ABSTRACT
Objective:The nasal swell body（NSB） consists of the nasal septal cartilage, nasal bone, and swollen soft tissue, all of which are visible during endoscopic and imaging examinations. Although the function of the NSB remains uncertain, there is evidence to suggest that it plays a vital role in regulating nasal airflow and filtering inhaled air. Based on anatomical and histological evidence, it is hypothesized that the NSB is indispensable in these processes. This study aims to investigate the impact of NSB on nasal aerodynamics and the deposition of allergen particles under physiological conditions. Methods:The three-dimensional （3D） nasal models were reconstructed from computed tomography （CT） scans of the paranasal sinus and nasal cavity in 30 healthy adult volunteers from Northwest China, providing basis for the construction of models without NSB following virtual NSB-removal surgery. To analyze the distribution of airflow in the nasal cavity, nasal resistance, heating and humidification efficiency, and pollen particle deposition rate at various anatomical sites, we employed the computed fluid dynamics（CFD） method for numerical simulation and quantitative analysis. In addition, we created fully transparent segmented nasal cavity models through 3D printing, which were used to conduct bionic experiments to measure nasal resistance and allergen particle deposition. Results:①The average width and length of the NSB in healthy adults in Northwest China were （12.85±1.74） mm and （28.30±1.92） mm, respectively. ②After NSB removal, there was no significant change in total nasal resistance, and cross-sectional airflow velocity remained essentially unaltered except for a decrease in topical airflow velocity in the NSB plane. ③There was no discernible difference in the nasal heating and humidification function following the removal of the NSB; ④After NSB removal, the deposition fraction（DF） of Artemisia pollen in the nasal septum decreased, and the DFs post-and pre-NSB removal were（22.79±6.61）% vs （30.70±12.27）%, respectively; the DF in the lower airway increased, and the DFs post-and pre-NSB removal were（24.12±6.59）% vs （17.00±5.57）%, respectively. Conclusion:This study is the first to explore the effects of NSB on nasal airflow, heating and humidification, and allergen particle deposition in a healthy population. After NSB removal from the healthy nasal cavities: ①nasal airflow distribution was mildly altered while nasal resistance showed no significantly changed; ②nasal heating and humidification were not significantly changed; ③the nasal septum's ability to filter out Artemisia pollen was diminished, which could lead to increased deposition of Artemisia pollen in the lower airway.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Cross-Sectional Studies , Nasal Cavity/surgery , Allergens , Pollen , Artemisia , HydrodynamicsABSTRACT
Objective@#To investigate the deposition rate of Artemisia pollen in different nasal cavity regions and its influence factors in residents of northwest China.@*Methods@#Thirty healthy adults from northwest China were enrolled. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete phase model (DPM) were used for numerical simulation of nasal structures. The pollen deposition fraction in each anatomical part was counted and the effects of pollen density and breathing rate on deposition were analyzed. SPSS 19.0 software was used for statistical analysis.@*Results@#The hottest deposition parts of Artemisia pollen were nasal septum (30.70%±12.27%), vestibule (27.45%±8.21%), middle turbinate area (13.59%±8.98%) and nasopharynx (7.14%±5.90%). When the inspiratory flow rate increased to 30 L/min, the deposition rates of pollen in nasal vestibule and nasal septum were significantly higher than that at the rate of 15 L/min (43.20%±11.14% vs 27.45%±8.21%, 51.48%±9.77% vs 30.70%±12.27%, t value was -8.126,-5.264, respectively, all P<0.05), which indicated that with the increase of the inspiratory flow rate, the deposition hotspot moved forward. Compared with the wet Artemisia pollen, the deposition rate of the dry pollen in nasal vestibule and nasal septum decreased significantly (16.55%±4.33% vs 27.45%±8.21%, 7.09%±3.69% vs 30.70%±12.27%, t value was 8.669, 9.173, respectively, all P<0.05). The escape rate at outlet increased from 17.00%±9.57% to 43.48%±13.43% (t=-9.282, P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The deposition of Artemisia pollen in nasal cavity is highly concentrated. The inhalation velocity and the dry-wet degree of pollen are the main determinants of the deposition site.