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Objective:By establishing a rat model of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis(EAT), to investigate the effects of different iodine intake on the hippocampal morphology, monoamine neurotransmitters and ethology of the offspring of EAT rats.Methods:A total of 60 female and 20 male Lewis rats with a body weight of 50 - 60 g were selected. Female rats were divided into 4 groups (15 rats in each group) with random number table method according to their body weight: control group (NI group), thyroglobulin group (Tg group), Tg + high iodine Ⅰ group (Tg + HⅠ group), and Tg + high iodine Ⅱ group (Tg + HⅡ group), and the latter three groups were model groups. The contents of iodine in drinking water of the 4 groups were 100 μg/L, 100 μg/L, 20 mg/L and 200 mg/L, respectively. Rats in the model groups were immunized with porcine thyroglobulin (PTg) subcutaneously at multiple sites, and the NI group was injected with normal saline, once every 2 weeks, 3 times in total. The rats in each group were mated in cages according to the ratio of 3 : 1 between female and male. After experiment of the offspring, the urine samples of mother rats were collected within the previous week, urinary iodine concentration was determined by As 3+-Ce 4+ catalytic spectrophotometry; then the mother rats were killed, HE staining was used to observe the changes of thyroid histomorphology and the infiltration of inflammatory cells; serum thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) of mother rats were determined by radioimmunoassay. Brain tissues were collected from 7 days old offspring, hippocampal morphology of 7 days old offspring was observed by toluidine blue staining; the contents of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in brain tissues of 7 days old offspring were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); 30 and 60 days old offspring were used for water maze-location navigation test and open field test. Results:The levels of urinary iodine increased significantly of mother rats in Tg + HⅠ and Tg + HⅡ groups than that in NI group (median, μg/L: 35 380.18, 236 847.16 vs 221.43, P < 0.05). HE staining showed that the thyroid tissue of mother rats in Tg, Tg + HⅠ and Tg + HⅡ groups had different degrees of destruction and inflammatory cells infiltration, and the degree of destruction and infiltration increased with the increase of iodine intake. Compared with NI group, the contents of TgAb and TPOAb in serum of mother rats in Tg, Tg + HⅠ and Tg + HⅡ groups were significantly increased(2.118 4 ± 0.675 1, 2.103 0 ± 0.714 1, 2.783 6 ± 1.084 3 vs 0.790 1 ± 0.101 0, P < 0.05; 1.015 8 ± 0.252 8, 1.019 5 ± 0.202 0, 0.936 6 ± 0.183 4 vs 0.692 2 ± 0.111 9, P < 0.05), and the content of TgAb in Tg + HⅡ group was significantly higher than that in Tg and Tg + HⅠ groups ( P < 0.05). Compared with NI group, the number of hippocampal neurons decreased and relative damage occurred in Tg, Tg + HⅠ and Tg + HⅡ groups of the offspring. Compared with NI group, the NE contents in brain tissues of the offspring in Tg, Tg + HⅠ and Tg + HⅡ groups decreased (pg/ml: 1 232.01 ± 253.45, 1 197.64 ± 222.46, 1 074.40 ± 366.38 vs 1 733.67 ± 158.12, P < 0.05); there were no significant differences in DA and 5-HT contents in brain tissues of offspring in each group ( P > 0.05). In the water maze-location navigation test, the latency of the Tg + HⅡ group on the 4th day of the 30 days old offspring reaching the platform was significantly longer than that of the NI and Tg groups ( P < 0.05). In the open field test, there was no significant difference in 30 and 60 days old offspring in the latency of moving the original quadrant ( P > 0.05). Conclusions:With the increase of iodine intake, the degrees of thyroid tissue destruction and inflammatory cells infiltration in EAT rats increase, and the levels of TgAb in serum increase significantly. Iodine has certain effects on the hippocampal morphology and the level of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brains of the offspring of EAT rats. The effects of different iodine-induced EAT rats on their offspring's learning, memory and spatial exploration are mainly shown in childhood.
