Inhibitory effect of the probiotic bacteria, Weissella cibaria CMU on halitosis: a randomized placebo-controlled study / 대한구강보건학회지

Objectives@#Previous studies have suggested that the lactic acid bacterium, Weissella cibaria CMU has beneficial effects on halitosis, but its precise effects have not been evaluated in human subjects. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of W. cibaria CMU for reducing halitosis in adults (20-70 years old) whose exhibited volatile sulfur compound (VSC) concentrations exceeded 0.015 ng/mL and who scored ≥2 points in a halitosis sensory evaluation test. @*Methods@#A total of 60 participants were assigned to an experimental group (treated with W. cibaria CMU) and a control group (placebo). In total, 58 out of 60 participants (experimental group, 29; control group, 29) were ultimately included in gas chromatography (OralChroma) analyses of VSC concentrations and halitosis sensory evaluation tests. @*Results@#We found that the VSC concentration decreased by 0.030±0.062 ng/ml in the experimental group after 8 weeks (P=0.0138) and increased by 0.005±0.124 ng/ml in the control group (P=0.8198). However, the difference between groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). In a sensory evaluation test, a significantly lower score was obtained for the experimental group than for the control group. @*Conclusions@#Overall, VSC concentrations and sensory evaluation scores were lower in the experimental group than in the control group, but only the latter was statistically significant. Thus, we conclude that W. cibaria CMU is involved in the reduction of halitosis.

Inhibitory effect of the probiotic bacteria, Weissella cibaria CMU on halitosis: a randomized placebo-controlled study / 대한구강보건학회지

Objectives@#Previous studies have suggested that the lactic acid bacterium, Weissella cibaria CMU has beneficial effects on halitosis, but its precise effects have not been evaluated in human subjects. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of W. cibaria CMU for reducing halitosis in adults (20-70 years old) whose exhibited volatile sulfur compound (VSC) concentrations exceeded 0.015 ng/mL and who scored ≥2 points in a halitosis sensory evaluation test. @*Methods@#A total of 60 participants were assigned to an experimental group (treated with W. cibaria CMU) and a control group (placebo). In total, 58 out of 60 participants (experimental group, 29; control group, 29) were ultimately included in gas chromatography (OralChroma) analyses of VSC concentrations and halitosis sensory evaluation tests. @*Results@#We found that the VSC concentration decreased by 0.030±0.062 ng/ml in the experimental group after 8 weeks (P=0.0138) and increased by 0.005±0.124 ng/ml in the control group (P=0.8198). However, the difference between groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). In a sensory evaluation test, a significantly lower score was obtained for the experimental group than for the control group. @*Conclusions@#Overall, VSC concentrations and sensory evaluation scores were lower in the experimental group than in the control group, but only the latter was statistically significant. Thus, we conclude that W. cibaria CMU is involved in the reduction of halitosis.

Weissella cibaria CMU suppresses mgl gene expression and enzyme activity associated with bad breath

The oral care probiotic strain Weissella cibaria CMU (oraCMU) inhibits volatile sulphur compounds associated with halitosis, presumably by inhibiting the growth of associated oral pathogens. In the present study, we investigated whether oraCMU inhibits the production of these compounds by suppressing the expression of mgl. This gene encodes L-methionine-α-deamino-γ-mercaptomethane-lyase (METase) and is involved in the production of methyl mercaptan (CH₃SH) by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Therefore, we specifically investigated the effects of oraCMU on the growth, CH₃SH production, METase activity, and mgl expression of P. gingivalis. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cell-free supernatant and secreted proteins from oraCMU were 125 mg/mL and 800 µg/mL, respectively. At sub-minimum inhibitory concentration levels, these metabolites inhibited CH₃SH production, but they also reduced P. gingivalis viability. Only heat-killed oraCMU decreased CH₃SH production without affecting P. gingivalis viability. Heat-killed oraCMU also inhibited METase activity toward L-methionine and mgl mRNA expression (p < 0.05). In summary, we demonstrated the inhibition of volatile sulphur compounds via the antimicrobial action of oraCMU and, for the first time, the inhibition of such compounds by heat-killed oraCMU, which occurred at the molecular level.