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the effect of relatively closed environment dispensing mode on insoluble particles in pharmaceuticals.Methods The numbers of insoluble particles in conventional manual dispensing mode and relatively closed environment dispensing mode in lass Ⅰ and class Ⅲ environment were detected, effect of different dispensing modes on the number of insoluble particles in pharmaceuticals was compared.Results When adopting manual dispensing, the numbers of 1-10 μm insoluble particulates in different groups in class Ⅰ environment were less than those in class Ⅲ environment respectively, differences were all statistically significant (all P＜0.05). When adopting a new mode of dispensing in relatively closed environment, there was no significant difference in the numbers of 1-15 μm insoluble particulates in different groups between class Ⅰ and class Ⅲ environment respectively (all P＞0.05). The numbers of 1-20 μm and 1-15 μm insoluble particles in different groups were less than those in manual dispensing when the new mode of dispensing were adopted in class Ⅲ and class Ⅰenvironment respectively, differences were all statistically significant (all P＜0.05). The numbers of 1-15 μm insoluble particles in different groups in manual dispensing in class Ⅰ environment were more than those in class Ⅲ environment respectively, difference were all statistically significant (all P＜0.05).Conclusion The relatively closed environment dispensing mode can effectively reduce environmental particulates entering intravenous infusion system during dispensing process.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To analyze the prognostic factors for survival in elderly patients with glioma.Methods:We performed a retrospective analysis of prognostic factors for elderly patients with glioma,who were treated by the same attending doctor during June 2014 and June 2016,to investigate the correlations of the age,dimension of pathology,histological grade,extent of resection,adjuvant therapy,preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score,postoperative KPS score,molecular markers [isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDHH-1),O6-methylguanine DNA-transferase (MGMT),epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR),Ki-67] with the prognosis.Results:A total of 45 patients were included in the study.The median overall survival (OS) was 11 months.The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 6 months.Univariate analysis revealed that the age,gender,dimension ofpathology,histological grade and preoperative KPS score had no significant correlation with survival (P＞0.05).The gross total resection,higher postoperative KPS score,adjuvant therapy,lower Ki-67 index were significantly correlated with survival.The expressions of MGMT and EGFR were significant factors for survival.High postoperative KPS score (P=0.019),adjuvant therapy (P=0.024),and the expression of MGMT (P=0.026) were independent predictors for increased median OS in a multivariate regression model.Conclusion:The extent of resection,adjuvant therapy,postoperative KPS score and molecular markers are the influential factors for survival.Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT:Objective To investigate the mechanism and induction of T type calcium channel on neural stem cells after brain injury .Methods Adult mice brain injury model was established and divided into control ,sham operation ,surgery ,and surgery+mebefradil groups .Neural stem cells were separated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) and identified .Moreover ,we analyzed the results using MTT and neural stem cell sphere counting after adding different doses of mibefradil in culture medium ,respectively .Then we calculated the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of mibefradil on neural stem cells .Finally ,we analyzed the expression of Cav3 .2 in SVZ and the protein expressions of Cav3 .2 ,Cyclin A and caspase‐3 in neural stem cells by Western blot .Results In vivo , neural stem cell proliferation was increased in surgery group compared with that in control and sham‐operation groups .The proliferation of neural stem cells in surgery + mibefradil groups was significantly decreased compared with that in surgery group after mibefradil‐induced inhibition of T type calcium channel protein . In vitro , the formation of neural stem cell sphere was significantly inhibited after adding mibefradil .The cell growth ratio was significantly decreased when the concentration of mibefradil was above 5μmol/L .A values in 5 μmol/L ,10 μmol/L and 20μmol/L groups were significantly lower than those in control group (P<0 .05) .IC50 was 8 .93μmol/L .The protein expressions of Cyclin A and Cav3 .2 were inhibited while that of caspase‐3 was increased after mibefradil treatment .Conclusion Neural stem cell proliferation was enhanced by activating T type calcium channel after brain injury .