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Objective:Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) rat model was establish to observe the effects of iodine excess on thyroid function, antibody and thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) gene expression in EAT rats, and to explore the role of TSHR gene in autoimmune thyroiditis.Methods:According to body weight (80 - 180 g), 48 rats (4-week-old female Lewis) were randomly divided into control group, thyroglobulin (TG) group, TG + high iodine Ⅰ(TG + HⅠ) group, and TG + high iodine Ⅱ (TG + HⅡ) group, 12 rats per group. The iodine concentration in drinking water given to each group was 50 μg/L, 50 μg/L, 20 mg/L and 200 mg/L, respectively. At the same time, rats in TG, TG + HⅠ and TG + HⅡ groups were immunized once every two weeks for three times using pTg and CFA as immunoreagent. Paraffin embedded sections of thyroid tissues were used to observe the pathological changes of rats. The serum levels of thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), thyroperoxidase autoantibody (TPOAb), free triiodothyronine (FT 3) and free thyroxine (FT 4) in rats were determined by radioimmunoassay. Serum TSHR content in rats was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of TSHR mRNA in whole blood and thyroid tissue of rats was determined by RT-PCR. The expression of TSHR protein in thyroid tissue of rats was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results:Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) showed that the thyroid follicles in control group were complete in structure and regular in shape, and no lymphocyte infiltration was observed. A small number of lymphocytes were observed in TG group and scattered in distribution. Follicular structure destruction, fusion and interfollicular infiltration were observed in TG + HⅠ group and TG + HⅡ group. There were significant differences in serum TgAb, TPOAb, FT 3 and FT 4 levels among all groups ( H = 30.28, 21.99, 12.87, 26.69, P < 0.05). Compared to the control group [6.89 (6.32, 7.27), 11.02 (7.60, 12.53), 5.05 (2.71, 7.99), 7.51 (6.50, 9.24) pmol/L], the levels of TgAb [34.99 (25.39, 41.35), 37.70 (29.06, 43.99), 46.41 (38.52, 55.26)], TPOAb [22.87 (13.65, 31.82), 22.22 (14.82, 28.33), 14.61 (12.95, 19.34)], FT 3 [57.74 (24.56, 64.27), 43.64 (5.69, 80.03), 38.56 (17.73, 47.59) pmol/L], and FT 4 [62.16 (41.22, 91.57), 60.61 (35.52, 103.31), 47.96 (31.84, 112.71) pmol/L] were significantly higher in TG group, TG + HⅠ group, and TG + HⅡ group ( P < 0.05). Compared with the control group [(249.37 ± 38.12) μU/L], TG group [(225.33 ± 41.28) μU/L], and TG + HⅠ group [(218.15 ± 65.51) μU/L], TSHR expression level in TG + HⅡ group [(154.26 ± 25.95) μU/L] were significantly decreased ( P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of TSHR gene in the whole blood (0.89 ± 0.19, 0.89 ± 0.30, 0.85 ± 0.24) and thyroid tissue(0.63 ± 0.25, 0.46 ± 0.16, 0.51 ± 0.25) of TG group, TG + HⅠ group and TG + HⅡ group were significantly lower than that of control group (1.00 ± 0.05, 1.13 ± 0.21, P < 0.05). IHC showed that the positive intensity of TSHR protein in control group was significantly higher than that in TG group, TG + HⅠ group and TG + HⅡ group. Conclusions:Long-term exposure to high iodine will eventually lead to the damage of iodine-uptake function in thyroid gland and thyroid diseases. Abnormal expression of TSHR gene may lead to antigenicity of thyrotropin binding site in extracellular receptor region and autoimmune thyroid disease.