Effect of Natural Extracts on Oral Care Probiotics Weissella cibaria CMU and Periodontal Pathogens

The purpose of this study is to determine if natural extracts could be used as an additive in oral health food made with Weissella cibaria CMU (oraCMU). Natural extracts of green tea, mulberry leaf, licorice, and propolis, which are reported to have antimicrobial activities, were selected and used in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of extracts on periodontal pathogens such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis and their synergy effects with oraCMU by the fractional inhibitory concentrations methods were measured. From the results obtained, all the extracts showed no effect on the growth of oraCMU. Green tea extract showed the best antibacterial activity with MIC of 1.8 mg/ml against both F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis. In addition, green tea extract had a synergistic effect with oraCMU against F. nucleatum. Therefore, these results suggested that green tea extract is available as an additive in oral health food made with oraCMU.

Oral malodor-reducing effects by oral feeding of Weissella cibaria CMU in Beagle dogs / 대한수의학회지

This study assessed the effects of Weissella cibaria (W. cibaria) CMU on oral health in male and female beagles (n = 18) by measuring oral malodor and periodontal disease-related parameters (calculus, plaque, and gingivitis indices). Oral malodor and indicators of periodontal disease were assessed in five treatment groups: negative control (scaling and 0.24 mg of maltodextrin, n = 3), positive control (0.24 mg of maltodextrin, n = 3), and W. cibaria CMU groups (each n = 4) at low (CMU-L, 2 × 10⁷ colony forming unit [CFU]), medium (CMU-M, 2 × 10⁸ CFU), and high (CMU-H, 2 × 10⁹ CFU) concentrations. After feeding with W. cibaria CMU for 6 weeks, total volatile sulfur compound concentrations in the CMU-L (2.0 ± 1.04 ng/10 mL), CMU-M (2.4 ± 1.05 ng/10 mL), and CMU-H (2.6 ± 1.33 ng/10 mL)groups were significantly lower than in the positive control group (3.2 ± 1.65 ng/10 mL). Also, CMU-L (1.4 ± 0.83 ng/10 mL) and CMU-H (1.9 ± 1.14 ng/10 mL) groups had methyl mercaptan levels lower than that in the positive control group (2.4 ± 1.21 ng/10 mL) at week 2. The plaque index was significantly lower in the CMU-H group (4.5 ± 0.28) than in the positive control group (5.9 ± 1.08) at week 6. W. cibaria CMU could be useful as a novel oral hygiene probiotics for reducing volatile sulfur compounds production and inhibiting plaque growth in companion animals.

Oral malodor-reducing effects by oral feeding of Weissella cibaria CMU in Beagle dogs

This study assessed the effects of Weissella cibaria (W. cibaria) CMU on oral health in male and female beagles (n = 18) by measuring oral malodor and periodontal disease-related parameters (calculus, plaque, and gingivitis indices). Oral malodor and indicators of periodontal disease were assessed in five treatment groups: negative control (scaling and 0.24 mg of maltodextrin, n = 3), positive control (0.24 mg of maltodextrin, n = 3), and W. cibaria CMU groups (each n = 4) at low (CMU-L, 2 × 10⁷ colony forming unit [CFU]), medium (CMU-M, 2 × 10⁸ CFU), and high (CMU-H, 2 × 10⁹ CFU) concentrations. After feeding with W. cibaria CMU for 6 weeks, total volatile sulfur compound concentrations in the CMU-L (2.0 ± 1.04 ng/10 mL), CMU-M (2.4 ± 1.05 ng/10 mL), and CMU-H (2.6 ± 1.33 ng/10 mL)groups were significantly lower than in the positive control group (3.2 ± 1.65 ng/10 mL). Also, CMU-L (1.4 ± 0.83 ng/10 mL) and CMU-H (1.9 ± 1.14 ng/10 mL) groups had methyl mercaptan levels lower than that in the positive control group (2.4 ± 1.21 ng/10 mL) at week 2. The plaque index was significantly lower in the CMU-H group (4.5 ± 0.28) than in the positive control group (5.9 ± 1.08) at week 6. W. cibaria CMU could be useful as a novel oral hygiene probiotics for reducing volatile sulfur compounds production and inhibiting plaque growth in companion animals.

