Tualang Honey Potentially Delay Deterioration in Haematological and Immunological Parameters in Asymptomatic, Treatment-naïve HIV-infected Patients

@#Introduction: This report aimed to assess the effects of administration of Tualang honey for six months duration on the haematological and immunological parameters in treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients who were asymptomatic. Methods: This was a randomised, controlled, open-labelled study. A total of 95 asymptomatic HIV-positive subjects with low CD4 counts of 250-600 cells/mm3 and not on antiretroviral therapy were recruited. Tualang honey was administered at 20 g each, once daily (HLD; total of 20 g honey), twice daily (HID; total of 40 g honey) or thrice daily (HHD; total of 60 g honey) for six months period. Control (CT) group did not receive any honey supplementation. Haematological and immunological parameters were measured at baseline, three-month and six-month follow-up. The differences within the group (time effect) and between the groups (regardless of time) for all four groups were analysed using Repeated Measures ANOVA followed by a post-hoc test. Results: A significant reduction in total white blood cell, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts were observed at six-month follow-up in CT and HLD groups when compared to baseline. The immunological parameters showed similar trend of reduction in the CT and HLD groups. Meanwhile, the measured parameters were relatively maintained in HID and HHD groups at six-month period when compared to baseline. Conclusion: Tualang honey supplementation at intermediate and high doses for six months delay the deterioration of haematological and immunological parameters in asymptomatic, treatment-naïve HIV subjects.

Molecular detection of selected zoonotic respiratory pathogens and the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes via PCR among Kelantan Hajj pilgrims

Aims@#Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) among Malaysian pilgrims are caused by exposure to zoonotic-potential respiratory pathogens, symptomatically and asymptomatically affected by rigorous pilgrimage rituals, overcrowding and other stressors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, virulence and antibiotic resistance genes of selected zoonotic respiratory pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays among Hajj pilgrims from Kelantan state, Malaysia.@*Methodology and results@#Throat swab specimens were obtained from 189 Kelantan Hajj pilgrims in 2016 and examined by PCR for the identification of respiratory pathogens. Thirteen samples (6.88%) were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae and four (2.11%) were positive for Klebsiella pneumoniae. All the samples were negative for Influenza A virus, MERS-CoV and Mycobacterium bovis. One sample was positive for S. pneumoniae virulence lytA gene. One sample was positive for K. pneumoniae virulence magA and K2A genes respectively, and three samples were positive for K. pneumoniae rmpA genes. Ten and seven samples were positive for S. pneumoniae mefA and pbpA antibiotic resistance genes respectively. Two samples were positive for K. pneumoniae blaKPC and blaOXA-48 antibiotic resistance genes. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#This work provided insight into the existence of zoonotic respiratory pathogens inducing Hajj RTIs in Kelantan pilgrims. It showed promising findings for zoonotic studies in Hajj settings. The findings could be relevant in potential control measures for the management of zoonotic infections among Hajj pilgrims.

Antibacterial activity and toxicity of Duckweed, Lemna minor L. (Arales: Lemnaceae) from Malaysia

Aims@#New therapeutics are needed to ease the prevailing waterborne disease, and one of the alternatives is by exploring the natural compounds with antimicrobial properties. Duckweed, Lemna sp. is recorded as a medicinal herb that known to have antifungal and antibacterial activities towards several fungi and bacteria. Suitability of duckweed (Lemna minor) as an antibacterial resource against selected waterborne bacteria were evaluated in terms of its antibacterial activity and toxicity.@*Methodology and results@# Antibacterial activity of the duckweed methanolic extract was tested against 11 selected waterborne bacteria using disc diffusion, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assay. Brine shrimp lethality assay was used to determine the toxicity of this extract. The lethal concentrations of plant extract resulting in 50% mortality of the brine shrimp (LC50) were then determined.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Results showed that duckweed extract exhibited bacteriostatic and bactericidal against the selected bacteria activity at the concentration of MIC = 1.8-2.0 mg/mL and MBC ≥ 2.0 mg/mL. This study shows that methanolic extract of L. minor may contain bioactive compounds against bacteria and potential therapeutic effect. The crude extract is slightly toxic and may not safe to be used in high concentration but is valuable in further study as a potential antitumor agent.