【Conclusion】Adiponectin was not affected by resistance exercise, whereas leptin decreased 24 h after the exercise. This suggests that leptin may have quite a delayed response to high-intensity resistance exercise.

EFFECT OF ACUTE RESISTANCE EXERCISE ON BONE METABOLISM DURING MENSTRUAL CYCLE / 体力科学

[Objective] The aim of this investigation was to evaluate bone metabolism responses to acute resistance exercise during the menstrual cycle. [Methods] Subjects were young healthy sedentary women (n=7) with regular menstrual cycles. The subjects performed acute resistance exercise in each phase (follicular and luteal) of the menstrual cycle. Bone metabolism markers (bone formation marker BAP and bone resorption marker ICTP), bone metabolism related hormones (parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, calcium and inorganic phosphorus) and lactate were determined. Blood samples were collected before (Pre) and immediately following the exercise (Post), 1 hour (P1h) and 24 hours (P24h) after the exercise. [Results] BAP significantly increased at Post compared with Pre both in the follicular and luteal phases (p<0.05), but significantly decreased at P1h and P24h in the luteal phase. ICTP significantly increased at Post in the follicular phase (p<0.05) and significantly decreased at P1h and P24h in the luteal phase. The bone metabolism responses in the luteal phase moved to low-bone turnover at P1h and P24h. [Conclusion] The bone metabolism response to acute resistance exercise was different between menstrual phases. These results suggest that bone metabolism is influenced by the menstrual cycle.

EFFECT OF ACUTE EXERCISE ON HEMOLYSIS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN FEMALE ATHLETES / 体力科学

Background : The incidence of anemia in the female athlete is high, and anemia causes not only a decrease in performance, but also various subjective symptoms. It is said that the cause of hemolysis -a type of anemia- is a decrease in antioxidants and an increase in the reactive oxygen species caused by exercise. Purpose : This study investigated the effect of acute exercise on hemolysis and oxidative stress in female athletes. Methods : On the basis of basal body temperature (BBT) data and urinary ovulation tests of the subjects (age 20.5±1.0 yr ), they were divided into two groups : eumenorrheic athletes (Eu, n=12) group, and irregular menstrual athletes (Am, n=9). The subjects performed an acute period of exhausting exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Lactate, hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, serum estradiol, haptoglobin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined in blood samples collected at rest and after exercise. Results : Lactate increased and hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, haptoglobin decreased after exercise in both the Eu and Am groups (p<0.05). However, serum TBARS did not show a significant change after exercise in both the Eu and Am groups. Conclusion : These results suggest that hemolysis may have developed, because haptoglobin decreased as a result of acute exercise. However, it is thought that the effect of oxidative stress is small because TBARS were not changed by acute exercise in both Eu and Am groups. In addition, there was no significant correlation between hemolysis and estrogen.

Awareness, Treatment, Control, and Related Factors of Hypertension in Gwacheon / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: To identify the factors related to awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in a Gwacheon population. METHODS: This study surveyed 1, 176 Gwacheon residents older than 40 years, and measured blood pressure using a standardized guideline in 1999. The study subjects were 473 adults (175 males, 298 females) with hypertension defined as a systolic blood pressure > or= 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure > or= 90 mmHg or reported treatment with antihypertensive medications. Information on awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, and sociodemographic and health-related factors was collected through person-to-person interviews with a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Overall, 252 (53.3%) of hypertensive subjects were aware of their condition, of whom as many as 193 (76.6%) were being treated, and 81 (42.0%) had their blood pressure controlled at the recommended level (< 140/90 mmHg). However, of the 473 subjects found to have hypertension, only 40.8% were being treated, and 17.1% were under control. There were no significant differences in the proportions of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension. In multiple logistic regression models, awareness of hypertension was positively associated with age and family history of hypertension in females. Control of hypertension was also positively associated with having a partner and marital status in females. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that much greater efforts on improving awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension are needed, even in urban community settings, considering related factors such as age, family history, and marital status. However, these factors should be further investigated for their causal relationship.