Cariogenic Activity in Saliva of Korean Head and Neck Cancer Patients

The purpose of this study is to evaluate salivary flow rate, salivary pH, and cariogenic activity using unstimulated saliva of the head and neck cancer patients. Twenty three cancer patients (19 males, 4 females) who had undergone chemotherapy and radiation therapy and twenty four healthy volunteers (14 males, 10 females) as a control were included. Salivary flow rate, salivary pH, and cariogenic activity using unstimulated saliva were examined. Compared to saliva of the control group, salivary flow rate (p<0.001) and salivary pH (p<0.001) were significantly lower in head and neck cancer patients. The colony counts of Lactobacilli was higher in head and neck cancer patients (p<0.05) than in control group. These salivary factors and cariogenic activity can increase the prevalence of dental caries in head and neck cancer patients.

Analysis of Cariogenic Bacteria in Saliva of Cancer Patients / 전남의대학술지

This study examined salivary flow and salivary pH and the prevalence and levels of cariogenic bacteria in the saliva of oncological patients and healthy controls. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the levels of microbes including Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Lactobacillus acidophilus in the saliva of 41 patients with a solid tumor (SO), 30 patients with a hematologic malignancy (HE), and 40 healthy controls. Salivary flow and pH were lower in oncological patients than in controls. The frequencies of all four cariogenic bacteria were highest in the SO group. S. mutans and L. salivarius were the most commonly detected in all three study groups. Mean numbers of S. sobrinus and L. salivarius in the SO group were significantly higher than in controls (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between patients and controls with respect to mean numbers of S. mutans and L. acidophilus in saliva. However, the proportions of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and L. salivarius versus total bacteria in the SO group were significantly higher than in controls. Within patients, both mean numbers and the proportions of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were significantly different (p<0.05). In summary, significant differences were found in salivary pH values and the levels of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and L. salivarius between SO patients and healthy controls.

Analysis of Cariogenic Bacteria in Saliva of Cancer Patients / 전남의대학술지

This study examined salivary flow and salivary pH and the prevalence and levels of cariogenic bacteria in the saliva of oncological patients and healthy controls. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the levels of microbes including Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Lactobacillus acidophilus in the saliva of 41 patients with a solid tumor (SO), 30 patients with a hematologic malignancy (HE), and 40 healthy controls. Salivary flow and pH were lower in oncological patients than in controls. The frequencies of all four cariogenic bacteria were highest in the SO group. S. mutans and L. salivarius were the most commonly detected in all three study groups. Mean numbers of S. sobrinus and L. salivarius in the SO group were significantly higher than in controls (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between patients and controls with respect to mean numbers of S. mutans and L. acidophilus in saliva. However, the proportions of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and L. salivarius versus total bacteria in the SO group were significantly higher than in controls. Within patients, both mean numbers and the proportions of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were significantly different (p<0.05). In summary, significant differences were found in salivary pH values and the levels of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and L. salivarius between SO patients and healthy controls.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Strongly Stimulates Endothelial Cells to Produce Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Interleukin-8

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is the most important etiologic agent of aggressive periodontitis and can interact with endothelial cells. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) are chemokines, playing important roles in periodontal pathogenesis. In our current study, the effects of A. actinomycetemcomitans on the production of MCP-1 and IL-8 by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were investigated. A. actinomycetemcomitans strongly induced the gene expression and protein release of both MCP-1 and IL-8 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Dead A. actinomycetemcomitans cells were as effective as live bacteria in this induction. Treatment of HUVEC with cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of endocytosis, did not affect the mRNA up-regulation of MCP-1 and IL-8 by A. actinomycetemcomitans. However, genistein, an inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases, substantially inhibited the MCP-1 and IL-8 production by A. actinomycetemcomitans, whereas pharmacological inhibition of each of three members of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family had little effect. Furthermore, gel shift assays showed that A. actinomycetemcomitans induces a biphasic activation (early at 1-2 h and late at 8-16 h) of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and an early brief activation (0.5-2 h) of activator protein-1 (AP-1). Activation of canonical NF-kappaB pathway (IkappaB kinase activation and IkappaB-alpha degradation) was also demonstrated in these experiments. Although lipopolysaccharide from A. actinomycetemcomitans also induced NF-kappaB activation, this activation profile over time differed from that of live A. actinomycetemcomitans. These results suggest that the expression of MCP-1 and IL-8 is potently increased by A. actinomycetemcomitans in endothelial cells, and that the viability of A. actinomycetemcomitans and bacterial internalization are not required for this effect, whereas the activation of protein tyrosine kinase(s), NF-kappaB, and AP-1 appears to play important roles. The secretion of high levels of MCP-1 and IL-8 resulting from interactions of A. actinomycetemcomitans with endothelial cells may thus contribute to the pathogenesis of aggressive periodontitis.