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Objective To compare the effects of Acceptance Commitment Therapy(ACT) and Cognitive Behavior Therapy(CBT) on anxiety and depression in the elderly,and to explore the psychological mechanism of ACT to improve anxiety and depression.Methods A total of 25 elderly people were screened from four communities in Beijing.According to the place of residence,12 persons were enrolled in the ACT group and 13 persons were enrolled in the CBT group.The mindful attention awareness scale,geriatric anxiety inventory,geriatric depression scale,the acceptance and action questionnaire-Ⅱ and cognitive fusion questionnaire were evaluated before regrouping (T1),after six regiments (T2) and 5 weeks after the end of the intervention (T3).Results (1) On the level of mindfulness,the score of ACT group was higher than that in CBT group at T2(ACT:80.31 ±6.18,CBT:74.20±4.48,t=2.52,P＜0.05) and T3 (ACT:82.20±4.48,CBT:70.00± 12.23,t=4.56,P＜0.01).(2) On the level of anxiety there was significant difference between the two groups at T2(ACT:2.88±1.86,CBT:8.87±2.80,t=-8.15,P＜0.01) and T3(ACT:5.38±2.02,CBT:10.50±2.66,t=-6.93,P＜0.01),and ACT group was higher than the CBT group.(3)On the levels of depression there was significant difference between the two groups at T 1 (ACT:4.59 ± 3.97,CBT:7.89± 6.39,t =-2.25,P＜0.05),the ACT group was lower than the CBT group.The CBT group on the levels of depression there was a significant difference T1 and T2 (t=2.92,P＜0.05).(4) On the level of psychological flexibility,there was a significant difference between the two groups at T2 (ACT:41.38 ± 8.28,CBT:49.60± 3.52,t =-3.64,P＜0.01)and T3(ACT:40.80±7.66,CBT:52.47±6.23,t=-4.98,P＜0.01),and ACT group was lower than the CBT group.(5) Empirical avoidance only achieved a significant level of intermediate effects between ACT therapy and anxiety.In the ACT group,the median effect of empirical avoidance on anxiety was 11.40％.Conclusion The effect of CBT on depression is better than that of ACT,while the effect of ACT on the level of mindfulness,anxiety and mental flexibility is better than that of CBT.ACT with psychological flexibility as a psychological mechanism can improve the mental flexibility of the individual more than the CBT.
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Objective To explore the relationship between cognitive fusion and the state of anxiety and depression of perinatal women and to provide empirical evidences for acceptance and commitment therapy in mental treatment of anxiety and depression in perinatal women.Methods 309 perinatal women collected by cluster random sampling were assessed with self-made general information questionnaire,Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS),Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) in predelivcry period and 3-7 days after childbirth respectively.Results (1) CFQ scores in the predelivery or postpartum anxiety group ((32.18±10.78),(31.54±10.30))were higher than that in the normal group((21.49±9.56),(20.84±9.82)),and the difference was statistically significant (t=-8.26,-8.22;all P=0.000);CFQ scores in the predelivery or postpartum depression group ((26.74 ±11.76),(26.84 ± 12.11)) were higher than that in the normal group((23.06± 10.33),(21.79±9.90)),and the difference was statistically significant(t=-2.76,-3.71;P=0.006,0.000).(2)It was found that the predelivery or postpartum CFQ scores were positively associated with the SAS scores of predelivery periods and postpartum periods respectively(r=0.51,0.45,0.50,0.55;P=0.000);the predelivery or postpartum CFQ scores were positively associated with the SDS scores of predelive1y periods and postpartum periods respectively (r =0.26,0.31,0.21,0.38;P =0.000).(3) Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were then conducted.The predelivery CFQ had a significant effect on postpartum SAS(△R 2=0.02,P=0.006)and postpartum SDS respectively(△R 2=0.02,P=0.006),and the regression equations were statistically significant.Conclusion A function to predict the occurrence of matemal postpartum anxiety and depression is obtained from the cognitive fusion which is attributed to the risk of maternal postpartum anxiety and depression.