ABSTRACT
Introducción En la estenosis aórtica, el mecanismo de adaptación miocárdica a la sobrecarga de presión es la hipertrofia ventricular. Diferentes trabajos han planteado la correlación entre estructura y función en la sobrecarga de presión por estenosis aórtica y su posible asociación con la evolución de la patología ventricular. Sin embargo, son escasos los trabajos en los que se evalúan estas variables en corazones con hipertrofia ventricular compensada (sin incremento significativo del estrés parietal) y con fracción de eyección conservada. Objetivos Evaluar la función ventricular sistólica y diastólica en pacientes con estenosis aórtica grave sintomática con fracción de eyección conservada y correlacionarla con el volumen de colágeno y el área miocitaria. Material y métodos Se estudiaron 12 pacientes, edad 65 ± 13 años, sexo masculino 58%, con estenosis aórtica grave sintomática y 6 pacientes sin patología valvular. En todos se realizaron Doppler tisular y cateterismo cardíaco; asimismo, se efectuaron biopsias intraoperatorias para determinar el volumen de colágeno y el área miocitaria (µm²). Resultados La media ± error estándar del volumen de colágeno fue del 6,1% ± 0,7%, la del área miocitaria fue de 388,4 ± 15,8 µm² y la mediana del strain tisular del septum basal fue del 14% (IIC 6,9-19). Se observó una correlación significativa entre el strain tisular del septum y el volumen de colágeno (coeficiente de correlación de -0,79; p = 0,03). No se observó correlación entre el strain tisular del septum y el área miocitaria (R² = 0,15; p = 0,8). La +dP/dt máx normalizada por presión de fin de diástole del ventrículo izquierdo obtenida en estudio hemodinámico se correlacionó en forma negativa con el área miocitaria (R -0,94; p = 0,005). La constante de caída de la presión (tau) se incrementó el 55% ± 3,5% (p < 0,05) y se correlacionó positivamente con el área miocitaria (R = 0,81; p = 0,04). Conclusión El presente trabajo demuestra que en los pacientes con estenosis aórtica grave sintomática y fracción de eyección conservada existen alteraciones de la función sistólica y diastólica que se correlacionan con cambios estructurales del ventrículo izquierdo, representados por un incremento del volumen de colágeno intersticial y del área miocitaria.
Background Ventricular hypertrophy is an adaptive mechanism of the myocardium to pressure overload in aortic stenosis. Different studies have postulated a correlation between structure and function in pressure overload due to aortic stenosis and the possible association with the development of pathological ventricular growth. However, there are a few studies evaluat-ing these variables in hearts with compensated ventricular hypertrophy (without a significant increase in wall stress) and preserved ejection fraction. Objectives To evaluate systolic and diastolic ventricular function in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis with preserved ejection fraction and its correlation with collagen volume fraction and myocyte cross-sectional area. Material and Methods A total of 12 patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis were evaluated and compared with 6 patients without valvular heart disease; mean age was 65±13 years and 58% were men. All patients underwent tissue Doppler imaging and cardiac catheterization. Endomyocardial biopsies were obtained to determine collagen volume fraction and myocyte cross-sectional area (µm²). Results Mean collagen volume was 6.1±0.7%; mean myocyte cross-sectional area was 388.4±15.8 µm² and median strain in the basal septum was 14% (IIC 6.9-19). There was a significant correlation between septal strain measured by tissue Doppler imaging and collagen volume fraction (correlation coefficient -0.79; p = 0.03). We found no correlation between septal strain and myocyte cross-sectional area (R² = 0.15; p = 0.8). The max positive dP/dt normalized for left ventricular end-diastolic pressure obtained during cardiac catheterization had a negative correlation with the myocyte cross-sectional area (R -0.94; p = 0.005).The time constant of pressure decay (tau) increased by 55%±3,5% (p <0,05) and had a positive correlation with the myocyte cross-sectional area (R = 0.81; p = 0.04). Conclusion This study demonstrates the presence of anomalies in diastolic and systolic function in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis and preserved ejection fraction that correlate with structural changes in the left ventricle, represented by increased interstitial collagen volume fraction and myocyte cross-sectional area.
ABSTRACT
The histopathologic evolution of myocardial infarct and of areas distant from infarct in rabbit hearts was studied. The left coronary artery of 55 rabbits was ligated, and rabbits were sacrificed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18, 26, 35 and 56 days post-ligature (n = 5 per group). Two rabbits were used as control and two were sham operated. The hearts were excised, cut in slices and stained with hematoxilin-eosin, Masson's trichrome and picrosirius red. Histological evaluation was semi-quantitative (scale: 0 to +++). At day 2, presence of neutrophils was +++, disappearing completely at day 6. Fibroblast proliferation increased from day 4 to day 14 post-occlusion. Coagulation necrosis in medial myocardium during the first week was +++. Subendocardic myocytolysis was evident from day 2 up to day 56 post-infarction. During the second week, proliferation of lymphocytes and macrophages (+++), granulation tissue formation (+++), and incipient traces of fibrosis that peaked at day 35 were observed. Cicatrization was complete at day 56 (+++). In areas far from infarction (right ventricle and septum), proliferation of fibroblasts was observed at day 2, and perivascular, interstitial and endocardic fibrosis at day 16. In conclusion, myocardial infarction in rabbits, unlike myocardial infarction in human beings, is characterized by early presence of fibroblasts and subendocardic fibrosis, and quick increase and precocious disappearance of neutrophils. An interesting finding was the early proliferation of fibroblasts in normal areas far from infarct.