Comparison of Temperature and Additives Affecting the Stability of the Probiotic Weissella cibaria / 전남의대학술지

Daily use of probiotic chewing gum might have a beneficial effect on oral health, and it is important that the viability of the probiotics be maintained in this food product. In this study, we examined the stability of probiotic chewing gum containing Weissella cibaria. We evaluated the effects of various factors, including temperature and additives, on the survival of freeze-dried probiotic W. cibaria powder. No changes in viability were detected during storage at 4degrees C for 5 months, whereas the viability of bacteria stored at 20degrees C decreased. The stability of probiotic chewing gum decreased steadily during storage at 20degrees C for 4 weeks. The viability of the freeze-dried W. cibaria mixed with various additives, such as xylitol, sorbitol, menthol, sugar ester, magnesium stearate, and vitamin C, was determined over a 4-week storage period at 20degrees C. Most of the freeze-dried bacteria except for those mixed with menthol and vitamin C were generally stable during a 3-week storage period. Overall, our study showed that W. cibaria was more stable at 4degrees C than that at 20degrees C. In addition, menthol and vitamin C had a detrimental effect on the storage stability of W. cibaria. This is the first study to examine the effects of various chewing gum additives on the stability of W. cibaria. Further studies will be needed to improve the stability of probiotic bacteria for developing a novel probiotic W. cibaria gum.

Comparison of Temperature and Additives Affecting the Stability of the Probiotic Weissella cibaria / 전남의대학술지

Daily use of probiotic chewing gum might have a beneficial effect on oral health, and it is important that the viability of the probiotics be maintained in this food product. In this study, we examined the stability of probiotic chewing gum containing Weissella cibaria. We evaluated the effects of various factors, including temperature and additives, on the survival of freeze-dried probiotic W. cibaria powder. No changes in viability were detected during storage at 4degrees C for 5 months, whereas the viability of bacteria stored at 20degrees C decreased. The stability of probiotic chewing gum decreased steadily during storage at 20degrees C for 4 weeks. The viability of the freeze-dried W. cibaria mixed with various additives, such as xylitol, sorbitol, menthol, sugar ester, magnesium stearate, and vitamin C, was determined over a 4-week storage period at 20degrees C. Most of the freeze-dried bacteria except for those mixed with menthol and vitamin C were generally stable during a 3-week storage period. Overall, our study showed that W. cibaria was more stable at 4degrees C than that at 20degrees C. In addition, menthol and vitamin C had a detrimental effect on the storage stability of W. cibaria. This is the first study to examine the effects of various chewing gum additives on the stability of W. cibaria. Further studies will be needed to improve the stability of probiotic bacteria for developing a novel probiotic W. cibaria gum.

Effect of Weissella cibaria on Fusobacterium nucleatum-induced Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 Production in KB Cells

