ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the karyotypes and C bands of Triatoma rubrofasciata in China, so as to understand its chromosome number, morphology and C-band staining of T. rubrofasciata. Methods The testis specimens were sampled from male T. rubrofasciata collected from Shunde City, Guangdong Province, prepared into slides of metaphase chromosomes and subjected to Giemsa staining and C-band staining. The morphology of metaphase chromosomes and the location of heterochromatin were observed using microscopy, and the long arm and short arm of each chromosome and total chromosome length were recorded to analyze the karyotypes and C bands of T. rubrofasciata. Results The male T. rubrofasciata presented a chromosome number of 2n = 25, including 22 autosomes and 3 sex chromosomes. The relative length of chromosomes ranged from 3.59% to 12.76%, the arm ratio was 1.06 to 1.24, and the centromere index was 44.76% to 48.47%. All chromosomes were metacentric chromosomes and the karyotype formula was 2n = 22 metacentric + X1X2Y, and the C bands varied on different chromosomes. No heterochromatin was found in the X chromosome, and the overall staining appeared pale, while heterochromatin was detected in all regions of the Y chromosome, and the overall staining appeared dark. In addition, heterochromatin was present in both ends of the autosome. Conclusions The male T. rubrofasciata presents a chromosome number of 2n = 25 in China, and the karyotype formula is 2n = 22 metacentric + X1X2Y. C-banding shows dark staining of the Y chromosome, pale staining of the X chromosome, and dark staining of both ends of the autosome. Our data may provide insights into the investigation on the origin, evolution and gene mapping of T. rubrofasciata in China.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effects of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) against 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells and the possible underlying mechanisms. Cell viability was examined by MTT assay. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured using the respective assay kits. Apoptosis was measured by TUNEL kit, JC-1 and ROS was measured by staining with fluorescent dyes. The activation of caspase-3 was measured with the caspase-3 assay kit. The expression of nuclear protein Nrf2 and HO-1 were determined by Western blot. PNS had significant protective effects against 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. PNS could attenuate 6-OHDA-induced suppression of SOD, GAT, GSH-Px (PPP<0.01). Moreover, PNS pretreatment increased the expression of the nuclear Nrf2 and up-regulate HO-1. The protective effects of PNS could be inhibited by HO-1 inhibitor SnPP. In conclusion, PNS has significant protective effects against 6-OHDAinduced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. The possible mechanisms of PNS are due to PNS-mediated activation of Nrf2, up-regulation of HO-1 and inhibition of oxidative stress.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the clinical anesthesia value of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation (TAES) combined with general intravenous anesthesia in endoscopic bilateral thyroidectomy patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 60 patients who underwent endoscopic bilateral thyroidectomy were equally randomly assigned to 2 groups, the treatment group and the control group, 30 in each group. Patients in the treatment group received TAES combined general intravenous anesthesia, while those in the control group received total intravenous anesthesia. Anesthesia was maintained by target controlled infusion of propofolum combined constant speed infusion of remifentanil in the two groups. TAES was maintained from 30 min before anesthesia induction to the end of endoscopic thyroidectomy at bilateral Hegu (L14) and Neiguan (PC6). The mean artery pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded at different time points of anesthesia, i.e., immediately after entry into the operating room (TO), immediately after intubation (T1), 5 min after intubation (T2), 5 min before incision (T3), 5 min after incision (T4), 30 min after inflation (T5), at the end of surgery (T6), 5 min before extubation (T7), immediately after extubation 0 (T8), and 5 min after extubation (T9). The concentration of IL-6 and TNF-alpha were measured at TO, T3, T5, and T6. The target concentration of propofol was also recorded at T3, T4, and T5.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no statistical difference in the operation time between the two groups (P >0.05). Compared with TO in the same group, HR at T3-T4 decreased and increased at T8-T9, and MAP increased at T7-T9 in the treatment group; HR decreased at T3 and increased at T7-T9, MAP increased at T1, T5, T7-T9, and MAP decreased at T2-T3 in the control group. IL-6 increased at T5-T6, while TNF-alpha decreased at T6 in the two groups (P <0.01,P <0.05). Compared with the control group at the same time point, HR decreased at T6-T9, MAP decreased at T1, T4, T5, T7-T9, MAP increased at T3, and IL-6 decreased at T5-T6 in the treatment group (P <0. 05). The concentration and the total amount of propofol were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group (P <0.01,P <0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>TAES could maintain the hemodynamics more stably and inhibit the stress response in endoscopic thyroidectomy. It also reduce the dosage of anesthetics and improve the safety of anesthesia.</p>