Oral microorganisms, including pathogens together with commensals, interact with oral epithelial cells, which can lead to the activation and expression of a variety of inflammatory mediators in epithelial cells. Fusobacterium nucleatum is a filamentous human pathogen that is strongly associated with periodontal diseases. Our previous data suggest that Weissella cibaria, an oral commensal, inhibits the proliferation of periodontopathic bacteria including F. nucleatum. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of W. cibaria on the inflammatory mediators, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, in KB cells stimulated by F. nucleatum. In a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, live F. nucleatum alone induced high levels of gene expression and protein release of IL-6 and IL-8, whereas W. cibaria alone did not induce IL-6 and IL-8 responses in KB cells. W. cibaria dose-dependently inhibited the increases of the IL-6 and IL-8 gene expression as well as IL-6 protein level in KB cells which was induced by F. nucleatum. Bacterial viability and its coaggregation with F. nucleatum are not essential in the inhibitory effect of W. cibaria. Visible effects of W. cibaria on the attachment and invasion of KB cells by F. nucleatum were observed. In conclusion, W. cibaria may exert immunomodulatory effects on the IL-6 and IL-8 responses to F. nucleatum-activated KB cells.

Prevalence of Oral Microbes in the Saliva of Oncological Patients

This study examined the prevalence of oral microbes in the saliva of oncological patients and healthy subjects. PCR was used to assess the frequency of oral microbes including 3 cariogenic bacteria, 5 periodontopathic bacteria and 4 Candida species in the saliva of 104 oncological patients and 52 healthy subjects. Among these microorganims, Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Candida albicans were most frequently detected in both groups. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of cariogenic bacteria between the patient and healthy groups, whereas significant differences in the frequency of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia were observed between the two groups (p < 0.05). The prevalence of all five periodontopathogens was higher in the healthy group than in the patient group. The prevalence of C. albicans in patients was significantly higher than that of healthy group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there were significant differences in the prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and C. albicans between the oncological patient group and healthy group.

Quantitative Analysis of Weissella cibaria against Periodontopathic Bacteria by Real-time PCR

The objective of this study was to analyze quantitatively whether Weissella cibaria could affect the proliferation of five periodontopathic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, after incubation for 8~48 h. In addition, by using real-time PCR with a dual-labeled probe, each growth of bacteria was examined under different growth media conditions. The proliferation of periodontopathic bacteria was significantly inhibited by W. cibaria after incubation for 24~48 h (p < 0.05), whereas the growth of W. cibaria was not affected by these pathogenic bacteria. The growth of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola significantly increased in each growth media after incubation for 24 h (p < 0.05), as compared to the culture in mixed growth media. However, no differences in the growth of five periodontopathic bacteria were observed between each growth media and mixed media after incubation for 48 h. The growth and pH of W. cibaria culture significantly were changed in MRS after incubation for 24~48 h (p < 0.05), as compared to the bacterial culture in mixed growth media. The pH of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum culture significantly was changed in both growth media and mixed media after incubation for 24~48 h (p < 0.05). Our data indicate that W. cibaria significantly inhibits the proliferation of five periodontopathic bacteria and each growth of bacteria is quantitatively analyzed under various media conditions by real-time PCR.

Isolation and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria Inhibiting the Proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis

Propionibacterium acnes is the most common causative agent of acne. Staphylococcus epidermidis is another major bacterial strain to be found in acne lesions. Two strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from normal inhabitants of humans, which inhibited the proliferation of P. acnes and S. epidermidis. The growth of P. acnes and S. epidermidis was decreased by 4-log scales after incubation for 24 h with LAB isolates, whereas the growth rate of selected LAB isolates were not affected by these pathogenic bacteria. This antibacterial activity of LAB isolates was related to lactic acids, hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocin-like compound production. Two LAB isolates efficiently adhered to human keratinocytes HaCaT and were identified by API 50 CHL medium kit and 16S rDNA partial sequencing analysis. The similarity of 16S rDNA sequences between one isolate and Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius was 100%, which suggests that they were L. salivarius subsp. salicinius. On the other hand, 16S rDNA sequence similarity between the other isolate and Lactobacillus fermentum was 99.04%, which indicates that it was L. fermentum. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the two LAB strains isolated from human body were identified as L. salivarius subsp. salicinius and L. fermentum, which inhibit the proliferation of P. acnes and S. epidermidis.

Nephrotic syndrome associated with early neurosyphilis / 대한내과학회지

Nephrotic syndrome, hepatitis, and CNS involvement resulting from secondary syphilis are well-documented complications of neurosyphilis. However, the simultaneous occurrence of these complications is rare. The present report describes a 49-year-old male with early neurosyphilis who presented with features of nephritic syndrome and hepatitis. A diagnosis of neurosyphilis was made by CSF study and serologic tests. After the diagnosis of neurosyphilis, nephrotic syndrome and hepatitis were suspected to be factors of the neurosyphilis. A kidney biopsy revealed membranous nephropathy characterized by subepithelial electron dense deposits and diffuse effacement of foot processes. Abdominal ultrasonography showed hepatitis. The patient was treated with intravenous potassium penicillin G, 4 million units for 2 weeks, and the symptoms and signs resolved after the penicillin therapy. In conclusion, complications experienced by patients with a history of syphilis or syphilis lesions need to be minimized through careful observations and multi-organ treatments.

Nephrotic syndrome associated with early neurosyphilis / 대한내과학회지

Nephrotic syndrome, hepatitis, and CNS involvement resulting from secondary syphilis are well-documented complications of neurosyphilis. However, the simultaneous occurrence of these complications is rare. The present report describes a 49-year-old male with early neurosyphilis who presented with features of nephritic syndrome and hepatitis. A diagnosis of neurosyphilis was made by CSF study and serologic tests. After the diagnosis of neurosyphilis, nephrotic syndrome and hepatitis were suspected to be factors of the neurosyphilis. A kidney biopsy revealed membranous nephropathy characterized by subepithelial electron dense deposits and diffuse effacement of foot processes. Abdominal ultrasonography showed hepatitis. The patient was treated with intravenous potassium penicillin G, 4 million units for 2 weeks, and the symptoms and signs resolved after the penicillin therapy. In conclusion, complications experienced by patients with a history of syphilis or syphilis lesions need to be minimized through careful observations and multi-organ treatments.

Fluoxetine and Sertraline Attenuate Postischemic Brain Injury in Mice

This study aimed to investigate whether selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) attenuate brain injury and facilitate recovery following photothrombotic cortical ischemia in mice. Male ICR mice were anesthetized and systemically administered Rose Bengal. Permanent focal ischemia was induced in the medial frontal and somatosensory cortices by irradiating the skull with cold light laser. The animals were treated with fluoxetine or sertraline once a day for 14 d starting 1 h after ischemic insult. Treatment with fluoxetine and sertraline significantly reduced the infarct size. The Evans blue extravasation indices of the fluoxetine- and sertraline-treated groups were significantly lower than that of the vehicle group. Treatment with fluoxetine and sertraline shifted the lower limit of the mean arterial blood pressure for cerebral blood flow autoregulation toward normal, and significantly increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) proteins in the ischemic region. These results suggest that SSRIs, such as fluoxetine and sertraline, facilitate recovery following photothrombotic cortical ischemia via enhancement of HO-1 and HIF-1alpha proteins expression, thereby providing a benefit in therapy of cerebral ischemia.

The Diagnostic Utility of Mesothelial Markers in Distinguishing between Reactive Mesothelial Cell and Adenocarcinoma Cells in Serous Effusions with Cytospin Preparation / 대한세포병리학회지

Evaluation of serous effusions can include immunocytochemical stains that differentiate reactive mesothelial cell from adenocarcinoma cell. Among several positive mesothelial cell markers, we used desmin, CK5/6, WT1 and calretinin all known to have high sensitivity and specificity as selective mesothelial cell markers. We studied smears obtained with cytospin from 15 malignant and eight benign effusions. The mesothelial cells were positively stained by desmin, CK5/6, WT1 and calretinin in 60.9%, 29.1%, 26.7% and 56.5%, respectively among 8 benign and 15 malignant effusions; the adenocarcinoma cells were positively stained 6.7%, 13.3%, 1.0% and 0.0%, respectively among 15 malignant effusions. The percentage of positively stained mesothelial cells were somewhat lower for all antibodies compared to the results of previous studies. This was likely due to the differences in preparation methods and fixatives among studies. In conclusion, the use of desmin and calretinin were more valuable than CK5/6 and WT1 for distinguishing between reactive mesothelial cell and adenocarcinoma cells in serous effusion; however, choice of the proper preparation methods and fixatives are also important